100%(1)100% нашли этот документ полезным (1 голос)
318 просмотров6 страниц
This document provides an overview of a training module on light and lighting fundamentals. The module aims to describe the relationship between light and color, discuss basic lighting principles and how they impact human perception, and define important lighting metrics. Key topics covered include the nature of light, color characteristics of different light sources, how direction and quantity of light can be controlled in a lighting system, and terminology used in lighting. The document also outlines the module's sections on light and color, use of light, lighting metrics, and how light interacts with the human visual system.
This document provides an overview of a training module on light and lighting fundamentals. The module aims to describe the relationship between light and color, discuss basic lighting principles and how they impact human perception, and define important lighting metrics. Key topics covered include the nature of light, color characteristics of different light sources, how direction and quantity of light can be controlled in a lighting system, and terminology used in lighting. The document also outlines the module's sections on light and color, use of light, lighting metrics, and how light interacts with the human visual system.
This document provides an overview of a training module on light and lighting fundamentals. The module aims to describe the relationship between light and color, discuss basic lighting principles and how they impact human perception, and define important lighting metrics. Key topics covered include the nature of light, color characteristics of different light sources, how direction and quantity of light can be controlled in a lighting system, and terminology used in lighting. The document also outlines the module's sections on light and color, use of light, lighting metrics, and how light interacts with the human visual system.
Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals (3 hours) Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Purpose of the Module To describe the relationship of light and color and the different source color characteristics To discuss the basic principles involved in lighting and how they meet the physiological and psychological needs and responses of the people to the luminous environment. To enumerate the 5 lighting metrics, namely, luminous flux, illuminance, luminous intensity, luminance and luminous exitance. To present important technical terms and terminologies used in the lighting system. Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Outline Light and Color Light and Color Use of Light Direction of Light Source Color Characteristics Quantity Light, Vision and Perception Lighting Metrics Terminologies Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Light and Color Light is defined as visually evaluated radiant energy Light is a form of energy, transmitted by radiation, and that it is energy to which the human eye is sensitive. Newton (1600s): All heated bodies emit energetic corpuscles, each having the same very high velocity and a size dependent upon its color; postulated to travel in straight lines and could be reflected and refracted. Huygens (1670): Every point on an advancing wavefront serves as a source of secondary wavelets, sent out radially Maxwell & Hertz (19 th century): Showed that all radiant energy consists of electromagnetic waves travelling at the velocity of light. Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Best natural source of light is the sun The visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum includes all wavelengths between 380 nm and 770 nm Incandescent tend to produce light with greater amounts of power in the longer wavelength ends of the spectrum (reds & oranges); accounts for warm appearance Light and Color Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Light and Color Ability To See Color Subtractive primaries basis for the development of all manufactured paints and dyes Additive primaries what the eye uses in the process of seeing light and color 2 Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Use of Light Accessibility to electric light is almost taken for granted, even in the most remote locations Challenge is not only to provide light in an energy efficient manner but to provide also a high quality of light. Factors that can be controlled in the design of a lighting system Direction Color Brightness (luminance) Quantity (illuminance) Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Direction Directionality of the lighting Directionality of the lighting can enhance and emphasize an objects perceived shape or form Techniques used: Key Fill Grazing Wall washing Silhouette Uplight Others Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Direction Key Light Single point source of light Provides highlights and casts shadows providing contrast and producing definite focus Fill Lighting Multi-directional or diffuse light Reduces shadows on an object caused by the key light If totally diffuse, creates a cloudy day feeling and minimizes shadows, which may be desirable for certain tasks Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Direction Grazing Occurs when light strikes a surface at a sharp angle, nearly parallel to a rough surface Enhances any variations in surface depth, revealing texture Will also emphasize flaws and unevenness in surfaces Wall Washing Occurs when light strikes a surface at a wide angle Provides even lighting on a vertical space, increase luminances of wall surfaces, and extend the space. Grazing Wall Washing Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Direction Silhoutte Light source is used not to illuminate an object itself, but its background Applicable when one aims to reveal the outline of an object against a brighter surface and to create separation between the object and its background Uplight Places a light source below an object Produces shadows that are reversed from how an object is shadowed in daylight Creates an eerie, unnatural effect because it replaces the more familiar overhead orientation of the light source. Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Ideal Direction of the Lighting Should be determined by the space function or tasks Shadows at a work task may be irritating Excessive concentration and constant readaptation of the eye can cause visual fatigue and a loss in performance or increase in accidents Highlights and shadows must be used sparingly depending on the task to prevent the introduction of negative factors Highlights and shadows, on the other hand, provides a pleasant visual environment located away from the major tasks 3 Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Source Color Characteristics Color is defined with a variety of metrics but the 2 most common are: Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) Color Rendering Index (CRI) Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) Represents the relative whiteness of a light source, whether the source appears warm, cool or neutral Measured in Kelvin (K) Acceptable range of CCTs for indoor environments is between 2500K and 5000K, with the higher value representing a cooler source Often the first criterion considered in the development of a spaces image Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) CCT of a lamp refers to the absolute temperature of a blackbody when its visible radiation most closely matches the color of the lamp. Major mood-setting element of the space Warm color helps to create an intimate or cozy space Cool color associated with a business like environment Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Color Rendering Index (CRI) CRI rating indicates how well an objects colors are rendered by a source. It is a comparison of 8 specific test colors under an ideal light source in question. When color rendering is important, a source with a high CRI (e.g. 3500K fluorescent with a CRI of 85) should be selected If not important, a CRI in the mid 70s is less expensive and may meet the clients needs If extremely important, a CRI in the 90s may be recommended Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Quantity (Illuminance) Quantity of light is commonly described in illuminance levels because these are easy to measure In order to effect a noticeable increase in light level, the illuminance must be increased by a factor of about 2 to 1 Glare result of excessive, uncontrolled light within the field of view The principal determinants are intensity, size of background brightness, and position in the field of view of the light sources Luminance ratios of 5 to 1, 10 to 1, and 20 to 1 are often used to provide highlights or for accent lighting Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Light, Vision and Perception Light interacts with surfaces and objects in space and with the human visual system, affecting our perception of visual tasks Visual perception requires a light source, the stimulus a modifier of the light source a receiver, the eye a decoder, the brain to analyze the modifier 4 Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) The Eye and Vision Cornea transparent membrane that bends the light rays as they enter the eye Light rays travel through an opening in the iris called the pupil; the size of the pupil controls the amount of light that enters the back part of the eye The light passes next through the lens The ciliary muscle changes the thickness of lens to bring image of the object in retina The retina is the innermost layer of the eye and contains the light sensitive cells Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Lighting Metrics Luminous Flux Illuminance Luminous Intensity Luminance Luminous Exitance Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Luminous Flux Defined as the flow of light, Measured in lumens A lamp receives watts and emits lumens. The measure of success of doing this is called efficacy and is measured in lumens per watt (lm/W) Power Luminous Flux Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Lamp Efficacies 107 16000 150-W high pressure sodium 80 14000 175-W metal halide 92 2950 32-W fluorescent 69 900 13-W compact fluorescent 19 1880 100-W tungsten halogen 18 1750 100-W incandescent LUMENS/WATT LUMENS LAMP Source: IESNA Lighting Education: Fundamental Level Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Illuminance As luminous flux travels outward from a source, it ultimately impinges on surfaces, where it is reflected, transmitted, and/or absorbed Illuminance on a surface, E is the density of luminous flux incident on that surface Measured in lumens per square meter Lumen/m 2 is called a lux while lumen/ft 2 is called footcandle ILLUMINANCE Averageillumination of asurfaceis luminous flux per unit area. Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Typical Illuminance Levels 300 3000 Fine Machine Work 30-100 300-1000 Handcrafts 30-500 300-5000 Inspection (Simple-Difficult) 50 500 Reading #3 pencil 30 300 Reading #2 pencil 5 50 Stairways 10 100 Lobbies 0.5-2 5-20 Lighting for safety RECOMMENDED LEVEL IN FOOTCANDLE RECOMMENDED LEVEL IN LUX VISUAL ACTIVITES Source: IESNA Lighting Education: Fundamental Level 5 Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Luminous Intensity Generally speaking, a light source emits its luminous flux () in different directions and at different intensities. The visible radiant intensity in a particular direction is called luminous intensity (I). The unit of measurement is the candela (cd). Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Luminance The luminance (L) is the brightness of an illuminated or luminous surface as perceived by the human eye. Unit of measurement is candelas per square meter (cd/m 2 ). Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Luminous Efficacy and Efficiency Luminous Efficacy (). Luminous efficacy indicates the efficiency with which the electrical power consumed is converted into light. The unit of measurement is lumens per watt (lm/W). Luminaire Efficiency. Luminaire efficiency (also known as the light output ratio) is an important criterion in gauging the energy efficiency of a luminaire. This is the ratio between the luminous flux emitted by the luminaire and the luminous flux of the lamp (or lamps) installed in the luminaire. Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) The following are used to calculate the illuminance at a single point in a plane Inverse Square Law Cosine Law of Incidence Laws for Point Sources of Light Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Inverse Square Law To understand this law, consider a cone-shaped beam of light coming from a small point source and hitting a surface some distance away. Suppose that the luminous flux within the cone is one lumen, and that it strikes a surface 1-meter away, producing an illuminated area of 1 square meter. By dividing the luminous flux by the area we can find the illuminance, which will be 1 lux. The illuminance E equals I, the intensity of the light source, divided by the distance squared. Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Cosine Law of Incidence If the surface is turned so that the rays hit it at an angle, the illuminated area will increase in size and the illuminance will drop accordingly. The ratio of the original illuminated area to the new area is equal to the cosine of the angle through which the surface has been moved. Therefore the illuminance will fall by the factor of the cosine of angle. This is where Lamberts Second Law comes in, the COSINE LAW of illuminance. If a surface is illuminated to 100 lux and is twisted through an angle of 60 degrees then the illuminance will fall to half or 50 lux, because the cosine of 60 degrees is . 6 Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP) Module 2 Light and Lighting Fundamentals Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP)
( ) C. R. Woodcock DipTech, MSc, PhD, CEng, MIMechE, J. S. Mason BSc, PhD, CEng, FIMechE, FIMarE, MIMinE (auth.)-Bulk Solids Handling_ An Introduction to the Practice and Technology-Springer Netherl.pdf