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The HP 48G/GX combines an easy-to-learn graphical user interface with
advanced mathematics and engineering functionality, expanded memory
capability, and seven new plot types.
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Port 1 128K
Higher Priority
Port 2 128K
Extra 2K
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Port 1 128K
Higher Priority
Covered Code to be
Executed In-Place
Mailbox in
System RAM
Port 1 (128K)
Higher Priority
Covered Code and Data
to Copy to Mailbox
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)' 3(/73 -/2% $%4!), /& 4(% #/6%2%$ !.$ 4(% &)234
/"*%#43 4(!4 35"34)454% &/2 (!2$ !$$2%33%3 /& /"*%#43 7(/3%
7!9 ). 7()#( )4 )3 53%$ . /.% 3%#4)/. /& 4(% #/6%2%$
02%#)3% ,/#!4)/. )3 ./4 +./7. ). !$6!.#% !.$ ). &!#4 -)'(4
4(%2% )3 !33%-",9 ,!.'5!'% #/$% -/34,9 -!4( 2/54).%3 4(!4
./4 %6%. "% 02%3%.4 (%9 !2% -)$7!9 "%47%%. (!2$ !$;
2%15)2%3 ./ 2%3/52#%3 /543)$% 4(% &/2 %8%#54)/.
$2%33%3 4(!4 /.,9 #(!.'% !4 #/-0),%,).+ 4)-% !.$ )$%.4)&)%23
()3 #/$% )3 %8%#54%$ ).;0,!#% ). 4(% #/6%2%$ "9
7(/3% #/22%30/.$).' /"*%#43 -!9 -/6% "%47%%. 35"3%15%.4
3(2).+).' !.$/2 -/6).' 4(% -%-/29 #/.42/,,%2 &/2 3934%-
#!,,3 !4 25. 4)-%
3/ 4(!4 4(% 2%,%6!.4 3%#4)/. /& #/$% )3 4%-0/2!2),9 5.;
#/6%2%$ (%. 4(% 2/54).% &).)3(%3 %8%#54)/. 3934%- )3 & $52).' 4(% #/.6%23)/. /& ! 4/ !. !$$2%33 )4 )3
2%452.%$ 4/ )43 ./2-!, #/.&)'52!4)/. $%4%2-).%$ 4(!4 4(% #/22%30/.$).' /"*%#4 ,)6%3 ). #/6%2%$
4(% /"*%#4 )3 #/0)%$ &2/- #/6%2%$ 4(2/5'( 4(%
3%#/.$ 3%4 /& 2/54).%3 !,, /& 7()#( /.,9 .%%$ !##%33 4/ !
-!),"/8 4/ 4(% TEMPOB 4%-0/2!29 /"*%#4 !2%! (% !$$2%33
&)8%$ 3%4 /& ,/#!4)/.3 7)4(). 3934%- #!. %8%#54% 7)4(
/& )43 .%7 ,/#!4)/. ). 4(% TEMPOB !2%! )3 4(%. 2%452.%$ )'
3934%- ). !.9 /.% /& ,/#!4)/.3 !3 ,/.' !3 4(%9
3(/73 ! #/-0!2)3/. /& ! .!-%$ 7/2$ +%97/2$ /2
4(%-3%,6%3 !2% ./4 #522%.4,9 #/6%2%$ "9 3934%-
#/--!.$ !3 )4 7/5,$ %8)34 ). #/6%2%$ !.$ !3 #/0)%$
)' 3(/73 ! 3%#/.$ 7!9 ). 7()#( 4(% #/6%2%$ )3 4/ 4(% TEMPOB !2%! ,4(/5'( 7%,, 2%&%2 "!#+ 4/ )' ,!4%2
53%$ . 4()3 #!3% #/$% !.$ $!4! -/34,9 $!4! !2% #/0)%$ &/2 ./7 ./4)#% 4(!4 ). !$$)4)/. 4/ 4(% /"*%#4 )43%,& !. !$$);
&2/- #/6%2%$ 4/ ! -!),"/8 !4 ! &)8%$ ,/#!4)/. ). 3934%- 4)/.!, 0)%#% )3 !$$%$ 4/ 4(% )-!'% ). 4(% TEMPOB !2%! ()3
&4%2 4(% #/09 )3 #/-0,%4%$ 3934%- )3 2%452.%$ 0)%#% )3 ! 02%#%$).' 4(% /"*%#4 )43%,& ()3 !,,/73
MMIO
TEMPOB Area
MMIO
Port 1 (128K)
Bank Switch
(2K)
Higher Priority
Control
Port 2
4M Bytes in
128K Banks
Port 1 (128K)
Bank Switch
(2K)
Higher Priority
Control
Port 2
4M Bytes in
128K Banks
Ports 1 & 2
MMIO Unconfigured
Port 1 (128K)
Bank Switch
(2K)
Higher Priority
Control
Port 2
4M Bytes in
128K Banks
MMIO
Port 1 (128K)
Bank Switch
(2K)
Higher Priority
Control
Port 2
4M Bytes in
128K Banks
.!.,-
0&--4%+ ).+(&
MMIO
Bank Switch
(2K)
Control
Higher Priority
Port 2
(Shrunken)
the HP 48G/GX. This chip has four advantages over the These space constraints affected many of the HP 48G/GX
thirdĆgeneration chip used in the HP 48S/SX. First, it is proĆ hardware design choices.
duced using a different CMOS process, allowing better stabilĆ
The RAM increased from 32K bytes in the HP 48SX to 128K
ity with onboard voltage regulation circuitry. Second, these
bytes in the HP 48GX, while the HP 48G retained the origiĆ
improved voltage characteristics and several lowĆlevel optiĆ
nal 32KĆbyte chip. This difference between the G and the
mizations allow the new CPU to operate at twice the speed
GX offers two advantages. First, it provides more differentiĆ
of its predecessor. This speed increase gives it a 4ĆMHz bus
ation between the functions and cost of the G and the GX,
rate. Third, the new CPU is packaged in a 160Ćpin quad flatĆ
increasing the product family's market appeal. Second, the
pack, improving the manufacturability of the HP 48G/GX.
difference in RAM size provides a way for the calculator to
Fourth, with all these improvements, the final cost is lower,
know whether it is a G or a GX. If the calculator scans the
increasing the budget for other hardware improvements to
RAM and finds only 32K bytes, then there will never be a
the calculator.
plugĆin data card installed. With this information the covered
The faster processing speed of the HP 48G/GX CPU gave memory options become much simpler. The RAM memory
the software team incentive to improve the user interface, size becomes an internal product type identifier, and several
implementing graphical routines that would not have been software routines are optimized for faster performance on
acceptable at the slower processing rate. This added funcĆ the HP 48G.
tionality required an increase in data storage space, so we
boosted the size of ROM and RAM. We also decided to add
the facilities to bankĆswitch a data card plugged into card The HP 48G and GX share a common ROM code set. They
port two. also share a common circuit board. While this simplifies docĆ
umentation, manufacturing, and stock control, it also compliĆ
The HP 48G/GX circuitry, with its additional components,
cates some areas. The HP 48GX RAM chip is wider and
had to fit in the same physical space as in the HP 48SX. The
longer than the chip used in the HP 48G: the 32K RAM is in
product plan and schedule did not allow changes to producĆ
a 28Ćpin smallĆoutline package (SOP), and the 128K device is
tion tooling or plastic parts except for those that were absoĆ
a 32Ćpin SOP. Both conform to the JEDEC pinout standard. A
lutely necessary. At times we felt like poets trying to write
128K device was chosen that has an extra chip select line at
crossword puzzles. The HP 48SX circuit board design was
pin 30. This chip select is tied high, allowing pins 1 through
optimized such that it did not leave us much free space.
MMIO
Bank Switch
(2K)
Control
Higher Priority
Port 2
(Shrunken)
Label Field
Help
Line
Menu
7)756
'9.'66<#%-#4& 1740#.
CHK Fig. 18. A typical choose box.
Fig. 17. Using a combined text/list field in an input form. Fig. 19. The Memory Browser: a complex choose box.
4&423
$6+$33: "* 1# .41- +
-/) 8,) 38,)6 40388-2+ 6398-2)7 %00 8,) 40388-2+ 6398-2)7
%7791) 8,%8 8,) *92'8-32 3* -28)6)78 -7 7836)( -2 EQ 968,)6
8,)= %7791) &= ()*%908 8,%8 8,) *92'8-32 -7 6)46)7)28)( %7
%2 )<46)77-32 -2 8,) :%6-%&0)7 " %2( #A*36 )<%140) 9:
7-29: -7 6)46)7)28)( %7 "# -2 EQ ,) 97) 3* 38,)6
:%6-%&0) 2%1)7 -7 463:-()( *36 &= -2498 *361 348-327 36 &=
8,) INDEP %2( DEPEND /)=;36(7
!,-0) 8,-7 7)'8-32 -7 8-80)( ? 0388-2+ % &)88)6 2%1) ;390(
&) ?:-79%0->%8-32 8)',2-59)7 *36 *92'8-327 3* 8;3 :%6-%&0)7
Fig. 22. )136= 63;7)6 NEW -2498 *361 ,-7 ;390( '3:)6 8,) 4)674)'8-:) :-); 3* 8,) +6%4, 3* %
7'%0%6 *92'8-32 3* 8;3 :%6-%&0)7 WIREFRAME 8,) 70-'-2+ :-);
28)6)78-2+0= 23 1%.36 ',%2+)7 83 8,) -2498 *3617 )2+-2) 3* % 7'%0%6 *92'8-32 3* 8;3 :%6-%&0)7 YSLICE 8,) '328396@
;)6) 2)')77%6= 36 ):)2 ()7-6%&0) 83 7944368 8,)-6 2); 630) 1%4 :-); 3* % 7'%0%6 *92'8-32 3* 8;3 :%6-%&0)7 PCONTOUR
278)%( 8,) )77)2') 3* -2498 *361 *92'8-32%0-8= 6)1%-2)( 8,) 7034) -28)646)8%8-32 3* % 7'%0%6 *92'8-32 3* 8;3 :%6-%&0)7
%0;%=7 (%8% 1%2%+)1)28 %2( 8,) ):)287 '97831->%8-32 ;%7 SLOPEFIELD 8,) 1%44-2+ +6-( :-79%0->%8-32 3* % 8;3@:)'836@
%440-)( 7)0)'8-:)0= ;,)6) 2))()( 83 )2,%2') %440-'%8-32 :%09)( *92'8-32 3* 8;3 :%6-%&0)7 GRIDMAP %2( 8,) -1%+)
*3617 +6%4, 3* % 8,6))@:)'836@:%09)( *92'8-32 3* 8;3 :%6-%&0)7
PARSURFACE
2 % 7-1-0%6 1%22)6 8,) ):)28@(6-:)2 ',337) &3< )2+-2) ;%7
):)289%00= 46)77)( -283 7)6:-') %7 % 43;)6*90 &%7) *36 0-78@ -:)2 8,-7 92-8= 3* 496437) 8,)6) -7 '327-()6%&0) 3:)60%4 -2
78=0) %440-'%8-327 0-/) 8,) )136= 63;7)6 8,) +03&%0 4%6%1)8)67 348-327 97)( -2 8,)7) 6398-2)7 ,)7)
40388-2+ 4%6%1)8)67 %6) 7836)( -2 8,) :%6-%&0) VPAR %2%03+397
,) '31&-2%8-32 3* 0)%2 *3'97)( 78%2(%6( *)%896) 7)87 *36 83 PPAR ,) 1%-2 (%8% 7869'896) 7836)( -2 VPAR ()7'6-&)7 8,)
-2498 *3617 %2( ',337) &3<)7 %2( ,-+, '97831->%&-0-8= view volume % 6)+-32 -2 %&786%'8 8,6))@(-1)27-32%0 74%') -2
463:)( -2:%09%&0) (96-2+ 8,) '%0'90%836 ()7-+2 6)*-2)1)28 ;,-', 1378 3* 8,) :-79%0->%8-327 3''96 7)) -+
,639+,398 8,) 1-((0) 4368-32 3* 8,) 463.)'8 ;,)2 8,)
&%7-'7 ,%( &))2 7)880)( &98 1%2= 97)6 -28)6*%') ()8%-07 ;)6) VPAR 59%28-8-)7 '3286300-2+ 8,) :-); :3091) %6)
78-00 92'0)%6 ;) ;)6) %&0) 83 463838=4) 2); -()%7 59-'/0= • "0)*8 %2( "6-+,8 '3286300-2+ 8,) ;-(8, 3* 8,) :-); :3091)
%2( 6)%0-78-'%00= &= '97831->-2+ ):)28 6)74327)7 • #*%6 %2( #2)%6 '3286300-2+ 8,) ()48, 3* 8,) :-); :3091)
• $03; %2( $,-+, '3286300-2+ 8,) ,)-+,8 3* 8,) :-); :3091)
6%270%8-32 *-0)7 ;)6) %238,)6 ():)0341)28 )**368 8,%8 ,)04)( • " # %2( $ 8,) '336(-2%8)7 3* 8,) eye point
) ) )
97 /))4 8,) ()7-+2 %2( -140)1)28%8-32 13:-2+ *36;%6(
3;):)6 ;) 0)%62)( 3:)6 8-1) 8,%8 8,)-6 3:)6,)%( '%97)( 2 %((-8-32 83 8,)7) VPAR '328%-27 38,)6 59%28-8-)7 97)( &=
731) (940-'%8-32 3* '3() %2( -2)**-'-)2'= 83 '6))4 -283 8,) 731) 3* 8,) 6398-2)7 ,)7) %6)
-28)6*%') &)8;))2 8,) -2498 *3617 %2( 8,) '%0'90%836 1%-2@ • ""0)*8 %2( ""6-+,8 %2 %08)62%8-:) " -2498 6%2+) 97)( *36
*6%1) !) %((6)77)( 8,-7 -779) ;,)6) 4377-&0) &= 1%/-2+ GRIDMAP %2( PARSURFACE
7-140) %2( 7%*) '3() 79&78-898-327 ;,-0) 0)%:-2+ 8,) -28)6@ • ##*%6 %2( ##2)%6 %2 %08)62%8-:) # -2498 6%2+) 97)( *36
*%') '32')487 -28%'8 83 )2%&0) ,-+,@'32*-()2') '3() ()*)'8 GRIDMAP %2( PARSURFACE 238) 8,%8 8,-7 (-**)67 *631 8,) '96@
*-<)7 0%8) -2 8,) 463.)'8 2 )**)'8 ;) 1%() % ',3-') &)8;))2 6)28 9-8) -28)646)8%8-32
1%-28%-2%&-0-8= %2( ,-+, 4)6*361%2') 8,%8 78-00 6)1%-27 % • < %2( = 8,) 291&)6 3* " %2( # -2'6)1)287 ()7-6)( 97)(
'32863:)67-%0 834-' %132+ 8,)
" ():)034)67 -2 %00 3* 8,) 6398-2)7 -278)%( 3* 36 -2 '31&-2%8-32 ;-8, RES
SLOPEFIELD
,) SLOPEFIELD 4038 8=4) (6%;7 % 0%88-') 3* 0-2) 7)+1)287
;,37) 7034)7 6)46)7)28 8,) *92'8-32 :%09) %8 8,)-6 ')28)6
,) *92'8-32%0-8= ()7'6-&)( -2 8,-7 7)'8-32 -7 % 79-8) 3*
43-28 7-2+ SLOPEFIELD 83 4038 *<= %003;7 =396 )=) 83 4-'/
+6%4,-2+ %2( :-);-2+ 98-0-8-)7 *36 8,)
" !) ,%(
398 -28)+6%0 '96:)7 3* 8,) (-**)6)28-%0 )59%8-32 (=(< *<=
7):)6%0 6)59-6)1)287 83 '327-()6 -2 '6)%8-2+ 8,)7) 6398-2)7
8 -7 59-8) 97)*90 -2 92()678%2(-2+ 8,) %6&-86%6= '3278%28 -2
96 %-17 ;)6) 8,%8 8,)= &) 47=',303+-'%00= )**)'8-:) %2(
%28-()6-:%8-:)7
6)59-6) 320= % 71%00 %13928 3* '3()
,) 291&)6 3* 0%88-') 43-287 4)6 63; -7 ()8)61-2)( &= <
2 )<4036-2+ :-79%0->%8-32 8)',2-59)7 32 % :%6-)8= 3* 1%@
%2( 8,) 291&)6 3* 0%88-') 43-287 4)6 '30912 -7 ()8)61-2)(
',-2)7 ;) *392( 8,%8 -2'6)%7-2+ ?6)%0-71 6%=@86%')(
,32+@7,%()( ,-(()2@0-2) )8' -2 8,) +6%4,-'%0 46)7)28%@ View Volume Top View
Z Y
8-32 3* *92'8-327 3* 8;3 :%6-%&0)7 (-( 238 2)')77%6-0= '366)@
0%8) ;-8, -2'6)%7-2+ )%7) 3* '3146),)27-32 ,)
" Zhigh Yfar
6398-2)7 6)46)7)28 8,) 6)79087 3* 731) 3* 8,)7) )<4)6-1)287 Y
-2'09(-2+ 8-1)@83@'3140)8-32 %7 %2 -14368%28 *%'836 Yfar
Ynear Zlow Ynear
00 3* 8,) 40388-2+ 6398-2)7 %6) -28)2()( %7 7)%10)77 )<@ X X
Xleft Xright Xleft Xright
8)27-327 3* 8,) 38,)6 &9-08@-2 40388-2+ 98-0-8-)7 2 4%68-'90%6
(Xe, Ye, Ze)
8,)= 7,%6) 8,) 7%1) 78%2(%6( 97)6 -28)6*%') %2( %6) 7)0)'8)( View Screen 1 Unit
%7 %08)62%8-:) 4038 8=4)7 ,) 40388-2+ 6398-2)7 %6) SLOPE- View Screen
(Xe, Ye, Ze)
FIELD WIREFRAME YSLICE PCONTOUR GRIDMAP %2( PARSUR-
FACE Fig. 23. VPAR 4%6%1)8)67 -2 6)0%8-32 83 8,) :-); :3091)
Y
Plotted
Point
(0,2.8 X X
)
Superimposed (Xe, Ye, Ze) View Screen 1 Unit
Integral Curve
View Screen (Xe, Ye, Ze)
Fig. 24. SLOPEFIELD plot of dx/dt = sin(xt).
Fig. 25. Perspective projection of a point in the view volume onto
by Ny. The input region sampled is given by XlefttXtXright the view screen.
and YneartYtYfar.
The input form in this case allows the user to:
The input form in this case allows the user to: • Choose or enter the defining expression for the function to
• Choose or enter the defining expression for the function to be plotted
be plotted • Choose the names of the two variables (identical to INDEP
• Choose the names of the two variables (identical to INDEP and DEPEND)
and DEPEND) • Choose Xleft and Xright (default to their current value, or
• Choose Xleft and Xright (default to their current value, or XRNG if no current value)
XRNG if no current value) • Choose Ynear and Yfar (default to their current value, or
• Choose Ynear and Yfar (default to their current value, or YRNG if no current value)
YRNG if no current value) • Choose Zlow and Zhigh (default to their current value, or
• Choose Nx and Ny (default to their current value or 13 and 8 default YRNG if no current value)
if no current value) • Choose Xe, Ye, and Ze (default to their current value, or 0,
• Verify and/or choose RADIANS, DEGREES, or GRADS mode. -1, 0 if no current value)
In trace mode for SLOPEFIELD, the arrow keys jump the cursor • Choose Nx and Ny (default to their current value or 13 and 8
from sample point to sample point indicating both the coorĆ if no current value)
•
dinates of the sample point and the value of the slope at that Verify and/or choose RADIANS, DEGREES, or GRADS mode.
point. In trace mode for WIREFRAME, the arrow keys jump the cursor
Example Problem: Determine graphically whether all solutions from sample point to sample point and the display indicates
of the differential equation dx/dt = sin(xt) with initial condiĆ all three coordinates of the sample point.
tions 3.0tx(0)t3.1 satisfy 2.8tx(t)t3.6 for all t in [0,2]. Example Problem: Determine graphically whether the surface
Solution: Choose SLOPEFIELD plot type and enter SIN(X*T) as defined by z = x4 - 4x2y2 + y4 is, at the origin, concave up,
the current equation. Choose T as the independent variable concave down, or neither.
and X as the dependent variable. Choose 0 as Xleft, 2 as Solution: Choose WIREFRAME plot type and enter X^4–4*X^2*Y^
Xright, 2.8 as Ynear, and 3.6 as Yfar. Verify RADIANS mode, and 2+Y^4 as the current equation. Choose X and Y as the indeĆ
draw the result. As seen in Fig. 24, almost all of the integral pendent and dependent variables. Choose -1 for Xleft, 1 for
curves in this region leave the window either through the Xright, -1 for Ynear, 1 for Yfar, -1 for Zlow, and 1 for Zhigh so
top or the bottom. Therefore, not all the integral curves that the view volume surrounds the origin. Choose 4 for Xe,
satisfy 2.8tx(t)t3.6 for t in [0,2]. -10 for Ye, and 3 for Ze to give a distant, oblique view of the
graph. As seen in Fig. 27, the graph displays a monkey
WIREFRAME saddle" which is neither convex nor concave at the origin.
The WIREFRAME plot type draws an obliqueĆview, perspecĆ
tive, 3D plot of a wireframe model of the surface deterĆ
mined by z = f(x,y). The function determined by the current
equation is sampled in a grid with Nx samples in each row
and Ny samples in each column. Each sample is perspectiveĆ The picture environment, which is invoked automatically
projected onto the view screen along the line connecting the when graphs are drawn or by pressing the PICTURE key, alĆ
sample and the eye point (see Fig. 25). lows the user to interact with a graph. The user can move
Fig. 26. Relationship of view volume and eye point to XRNG and
The message box command, MSGBOX, was designed to display pop-up mes-
INFORM
sages with a minimum of fuss. Thus, it takes just one argument—the message
string—and produces a word-wrapped normal-sized message box.
The choose box command, CHOOSE, is slightly more complicated. To enable but
not require the same object-oriented use of choose boxes as the built-in applica-
tions, the CHOOSE command accepts a list of items in two formats. In the simplest
format, an item is specified by a single object, which is displayed and returned if
chosen. In the alternate format, an item is specified by a two-element list object.
The first element is displayed in the choose box, and the second element is returned
if the item is chosen.
For simplicity of the user interface, CHOOSE displays a normal-sized choose box
without the multiple-choice capability used by some built-in applications.
Fig. 1. A custom input form created by INFORM.
The MSGBOX and CHOOSE commands largely follow the same interface specifica-
tion methods as their system-level counterparts. This differs markedly from the input
columns in the grid is specified as one of INFORM’s arguments, and each field’s
form user command, INFORM. To maintain complete flexibility over all elements of
width is determined by the width of its label and by the user-supplied tab width,
form layout and behavior, the input forms engine takes three arguments for each
which places invisible tab stops within each column to help align fields vertically. A
label and thirteen arguments for each field, specifying such details as exact location
field can span multiple columns with a special field-expander specification. Help
and size, display format, and so on. Added to that are global arguments for the
text and object type restrictions can be included for any field, but aren’t required.
form procedure and form title and some other details. All together, an input form
with four labeled fields requires 68 arguments. While this amount of information is Fig. 1 shows an example of a custom input form created by INFORM. Notice that,
justified for the varied needs of built-in applications, it is an unnecessary burden despite the relative simplicity of the input arguments, an input form with aligned
for programmers just wanting to get some simple input from the user. fields of varying widths is presented. This technique for building input forms proved
so valuable that it was used to create the Solve Equation input form, which changes
For the INFORM command, therefore, we developed an automatic form layout
according to the number and names of variables in the equation to be solved.
scheme that serves most needs, with options for further detailing. Basically, the
INFORM input form is viewed as a grid that is filled with fields starting in the upper-
left corner and proceeding from left to right and top to bottom. The number of
.12 5'2& 13!!#11 32 '2 !, # 2'+#8!-,13+',% #6.#,1'4# 1-+# !1#1 5# "#!'"#" 2- #+.*-7 +-0# !-+.322'-,* #$$-02
," 0'1)7 ," 2- 12-0# ',2#0+#"'2# 4*3#1 ', &'%� .0#!'1'-, 2-
!&'#4# +-0# !!302# 0#13*21
,-2� ..0-!& 1-+#2'+#1 4'* *# '1 2- !-,13*2 12,"0"
!-+.322'-,* *' 00'#1 31#" 7 2&# .0-$#11'-,* 1!'#,2'$'!
!-++3,'27 #4#0* 13!& .3 *'!8"-+', *' 00'#1 0# 4'* *#
&# ',!*3"#1 +,7 ,#5 +2&#+2'!* $#230#1
2&2 0#.0#1#,2 2&# !300#,2 122# -$ 2&# 02 , 1-+# "#4#*-.8
-4#0 2&-1# .0-4'"#" 7 2&# # 0# 007
+#,2 #,4'0-,+#,21 2# *' 00'#1 !, # 31#" "'0#!2*7 ,
+,'.3*2'-,1 ""'2'-,* *',#0 *%# 0 -.#02'-,1 .-*78
-2 2 !, 2 *#12 .0-4'"# &'%&8/3*'27 +#2&-"1 ,"
,-+'* 0--2 $',"#0 ," 0#*2#" -.#02'-,1 25- "'$$#0#,2'*
'+.*#+#,22'-,1 2&2 5&#, (3"'!'-31*7 31#" $!'*'22# +##28
#/32'-,1 1-*4#01 ," 11-!'2#" 1-*32'-, .*-22#01 "'1!0#2#
',% 2'%&2 "#4#*-.+#,2 1!&#"3*#1 2 *-5 !-12 # $-3," 2&#
-30'#0 20,1$-0+1 ," $',,!'* *-, !-+.322'-,1
*' 007 -$ ,3+#0'!* *',#0 *%# 0
13 0-32',#1 .02'!3*0*7 &#*.$3* ', 2&'1 0#%0" &# 007 +,'.3*2'-, !-++,"1 0# .0'+0'*7 .#"%-%'!*
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revised to be more accurate through additional computation firstĆorder system, so this problem is more general than it
and by storing all intermediate values in extended precision. might at first appear.
We added a command to compute a condition number of a
Many solution methods have been developed over the years
square matrix, which can be used to measure the sensitivity
to solve the initial value problem. We decided to implement
of numerical linear algebra computations to rounding errors,
two methods, a RungeĆKuttaĆFehlberg method for simplicity
a command to compute a solution to an underdetermined or
and speed of execution and a Rosenbrock method for reliĆ
overdetermined linear system by the method of least squares,
ability. The first method is easier to use, requiring less inforĆ
commands to compute eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a
mation from the user, but can fail on stiff problems.* The
square matrix, commands to compute the singular value
Rosenbrock method requires more information from the user,
decomposition of a general matrix, and commands to comĆ
but can solve a wider selection of initial value problems.
pute related matrix factorizations and functions. These linear
Both initial value problem solution methods require the user
algebra commands accept both real and complex arguments
to provide the function f(t,y), the initial conditions, the final
and perform all intermediate computation and storage in
value of t, and an absolute error tolerance. The Rosenbrock
extended precision.
method also requires the derivative of f(t,y) with respect to y
The HP 48G/GX has commands to compute all roots of a real (FYY) and the derivative of f(t,y) with respect to t (FYT).
or complex polynomial, to construct a monic polynomial
All plot types use the contents of the variable EQ, typically to
from its roots, and to evaluate a polynomial at a point. The
specify the function to be plotted. If the user selects the stiff
polynomial root finder is a modification of the HP 71 Math
(Rosenbrock) method the extra functions are passed to the
Pac's PROOT command, extended to handle complex coeffiĆ
solver by binding EQ to a list of functions f(t,y), FYY, and FYT.
cients. It uses the Laguerre method with deflation for fast
Otherwise, EQ is bound to the function f(t,y) needed by the
convergence and constrained step size and an alternate initial
RungeĆKuttaĆFehlberg method.
search strategy for reliability.
Both methods solve the initial value problem by computing
The HP 48G/GX has commands to compute the discrete
a series of solution steps from the initial conditions towards
Fourier transform or the inverse discrete Fourier transform of
the final value, by default taking steps as large as possible
real or complex data. These commands were leveraged from
subject to maintaining the specified error tolerance. The
the HP 71 Math Pac's FFT and IFFT commands, requiring the
solution plotter plots the computed values and by default
data lengths to be a nonzero power of 2, and were modified
draws straight lines between the plotted points. However,
slightly to match the customary definitions of these transĆ
although the computed steps may be accurate, the line segĆ
formations.
ments drawn between the step endpoints may poorly repreĆ
Finally, we included timeĆvalueĆofĆmoney commands. These sent the solution between those points. The plot parameter
commands have appeared in our financial calculators and RES is used by many plot types to control the plot resolution.
were available on the HP 48SX Equation Library card. Since If RES is zero the initial value problem solution plotter imĆ
engineering feasibility studies must include at least rudimenĆ poses no additional limits on the step sizes. If RES is nonzero
tary timeĆvalueĆofĆmoney computations it seemed useful to the plotter limits each step to have maximum size RES.
include these commands in the HP 48G/GX.
For the scalarĆvalued initial value problem it is typical to plot
the computed solution y(t) on the vertical axis and the paĆ