CCNAB

Voice, Video, and Data

Integration
Version 2.0

Module 10

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Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB), Version 2.0:
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
All rights reserved. Printed in USA.





Module 10 1
Voice, Video, and Data 2
Integration 3
4
Click Here to Post Review Comments
10-2 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Table of Contents 4
MODULE 10....................................................................................................................... 1 5
VOICE, VIDEO, AND DATA INTEGRATION................................................................... 1 6
OVERVIEW...................................................................................................................................................... 3 7
10.1 EVOLUTION OF CONVERGED NETWORKING.................................................................................................. 4 8
Overview.................................................................................................................................................... 4 9
10.1.1 Traditional Networks ......................................................................................................................... 5 10
10.1.2 Voice, Video, and Data Networks ....................................................................................................... 6 11
10.1.3 Voice, Video, and Data Integration..................................................................................................... 8 12
10.1.4 Applications...................................................................................................................................... 9 13
10.1.5 Cisco IP Contact Center .................................................................................................................. 11 14
Summary .................................................................................................................................................. 14 15
10.2 CISCO AVVID ....................................................................................................................................... 15 16
Overview.................................................................................................................................................. 15 17
10.2.1 Open Packet Telephony ................................................................................................................... 16 18
10.2.2 End-to-End Architecture .................................................................................................................. 17 19
10.2.3 Open Standards...............................................................................................................................18 20
10.2.4 Network Availability........................................................................................................................ 20 21
10.2.5 Lower Total Cost of Ownership ........................................................................................................ 22 22
10.2.6 Branch Office Network .................................................................................................................... 24 23
10.2.7 Campus Network ............................................................................................................................. 26 24
10.2.8 Wide-Area Network ......................................................................................................................... 28 25
Summary .................................................................................................................................................. 29 26
10.3 VOICE QUALITY-OF-SERVICE ISSUES ........................................................................................................ 30 27
Overview.................................................................................................................................................. 30 28
10.3.1 Common Issues with QoS................................................................................................................. 31 29
10.3.2 Delay ............................................................................................................................................. 32 30
10.3.3 Jitter .............................................................................................................................................. 33 31
10.3.4 Lost Packets.................................................................................................................................... 34 32
10.3.5 Echo............................................................................................................................................... 35 33
10.3.6 Cisco IOS QoS Technology .............................................................................................................. 36 34
Summary .................................................................................................................................................. 38 35
10.4 VOICE-OVER-DATA TECHNOLOGIES.......................................................................................................... 39 36
Overview.................................................................................................................................................. 39 37
10.4.1 Introduction to Voice and Data Networks.......................................................................................... 40 38
10.4.2 Voice over Frame Relay................................................................................................................... 41 39
10.4.3 Voice over ATM.............................................................................................................................. 42 40
10.4.4 Voice over IP.................................................................................................................................. 43 41
10.4.5 Voice-over-Data Technologies Comparison....................................................................................... 45 42
Summary .................................................................................................................................................. 46 43
SUMMARY..................................................................................................................................................... 47 44
45
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-3
Overview 46
The Internet is creating tremendous business opportunities for the enterprises. 47
Internet business solutions such as e-commerce, supply chain management, e- 48
learning, and customer care are dramatically increasing productivity and 49
efficiency. 50
There is a lot of talk today about merging voice and data networks. This may be 51
referred to as multiservice networking or voice, video, and data integration or 52
just voice and data integration. They all refer to the same thing: merging 53
multiple infrastructures into one that carries all data, regardless of type. 54
The trends driving this integration initially are costsaving money. Significant 55
amounts of money can be saved by doing away with parallel infrastructures. In 56
the long run, though, new business applications are what will drive the 57
integration of data and voice. 58
This module describes the traditional separation of voice and data networks and 59
the new voice, video, and data technologies. This module introduces Cisco 60
AVVID (Architecture for Voice, Video and Integrated Data), which is an 61
enterprise architecture that provides the intelligent network infrastructure for 62
today's Internet business solutions. 63
You will also learn about the voice-over-data transport options (voice over IP 64
[VoIP], voice over Frame Relay [VoFR], and voice over ATM [VoATM]), with 65
reasons for choosing one option over another. 66
Upon completing this module, you will be able to: 67
I Describe how traditionally voice, video, and data networks are 68
implemented and the benefits of voice, video, and data converged 69
networks 70
I Describe the features and main building blocks of Cisco AVVID 71
I Discuss issues with voice quality of service (QoS) 72
I Describe voice-over-data technologies 73
Outline 74
This module contains these lessons: 75
I Overview 76
I Evolution of Converged Networking 77
I Cisco AVVID 78
I Voice Quality-of-Service Issues 79
I Voice-over-Data Technologies 80
I Summary 81
82
83
10-4 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
10.1 Evolution of Converged Networking 84
Overview 85
This lesson describes how traditionally voice, video, and data networks are 86
implemented and the needs for converged voice, video, and data networks. This 87
lesson also discusses the new applications for converged networks. In addition, this 88
lesson introduces the business and technical benefits of the Cisco IP Contact Center. 89
90
Objectives 91
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to: 92
93
I Describe how voice, video, and data networks are implemented traditionally 94
I Describe voice, video, and data networks 95
I Identify the benefits of converged voice, video, and data networks 96
I Identify emerging applications for converged networking and their 97
functions 98
I Identify the benefits of Cisco IP Contact Center 99
Outline 100
This lesson includes these sections: 101
102
I Overview 103
I Traditional Networks 104
I Voice, Video, and Data Networks 105
I Voice, Video, and Data Integration 106
I Applications 107
I Cisco IP Contact Center 108
I Summary 109
110
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-5
10.1.1 Traditional Networks 110
Figure 1: Optical Business Drivers 111
112
113
Traditionally, separate networks have been provisioned within an enterprise for 114
data, voice, and video applications. These have been deployed autonomously and 115
operated in isolation, often implemented and managed by separate teams. 116
117
These separate networks encompass the enterprise local- and wide-area networks 118
(LANs and WANs), and have been built to interconnect private branch exchange 119
(PBX) equipment, H.320 videoconferencing equipment, and routers. The networks 120
have been provisioned over dedicated leased lines for PBX and H.320 video, with a 121
combination of leased lines, Frame Relay, and ATM for data. Figure [1] depicts a 122
typical deployment of these disparate networks. 123
Practice 124
1. True or False: Traditionally, an enterprise usually has a separate network for 125
voice, video, and data applications. 126
127
A. True ** 128
B. False 129
130
131
132
10-6 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
10.1.2 Voice, Video, and Data Networks 132
Figure 1: Voice, Video, and Data Networks 133
134
135
This use of disparate facilities for each application transport is extremely 136
inefficient. The volume of data traffic is growing faster than that of voice, driven by 137
emerging and evolving technological innovations such as the World Wide Web 138
(WWW), e-commerce, and applications such as videoconferencing or video 139
streaming utilizing Internet Protocol (IP) multicast. While growth rates vary by 140
country and carrier, it is certain that data transport will dominate telephony 141
networks. Data has already surpassed voice on some U.S. service provider networks. 142
It is the driving force behind global network growth. The challenge for the 143
enterprise is to optimize networking to carry data, voice, and video traffic. 144
145
It is widely accepted and acknowledged by the communications industry and 146
industry analysts as a whole that the IP will become the universal transport of the 147
future. The rapid adoption and migration of vendors to the utilization of IP as a 148
transport for data, voice, and video applications further endorses this transition to a 149
converged networking paradigm. This includes those vendors who have historically 150
used time-division multiplexing (TDM) infrastructures and relied upon old world 151
practices. 152
153
Converged networks are a continuing trend and this consolidation of data, voice, 154
and video is the natural evolution for multiservice networking. We have seen similar 155
evolutions before. The converged network is shown in Figure [1]. Utilizing IP as the 156
ubiquitous transport offers the enterprise significant statistical gains in bandwidth 157
efficiency, lower overall bandwidth requirements, ease of management, and the 158
ability to deploy new applications rapidly. On the LAN, data, voice, and, video 159
share a common infrastructure. 160
161
As shown in Figure [1], a converged network allows the enterprise network to 162
converge over a common IP transport. The number of WAN facilities is reduced, as 163
Cisco CallManager
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-7
is the number of devices required to terminate those facilities. Bandwidth can be 164
added incrementally and shared statistically between applications, adding efficiency 165
and reducing complexity. When voice is inactive, data can utilize the available 166
bandwidth; when voice or video applications are active, they can be guaranteed the 167
bandwidth required. 168
Practice 169
1. Utilizing IP as the ubiquitous transport does not offer which of the following 170
gains to enterprises? 171
172
A. Bandwidth efficiency 173
B. Higher overall bandwidth requirements ** 174
C. Ease of management 175
D. Ability to deploy new applications rapidly 176
177
10-8 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
10.1.3 Voice, Video, and Data Integration 177
Figure 1: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 178
179
180
181
The converged enterprise network for data, voice, and video will require the 182
appropriate infrastructure and design. Figure [1] depicts a converged network where 183
all data, voice, and video utilize IP as the transport; between sites the IP WAN is the 184
primary interconnect, with the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) being 185
used as a secondary connectivity method. 186
187
Such a converged network will lower costs and provide enhanced quality options 188
for voice networking. It provides a highly scalable, reliable, and available network 189
that is adaptable and permits the rapid deployment of new and innovative 190
applications. Because the above network is based upon standards and open 191
competition, interoperability with other applications is assured. 192
Practice 193
1. Which of the following is true of a data, voice, and video converged network 194
utilizing IP as the transport? 195
196
A. Higher costs 197
B. Enhanced quality options for voice networking ** 198
C. Decreased bandwidth 199
D. Limited ability in adapting new applications 200
201
Cisco CallManager
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-9
10.1.4 Applications 201
Figure 1: Applications 202
203
204
Figure 2: Applications 205
206
207
An important facet of converged networking is the enabling of new applications. 208
Such emerging applications include desktop IP telephony, unified messaging, and 209
the Cisco IP Contact Centers. A converged network will offer the framework that 210
permits rapid deployment of these new technologies. 211
212
Cisco CallManager
Fax
Messages
Uni f i ed M essagi ng In-and-Out Box
10-10 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
By using the Cisco CallManager, a PBX can be eliminated and replaced with IP 213
telephony over a converged network. As shown in Figure [1], the Cisco 214
CallManager provides call-control functionality and, when used in conjunction with 215
the IP telephone sets or a soft telephone application, can provide the PBX 216
functionality in a distributed and scalable fashion. Cisco CallManagers can be 217
networked via IP and provide fallback to the PSTN if required. 218
219
Today users have a wide range of communication and messaging mediums available 220
to them: telephones, cell phones, pagers, fax, voice mail, and e-mail. Each of these 221
requires distinct hardware and software components to function. Unified messaging 222
combines voice mail, e-mail, and fax into a single application suite. 223
224
With unified messaging, a single application can be used to store and retrieve an 225
entire suite of message types. Voice-mail messages stored as WAV files can be 226
downloaded as e-mail attachments while traveling, and a response can be recorded 227
and returned to the sender, all recipients, or an expanded list. E-mail can be 228
retrieved via a telephony user interface (TUI), converted from text to speech, and 229
reviewed from an airport lobby phone or cell phone. Infrastructure is decreased 230
because now a single application can provide voice, e-mail, and fax. Productivity is 231
increased because what were once disparate message types can be retrieved via the 232
most convenient-or the user's preferred-interface. 233
234
Cisco is able to offer unified messaging via its Cisco GateServer Series of products. 235
These products provide scalable solutions for service providers and the enterprise 236
via open, standards-based interfaces. Figure [2] depicts this unified messaging 237
model. 238
Practice 239
1. Unified messaging combines which of the following message types into a single 240
application suite? 241
242
A. E-Mail 243
B. Voice Mail 244
C. Fax 245
D. All of the above ** 246
247
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-11
10.1.5 Cisco IP Contact Center 247
Figure 1: Cisco IP Contact Center 248
249
250
Figure 2: Cisco IP Contact Center 251
252
253
The Cisco IP Contact Center (IPCC) solution combines data and voice technologies 254
to facilitate geographic independent multimedia customer interaction. This includes 255
customer interactions originating from multiple diverse contact channels, including 256
IP voice, TDM voice, Web, e-mail, and fax. Regardless of transport, whether the 257
Internet or the traditional PSTN, the Cisco IPCC fully integrated contact-center 258
architecture depicted in Figure [1] services all media types. The Cisco IPCC 259
architecture also provides a seamless migration path from the legacy call-center 260
infrastructure to the IP-empowered, multimedia contact center. 261
262
Videoconference
Integrated Data and Voice
Single-User Model
Location Independence
E-Mail
E-Mail
Voice over IP
Prerouting

Softphone
Integrated Business Rules:
IP Voice, TDM Voice, Web,
E-Mail, and Fax
Softphone
10-12 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
The Cisco IPCC solution also enables server- and agent-level IP telephony to 263
coexist with traditional TDM-based networks, existing automated call 264
distribution/PBXs (ACD/PBXs), and installed desktop systems. The Cisco IPCC 265
solution enables an organization to take advantage of new IP-based applications 266
while preserving heterogeneous legacy investments and taking advantage of existing 267
IP data infrastructure. Thus Cisco IPCC deployment can be incremental, adding IP 268
telephony, new media channels, and new IP-based services at a rate that meets 269
business demands. 270
271
Cisco IPCC business benefits include: 272
273
I Integrated multimedia queuing 274
I Enterprise-wide contact management based on a single set of business rules 275
and supported by normalized consolidated reporting 276
I Increased customer satisfaction through personalized customer interaction 277
I Geographic independence of both agent resources and IP-based application 278
servers through the ubiquity of IP transport 279
I Carrier-quality fault tolerance and system reliability 280
I Scalability from single-site to multisite to network service provider services 281
I Rapid solution deployment many times faster than traditional TDM 282
solutions 283
I Single network, eliminating the overhead of multiple diverse data, voice, 284
and video networks 285
The physical topology of the Cisco IPCC as shown in Figure [2] is a solution that 286
can carry high-fidelity voice to agents throughout the enterprise network, and, on 287
that same connection, provide standard computer telephony integration (CTI) 288
applications as well as features such as Web collaboration, chat, and unified 289
messaging. 290
291
Technical advantages to the Cisco IPCC topology include: 292
293
I Intelligent contact management 294
I Enterprise-wide command and control 295
I Network-level customer queuing, customer segmentation, and contact 296
distribution 297
I Consistent service standards across diverse media channels 298
I Scalable applications 299
I Seamless migration path to IP-based voice applications 300
I Easy and rapid deployment of remote agents 301
In addition to the improvement in development and deployment of new services and 302
applications through a converged IP infrastructure, a further benefit of this 303
technology is to offer users a simpler, integrated interface that presents information 304
consistently across multiple media channels. Users of this technology can, for 305
example, utilize a Web interface to research a product. When questions arise, they 306
can click to talk and be connected to a knowledgeable and highly skilled agent 307
who is familiar with that product and has the same screen display, avoiding a 308
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-13
multistep and multicall process. Similar schemes can be used for banking over the 309
Web, avoiding the need to enter the account number multiple times and connecting 310
to an agent only when a customer desires or an automated response is insufficient. 311
312
The Cisco IPCC combines IP telephony technology, intelligent contact management 313
technology, as well as legacy call-center applications and hardware into a unified 314
platform to implement an organization's business rules and objectives. 315
316
Practice 317
1. Which of the following is a business benefit of Cisco IPCC? 318
319
A. Seamless migration path to IP-based voice applications 320
B. Consistent service standards across diverse media channels 321
C. Increased customer satisfaction through personalized customer 322
interaction ** 323
D. Intelligent contact management 324
325
10-14 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Summary 325
This section summarizes the key points you learned in this lesson. 326
327
I Traditionally, an enterprise has separate networks for data, voice, and video 328
applications. Those networks are usually operated in isolation, and often are 329
implemented and managed by separate teams. 330
I IP is considered to be the universal transport of the future. 331
I A voice, video, and data converged network could lower costs and provide 332
enhanced quality options for voice networking. 333
I An important facet of converged networking is the enabling of new 334
applications, such as desktop IP telephony, unified messaging, and the 335
Cisco IP Contact Center. 336
I The Cisco IP Contact Center (IPCC) solution combines data and vice 337
technologies to facilitate geographic independent multimedia customer 338
interaction. 339
340
341
342
343
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-15
10.2 Cisco AVVID 344
Overview 345
This lesson describes the building blocks and the features of Cisco AVVID 346
(Architecture of Voice, Video and Integrated Data). 347
348
Objectives 349
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to: 350
351
I Describe the features of Cisco AVVID 352
I Identify the main building blocks of Cisco AVVID 353
I Identify the key benefit of Cisco AVVID 354
I Describe how the network redundancy is achieved in Cisco AVVID 355
I Identify the factors that lower cost of data networking equipment ownership 356
I Describe the branch office requirements for a converged network 357
I Describe the campus/regional office requirements for a converged network 358
I Describe the requirements for a converged WAN 359
Outline 360
This lesson includes these sections: 361
362
I Overview 363
I Open Packet Telephony 364
I End-to-End Architecture 365
I Open Standards 366
I Network Availability 367
I Lower Total Cost of Ownership 368
I Branch Office Network 369
I Campus Network 370
I Wide-Area Network 371
I Summary 372
373
10-16 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
10.2.1 Open Packet Telephony 373
Figure 1: Open Packet Telephony 374
375
376
Cisco AVVID (Architecture for Voice, Video and Integrated Data) brings to 377
multiservice networking a standards-based, open-systems architecture for converged 378
networking. Cisco AVVID is the continuing evolution of the five-phase plan 379
depicted in Figure [1] for enterprise multiservice networking that has successfully 380
delivered the framework for an open, multiservice architecture. 381
382
Cisco AVVID is complementary and synergistic with the open packet telephony 383
(OPT) initiative. Whereas Cisco OPT focuses on service providers and the benefits 384
of converged data and voice over a common packet transport, Cisco AVVID is an 385
enterprise initiative for integrated data, voice, and video over a common IP 386
transport. 387
388
The architecture comprises three distinct building blocks: infrastructure such as 389
switches and routers, applications such as call control, and clients such as fixed and 390
wireless IP telephones, H.323 videoconferencing equipment, and PCs. Each of these 391
building blocks is discussed in more detail in a subsequent section. The end result of 392
such an architectural model is a multiservice ecosystem that is scalable, highly 393
available and resilient, open, and adaptable. 394
Practice 395
1. Cisco AVVID is the continuing evolution of the ____-phase plan. 396
397
A. Three 398
B. Four 399
C. Five ** 400
D. Six 401
402
Policy-Based
End-to-End
CallManagement
QoS
CallManagement
Layer 1-3 Integration
Networked Availability
Management
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-17
10.2.2 End-to-End Architecture 402
Figure 1: End-to-End Architecture 403
404
405
Cisco AVVID is an end-to-end architecture that includes three distinct components: 406
infrastructure, applications, and clients. Figure [1] depicts the components of the 407
architecture. As with any architecture, Cisco AVVID relies upon a strong and stable 408
foundation. This foundation is built upon the multiprotocol routers and multilayer 409
LAN switches that are used as building blocks for enterprise networks. 410
411
Cisco has a range of products that have the ability to terminate both analog and 412
digital voice interfaces for integration with a legacy PBX or connection to the 413
PSTN. With IP telephony expanding beyond simple toll-bypass applications to the 414
desktop, LANs need to provide the prerequisite quality of service (QoS) and 415
bandwidth required to support converged network applications such as voice and 416
video. 417
Practice 418
1. Which of the following is not a building block of the Cisco AVVID? 419
420
A. Infrastructure 421
B. Cables ** 422
C. Applications 423
D. Clients 424
425
Softphone
Cisco CallManager
Server
10-18 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
10.2.3 Open Standards 425
Figure 1: Open Standards 426
427
428
Cisco is promoting the use and adoption of open standards and is participating 429
actively in the definition and approvals process for numerous standards and open 430
protocols in this arena. Cisco Systems adopts these standards as they emerge and 431
mature and also offers prestandard implementations to the market where no defined 432
standard exists. Every effort is made to ensure that the gateways, applications, and 433
clients produced integrate and operate seamlessly with third-party products. 434
435
Examples of these protocols include the existing and emerging standards-based 436
protocols for call control: H.323, the Simple Gateway Control Protocol (SGCP), the 437
Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP), and the Session Initiation Protocol 438
(SIP). 439
440
Further examples of open standards currently being adopted by the 441
telecommunications industry are the Telephony Application Programmable 442
Interface (TAPI) and the Java Telephony Application Programmable Interface 443
(JTAPI). These protocols are used to communicate between applications such as the 444
Cisco CallManager, providing IP PBX functionality, and unified messaging 445
products such as the Cisco GateServer products. This open and standards-based 446
interface model, depicted in Figure [1], is in direct contrast to the proprietary 447
interfaces of legacy PBX equipment. 448
449
The use of open standards and the promotion of multivendor collaboration and 450
interoperability are a key benefit of Cisco AVVID. The architecture allows the 451
integration of products from multiple vendors to create a customized solution. No 452
single vendor can provide a solution that fits all requirements for data, voice, and 453
video. Often specialized applications are designed and implemented only by a single 454
company and need to be integrated with the overall solution. The adoption of open 455
standards creates an ecosystem that actively promotes a model of integration. 456
457
Cisco CallManager
Softphone
Infrastructure
Cisco IOS Software-Based
Network Services
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-19
Practice 458
1. Which of the following is a key benefit of Cisco AVVID? 459
460
A. The use of open standards 461
B. The promotions of multivendor collaboration 462
C. The promotion of multivendor interoperability 463
D. All of the above ** 464
465
466
10-20 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
10.2.4 Network Availability 466
Figure 1: Network Availability 467
468
469
The PBX has evolved over many years to a device perceived as highly reliable, 470
performing basically one function and one function onlythe switching of voice 471
calls with some added services such as transfer and conference. Each vendor 472
maintains a proprietary architecture to ensure that when a customer is using a 473
particular brand of switch, the customer needs to continue using that same brand of 474
device to maintain feature parity. 475
476
The system is deemed available by the user if dial tone is present when the handset 477
is lifted. This is only a subjective measurement of the availability of dial tone. If a 478
busy signal is received when a long-distance number is dialed, there is no way to 479
know whether all circuits are busy, the person called is busy, or the link to the 480
PSTN is down. All of these situations affect availability of the system to the user. In 481
the data arena, they would be factored into system, as opposed to box, availability. 482
483
In contrast, the world of data networking presents a picture where availability is 484
designed into a distributed system rather than a box. Redundancy is available in the 485
individual hardware components for services such as power and supervisor 486
modules. Network redundancy is, however, achieved with a combination of 487
hardware, software, and intelligent network design practices. Figure [1] shows a 488
typical enterprise network topology. 489
490
In Figure [1], network redundancy is achieved at many levels. Physical connections 491
exist from the edge devices where IP telephones and PCs are attached to two 492
spatially diverse aggregation devices. If an aggregation device fails or connectivity 493
is lost for any reason (such as fiber cut or power outage), cutover of traffic to the 494
other device is possible-essentially without loss. This is also true of the WAN and 495
PSTN connections. Clusters of Cisco CallManagers can be provisioned to provide 496
resilient call control; if any device within the cluster fails, the other servers pick up 497
the load. These designs can provide 99.999-percent reliability. 498
499
Cisco CallManager
Cluster
Cisco CallManager
Cluster
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-21
Practice 500
1. Which of the following statement correctly describe network redundancy? 501
502
A. Network redundancy is achieved with a combination of hardware, 503
software, and intelligent network design practices. ** 504
B. Network redundancy can be achieved with good hardware equipment. 505
C. Network redundancy can only be achieved through intelligent network 506
practices. 507
D. Network redundancy can only be done in user level. 508
509
510
10-22 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
10.2.5 Lower Total Cost of Ownership 510
Figure 1: Lower Total Cost of Ownership 511
512
513
While data networking has evolved to open, distributed, standards-based systems, 514
the telephony infrastructure has changed little in the past 20 years, and those 515
economies and efficiencies associated with open standards and competition have 516
been impossible to attain. After a PBX vendor has been selected and the product has 517
been implemented, the proprietary and closed architecture of that PBX effectively 518
prevents multivendor interoperability at anything other than basic levels. This 519
scenario has kept the price per port of PBX systems relatively flat for recent years, 520
and also shackled customers to the PBX vendor. 521
522
Contrast the above to data networking and the picture is very different. Moore's Law 523
has demonstrated that the price/performance of semiconductors doubles every 16 524
months. These savings have caused the cost of data networking equipment to fall 525
rapidly over time, while performance has increased exponentially. These benefits 526
translate into reduce prices for customers. 527
528
Consider, for example, the shared 10-Mbps Ethernet connection or 4-Mbps Token 529
Ring to the desktop that was the norm until recently. Now a 100-Mbps connection 530
to the desktop is typical and the price is less than that paid for shared 10-Mbps 531
Ethernet only a few years ago. This represents a 20-plus-fold increase in available 532
bandwidth, for a fraction of the cost. 533
534
Other factors that lower costs include the reduction of wide-area facility 535
requirements, fewer devices to manage and maintain, and simpler moves, additions, 536
and changes. This scenario results in a lower training and staffing cost associated 537
with a simplified and converged infrastructure. Figure [1] illustrates this duplicity in 538
economy between old and New World architectures. 539
Pri ce Per Seat
Propri et ary Syst em (PBX) per-Seat Pri ci ng Versus Open
Syst em (Et hernet Swi t ch) Market Charact eri st i cs
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-23
Practice 540
1. Which of the following is a factor that lowers cost of data networking 541
equipments ownership? 542
543
A. Increasing on the performance of the semiconductors ** 544
B. Increasing requirements for wide-area facility 545
C. Increasing requirements for devices management 546
D. None of the above 547
548
549
550
10-24 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
10.2.6 Branch Office Network 550
Figure 1: Branch Office Network 551
552
553
In the branch location, the infrastructure comprises a router with voice capabilities 554
to interface with the PSTN for off-net and overflow voice calls. Figure [1] depicts a 555
typical branch office of 100 or fewer users. The primary transport for intersite on- 556
net voice calls is the IP WAN. The router provides advanced quality of service 557
(QoS) capabilities to ensure high voice quality as well as native multicast 558
capabilities for video applications. Because IP is independent of the WAN media, 559
leased lines, Frame Relay, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), or emerging last- 560
mile technologies such as cable and digital subscriber line (DSL) could be used. 561
562
Note: On-net calling refers to calls that stay on a customer's private network, 563
traveling by private line from beginning to end. Off-net calling refers to phone calls 564
that are carried in part on a private network but are destined for a phone that is not 565
on the network. That is, some part of the journey of the conversation will be over 566
the PSTN or someone else's network. 567
568
LAN infrastructure can be provisioned using a Cisco Catalyst Multilayer Switch. 569
Cisco Catalyst line cards provide inline power to next-generation IP telephones, and 570
customers can choose to connect both the IP telephone and PC to a switched port 571
(via an integrated 10/100 switch in the telephone) or use separate ports for PC and 572
telephone. Again the prerequisite classification, queuing, and buffer management 573
features are available with the Cisco Catalyst switches. 574
575
Ci sco Cal l Manager(s)
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-25
Call control and integrated voice mail can be provided for the branch office in a 576
packaged solution. Setup can be optionally augmented with a second platform for 577
additional redundancy. Client applications can be provided by IP telephones or 578
softphones installed on PCs. 579
Practice 580
1. Which of the following devices can be used in branch office to interface with 581
the PSTN or next generation IP telephones? (Check all that apply.) 582
583
A. A router with voice capabilities ** 584
B. A bridge 585
C. A Cisco Catalyst Multilayer Switch ** 586
D. A hub 587
588
10-26 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
10.2.7 Campus Network 588
Figure 1: Campus Network 589
590
591
The next logical step is to migrate to a converged network in the regional office, 592
campus, and metropolitan-area networks (MANs). The requirements for QoS and 593
reliability do not change; only the scale of the solution changes. Figure [1] 594
illustrates a typical enterprise campus network design and is used to discuss the 595
necessary building blocks for a Cisco AVVID deployment. Although Figure [1] 596
depicts a large campus, the modular design allows design philosophy to be scaled 597
from 100s to 10,000s of stations with no loss of performance or resiliency. 598
599
As in the branch example, Cisco routers provide the required WAN and PSTN 600
access. Here these routers are required to scale to support the incoming and tandem 601
traffic from many smaller branch locations. LAN infrastructure is provisioned using 602
Cisco Catalyst Series of switches. Here again the required classification, queuing, 603
and buffering schemes are available. The design model shown is hierarchical, giving 604
predictable and scalable performance, and also ensuring fast convergence in case a 605
component fails. Telephones can be connected to this switched infrastructure at the 606
access layer either in series with a PC or via dedicated switched ports. 607
608
The Cisco CallManager and unified messaging applications in this instance can be 609
located on separate, dedicated servers. This setup is depicted as the server-farm 610
building block. The Cisco CallManager supports a clustering scheme that provides a 611
distributed scalable and highly available model. As additional users are brought on 612
line, simply adding a new server to the cluster adds capacity to the system. In a 613
similar fashion, voice messaging or unified messaging can be provided via the 614
Amteva products installed on dedicated servers. As increased capacity is added, 615
more servers are added to the system. Messages are stored on an industry-standard 616
message store. 617
Layer 2 Switch
Layer 3 Switch
Layer 3 Switch
Layer 3 Switch
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-27
Practice 618
1. In a campus network, the Cisco CallManager and unified messaging 619
applications can be located on separate, dedicated servers. This setup is 620
depicted as? 621
622
A. Farm-farm building block 623
B. Server-farm building block ** 624
C. Server-client building block 625
D. Farm-client building block 626
627
10-28 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
10.2.8 Wide-Area Network 627
Figure 1: Wide-Area Network 628
629
630
For multiservice traffic to traverse a converged WAN, the network must support and 631
supply the prerequisite QoS features. These features are discussed in more detail in 632
a subsequent lesson. In addition, the design and dimensioning of the WAN must be 633
synergistic with the traffic profiles, business requirements, and circuit tariffs. 634
635
Cisco Systems recommends that WANs be built using a hierarchical model to allow 636
the most cost-effective platforms to be provisioned at the edge. At regional and 637
headquarter locations, higher-performance platforms can be deployed to allow the 638
scaling of throughput and Layer 3 services. Figure [1] represents the WAN model. 639
640
In addition to the above design philosophy, the WAN bandwidth requirements need 641
to be adequately provisioned. As the requirements for data traffic outstrip those of 642
voice, the percentage of the wide-area bandwidth required for voice decreases, 643
lowering costs. It is imperative that the WAN links be provisioned to support the 644
minimum requirements for data plus the bandwidth required for voice and video 645
traffic. When other applications are quiescent, the bandwidth is available for data. 646
Practice 647
1. Cisco Systems recommends which of the model to be used to build a converged 648
WAN to allow the most cost-effective platforms to be provisioned at the edge? 649
650
A. The ring model 651
B. The linear model 652
C. The mesh model 653
D. The hierarchical model ** 654
655
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-29
Summary 656
This section summarizes the key points you learned in this lesson. 657
658
I Cisco AVVID in an enterprise initiative for integrated data, voice, and 659
video over a common IP transport. 660
I Cisco AVVID is an end-to-end architecture that includes three components: 661
infrastructure, applications, and clients. 662
I A key benefit of Cisco AVVID is the use of open standards and the 663
promotion of multivendor collaboration and interoperability. 664
I Network redundancy is achieved with a combination of hardware, software, 665
and intelligent network design practices. 666
I The increasing performance of semiconductors has caused the cost of data 667
networking equipment to fall rapidly over time. 668
669
10-30 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
10.3 Voice Quality-of-Service Issues 670
Overview 671
This lesson explains issues with voice QoS. 672
Objectives 673
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to: 674
675
I Describe the effects of QoS in voice, video, and data integration networks 676
I Discuss solutions to QoS problem: delay 677
I Discuss solutions to QoS problem: jitter 678
I Discuss solutions to QoS problem: lost packets 679
I Discuss solutions to QoS problem: echo 680
Outline 681
This lesson includes these sections: 682
683
I Overview 684
I Common Issues with QoS 685
I Delay 686
I Jitter 687
I Lost Packets 688
I Echo 689
I Summary 690
691
692
693
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-31
10.3.1 Common Issues with QoS 693
Figure 1: QoS Issues 694
695
696
QoS provides the ability to prioritize applications and allocate resources across the 697
network to ensure the delivery of mission-critical applications, especially in heavily 698
loaded environments. An analogy is the car-pool lane on the highway. Mission- 699
critical applications receive highest priority, so they travel in the diamond (car-pool) 700
lane. All other traffic receives equal treatment, so it travels in the low-priority lanes. 701
702
The reduced cost and bandwidth savings that can be realized in voice-over-packet 703
networks carry with them some QoS issues that are unique to packet networks. In a 704
circuit-switched or TDM environment, bandwidth is dedicated, making QoS 705
implicit. In a packet-switched environment, all kinds of traffic are mixed in a store- 706
and-forward manner. So, in a packet-switched environment, a need exists to devise 707
schemes to prioritize real-time traffic. 708
709
In an integrated voice and data network, QoS is essential to ensure the same high- 710
quality voice transmissions as in the traditional circuit-switched environment. QoS 711
issues for voice may be handled by voice-over-IP (VoIP), voice-over-ATM 712
(VoATM), or voice-over-Frame Relay (VoFR) standards, or by an internetworking 713
device. Some solutions to these QoS issues are discussed in the following sections. 714
Practice 715
1. Which of the following standards may handle QoS issues for voice? 716
717
A. FDDI 718
B. IPX 719
C. VoIP ** 720
D. Token Ring 721
722
10-32 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
10.3.2 Delay 722
Figure 1: QoS Issue Delay 723
724
725
726
Delay causes two problems. 727
728
I EchoEcho is caused by the signal reflections of the speaker's voice from 729
the far-end telephone equipment back into the speaker's ear. Echo becomes 730
a significant problem when the round-trip delay becomes greater than 50 731
milliseconds (ms). 732
I Talker overlapTalker overlap becomes significant if the one-way delay 733
becomes greater than 250 ms. It is recommended to keep one-way delay 734
under 150 ms. 735
736
Solution 737
Minimize the end-to-end delay budget, including the accumulation delay, processing 738
delay, and network delay through sophisticated queuing techniques. 739
Practice 740
1. Which of the following problems is caused by delay? 741
742
A. Talker overlap ** 743
B. Lost packets 744
C. Jitter 745
D. Signal reflection 746
747
748
749
750
Priority
Queue
Configurable
Queues
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-33
10.3.3 Jitter 750
Figure 1: QoS Issue Jitter 751
752
753
Jitter relates to variable interpacket timing caused by the network that a packet 754
traverses. Removing jitter requires collecting packets and holding them long enough 755
to allow the slowest packets to arrive in time to be played in the correct sequence, 756
causing an additional delay. 757
758
Solution 759
Adjust the jitter buffer size to minimize jitter. 760
761
I On an ATM network, the approach is to measure the variation of packet 762
levels over a period of time and incrementally adapt the buffer size to match 763
the calculated jitter. 764
I On an IP network, the approach is to count the number of packets 765
successfully processed and adjust the jitter buffer to target a predetermined 766
allowable late packet ratio. 767
Practice 768
1. Which of the following is a solution to the problem caused by jitter? 769
770
A. Minimize the end-to-end delay budget 771
B. Send redundant information 772
C. Adjust the jitter buffer size ** 773
D. Use jitter-cancellation techniques 774
775
776
Jitter relates to variable interpacket timing caused by the
network that a packet traverses.
10-34 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
10.3.4 Lost Packets 776
Figure 1: QoS Issue Lost Packets 777
778
779
Depending on the type of packet network, lost packets can be a severe problem. 780
Because IP networks do not guarantee service, they will usually exhibit a much 781
higher incidence of lost voice packets than ATM networks. 782
783
Solution 784
Although dropped packets are not a problem for data (because of retransmission), 785
they cause a significant problem for voice applications. To compensate, voice-over- 786
packet software can either interpolate for lost speech packets by replaying the last 787
packet or it can send redundant information at the expense of bandwidth utilization. 788
Practice 789
1. ______ networks usually exhibit a much higher incident of lost packets than 790
______ networks. [Drag and drop the network types to an appropriate location.] 791
792
IP ATM 793
794
795
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-35
10.3.5 Echo 795
Figure 1: QoS Issue -- Echo 796
797
798
Echo is present even in a conventional circuit-switched telephone network. This 799
presence is typically acceptable because the round-trip delays through the network 800
are smaller than 50 ms and the echo is masked by the normal side tone that every 801
telephone generates. 802
803
Echo is a problem in voice-over-packet networks because the round-trip delay 804
through the network is almost always greater than 50 ms. For this reason, echo- 805
cancellation techniques must be used. 806
807
Echo-cancellation techniques are used to compare voice data received from the 808
packet network with voice data being transmitted to the packet network. The echo 809
from the telephone network hybrid is removed by a digital filter on the transmit path 810
into the packet network. 811
Practice 812
1. Which problem is remedied by a digital filter on the transmit path into the 813
packet network? 814
815
A. Packet loss 816
B. Echo ** 817
C. Jitter 818
D. Delay 819
820
821
822
10-36 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
10.3.6 Cisco IOS QoS Technology 822
Figure1: Congestion Management 823
824
825
Figure2: Traffic Shaping and Policing 826
827
828
Cisco IOS Software provides QoS features and solutions for addressing the diverse 829
needs of voice, video, and data applications. Cisco IOS QoS technology lets 830
complex networks control and predictably service a variety of networked 831
applications and traffic types. Small to medium businesses, enterprises, and service 832
providers all benefit from deploying Cisco QoS on their networks. Bandwidth, 833
delay, jitter, and packet loss can be effectively controlled. By ensuring the desired 834
results, the QoS features lead to efficient, predictable services for business-critical 835
applications. 836
837
Using the rich QoS feature set in Cisco IOS Software, businesses can build 838
networks that conform to either the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 839
Integrated Services (IntServ) model or the Differentiated Services (DiffServ) model. 840
Cisco IOS QoS features also provide value-added functionality such as network- 841
based application recognition (NBAR) for classifying traffic on an application basis, 842
a service assurance agent (SAA) for end-to-end QoS measurements, and Resource 843
Reservation Protocol (RSVP) signaling for admission control and reservation of 844
resources. 845
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-37
846
Key Cisco IOS Software QoS categories and features include: 847
848
I Classification 849
I Congestion management (see Figure [1]) 850
I Congestion avoidance 851
I Traffic shaping and policing (see Figure [2]) 852
I Signaling 853
I RSVP, QoS policy propagation on BGP (QPPB) 854
I Link efficiency mechanisms 855
Practice 856
1. Identify the Cisco IOS Software QoS categories and features: (Check all that 857
apply.) 858
859
A. Congestion management ** 860
B. Signaling ** 861
C. Scalable applications 862
D. Intelligent contact management 863
E. Traffic shaping and policing ** 864
F. Seamless migration path to IP-based voice applications 865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
10-38 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Summary 877
This section summarizes the key points you learned in this lesson. 878
879
I In a circuit-switched or TDM environment, bandwidth is dedicated, making 880
QoS implicit. 881
I In a packet-switched environment, all kinds of traffic are mixed in a store- 882
and-forward manner. Consequently, packet-switched networks face voice 883
quality issues that circuit-switched networks do not, including delay, echo, 884
jitter, and lost packets. 885
I Delay causes two problems: echo and talker overlap. 886
I One solution to the problem caused by jitter is to adjust the jitter buffer 887
size. 888
I Because IP networks do not guarantee service, they usually exhibit a much 889
higher incidence of lost voice packets than ATM networks. 890
I Echo is more serious on a packet-switched telephone network than with 891
conventional telephony. 892
I The use of QoS techniques throughout the network enables effective 893
transmission of voice-over-packet switched networks. Through careful use 894
of QoS techniques, network designers can overcome these quality issues 895
and produce circuit quality voice at a fraction of the cost. 896
897
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-39
10.4 Voice-over-Data Technologies 898
Overview 899
This lesson explains various types of voice-over-data technologies. 900
901
Objectives 902
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to: 903
904
I List examples of integrated voice, video, and data networks 905
I Describe VoFR technology 906
I Identify benefits of VoATM technology 907
I Describe VoIP technology 908
I Compare and contrast voice-over-data technology 909
Outline 910
This lesson includes the following sections: 911
912
I Overview 913
I Introduction to Voice and Data Networks 914
I Voice over Frame Relay 915
I Voice over ATM 916
I Voice over IP 917
I Voice over Data Technologies Comparison 918
I Summary 919
920
921
10-40 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
10.4.1 Introduction to Voice and Data Networks 921
Figure1: Voice and Data Networks 922
923
924
Integrated voice and data networks support a variety of applications, all of which 925
are designed to replace leased lines and lower costs. A voice-capable router can 926
function as a local phone system for intra-office calls. In Figure [1], a user dials a 927
phone extension that is located in the same office. The voice-capable router routes 928
the call to the appropriate destination. A voice-capable router can also function as a 929
phone system for inter-office calls and can route calls within an enterprise network. 930
931
Voice-capable routers on a WAN can replace tie trunks between remote locations, 932
thereby saving the cost of tie trunks. In essence, the voice-capable router on either 933
side of the ATM, Frame Relay, or High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) WAN 934
connection is configured as a tie trunk. The router then routes incoming and 935
outgoing calls through the PBX. 936
Practice 937
1. The functions of voice-capable routers include: 938
939
A. They can function as a local phone system for inter-office calls. 940
B. They can route calls within an enterprise network. 941
C. They can route incoming and outing calls through PBX. 942
D. All of the above ** 943
944
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-41
10.4.2 Voice over Frame Relay 944
Figure1: How VoFR Works 945
946
947
Voice-over-Frame Relay (VoFR) technology consolidates voice and voice-band data 948
(including fax and analog modems) with data services over a Frame Relay network. 949
VoFR allows PBXs to be connected using Frame Relay PVCs. The goal is to 950
replace leased lines and lower costs. With VoFR, customers can easily increase 951
their link speeds to their Frame Relay service or their committed information rate 952
(CIR) to support additional voice, fax, and data traffic. 953
954
Note: CIR is the rate at which a Frame Relay network agrees to transfer information 955
under normal conditions, averaged over a minimum increment of time. Measured in 956
bits per second (bps), CIR is one of the key negotiated tariff metrics. 957
958
A voice-capable router connects both a PBX and a data network to a public Frame 959
Relay network. A voice-capable router includes a voice Frame Relay adapter 960
(VFRAD) or a voice/fax module that supports voice traffic on the data network. 961
962
Sophisticated queuing techniques ensure QoS in voice over Frame Relay. 963
964
Frame Relay provides the following benefits: 965
966
I Popular transport for multiservice networks because Frame Relay networks 967
are common in many areas 968
I Cost-effective service that supports bursty traffic well 969
I Prioritization of voice frames over data frames to guarantee QoS 970
Practice 971
1. VoFR: 972
973
A. Provides popular transport for multiservices networks 974
B. Consolidates voice and voice-band data (including fax and analog 975
modems) with data services 976
C. Provides cost-effective service that support bursty traffic well 977
D. All of the above ** 978
979
10-42 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
10.4.3 Voice over ATM 979
Figure 1: How VoATM Works 980
981
982
Voice over ATM (VoATM) is an ideal transport for multiservice networks, 983
particularly for customers who already have an ATM network installed. ATM 984
handles voice, video, and data equally well. A key benefit of ATM is its inherent 985
design for handling the unique network transmission requirements of voice, video, 986
and data traffic. 987
988
ATM has several mechanisms for controlling delay and delay variation through its 989
support for QoS, virtual-circuit queuing, and small, fixed-length cells. QoS enables 990
traffic to be provisioned with specific bandwidth and delay-variation guarantees. 991
Virtual-circuit queuing treats each traffic stream differently; thus, for example, 992
voice traffic can be allocated priority over delay-insensitive traffic. The 53-byte 993
ATM cells reduce queuing delay and delay variations associated with variable-sized 994
packets as well as reduce delays through intermediate switches. 995
Practice 996
1. True or False: Voice over ATM (VoATM) is an ideal transport for multiservice 997
networks. 998
999
A. True ** 1000
B. False 1001
1002
1003
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-43
10.4.4 Voice over IP 1003
Figure 1: Circuit-Switched Voice and IP Telephony Comparison 1004
Circuit-Switched Voice IP Telephony
Moves often require cable checks,
phone labels, and switch configuration
updates.
Simple moves, adds, and changes are
performed through Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and
autoregistration.
Circuit-switched voice offers limited
access to signaling controller or
handsets.
IP telephony can deploy homegrown
third-party voice applications.
Circuit-switched voice requires a rigid
homogenous network (adding
capabilities is difficult and expensive).
IP telephony operates in a
heterogeneous network.
Circuit-switched voice requires
proprietary handsets.
IP telephony uses open handsets.
Circuit-switched voice operates
multiple proprietary message stores.
IP telephony provides a unified
message store infrastructure.
1005
Figure 2: 1006
1007
1008
Voice is an application that runs over the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model 1009
just like any other application. Voice information is encapsulated by headers as it 1010
passes through the OSI stack and then de-encapsulated on the receiving side. 1011
1012
The proliferation of Internet usage and emerging dominance of the IP protocol have 1013
created the backdrop for the newest voice-over-data applicationInternet 1014
telephony. A comparison of circuit-switched voice and IP telephony is shown in 1015
Figure [1]. In order to ensure high-quality, interoperable vendor implementations of 1016
telephony-based communications over IP data networks, the Voice over IP Forum 1017
was founded by Cisco in May 1996 and is currently chaired by Cisco. 1018
1019
Customers can choose VoIP as their voice-transport medium when they need a 1020
solution that is simple to implement, offers voice and fax capabilities, and handles 1021
10-44 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
phone-to-computer voice communications (see Figure [2]). One of the key benefits 1022
of VoIP is that it enables the customer to take advantage of the many features 1023
available with IP telephony. 1024
Practice 1025
1. Match each characteristic with either circuit-switched voice or IP telephony. 1026
1027
A. Has the ability to deploy homegrown third-party voice applications. 1028
B. Requires a rigid homogenous network. 1029
C. Offers limited access to signaling controller or handsets. 1030
D. Operates in a heterogeneous network. 1031
1032
Circuit-switched voice A B C D 1033
IP Telephony A B C D 1034
1035
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-45
10.4.5 Voice-over-Data Technologies Comparison 1035
Figure 1: How Packet Technologies Stack Up for Voice 1036
1037
1038
Frame Relay, ATM, and IP are popular voice-over-data technologies that have 1039
developed to meet the expanding needs of today's voice-over-data applications. 1040
1041
Each technology has its advantages and its limitations. 1042
1043
I Frame Relay services are widely available and have been proven cost- 1044
effective in most networks. Unfortunately, Frame Relay tops out at T1/E1 1045
speeds. 1046
I Although ATM is considered to be a technology that will revolutionize the 1047
way networks are designed and managed, its services are still limited in 1048
scope and its equipment has been costly. 1049
I IP allows users to take advantage of the many features available with IP 1050
telephony; however, this connectionless technology is the least 1051
deterministic. 1052
Practice 1053
1. Match each voice-over-data technology with its associated limitation. 1054
1055
A. Tops out at T1/E1 speeds 1056
B. Has limited services and costly equipment 1057
C. Is the least deterministic 1058
1059
Frame Relay A B C 1060
ATM A B C 1061
IP A B C 1062
1063
1064
1065
Standards in place
10-46 Cisco Certified Network Associate Basics (CCNAB) v2.0 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Summary 1066
This section summarizes the key points you learned in this lesson. 1067
1068
I Integrated voice and data networks support a variety of applications, all of 1069
which are designed to replace leased lines and lower costs. 1070
I VoFR is an inexpensive and easy-to-deploy service because of the wide 1071
availability of Frame Relay services. 1072
I VoATM is an ideal transport for multiservice networks, particularly for 1073
customers who already have an ATM network installed. 1074
I VoIP offers the capability to easily integrate advanced IP telephony 1075
features. 1076
1077
1078
1079
Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Module 10: Voice, Video, and Data Integration 10-47
Summary 1080
This module includes these key points: 1081
1082
I An integrated voice and data network offers many benefits over traditional 1083
telephony, including improved utilization of bandwidth, lower costs to 1084
maintain a single network, and more capability for added value services. 1085
I Cisco AVVID brings to multiservice networking a standards-based, open- 1086
systems architecture for converged networking. 1087
I The use of QoS techniques throughout the network enables effective 1088
transmission of voice-over-packet switched networks. Some of the QoS 1089
issues customers face include delay, jitter, lost packet, and echo. 1090
I The voice-over-data transport options include VoIP, VoFR, and VoATM. 1091
Each technology is developed to meet the expanding needs of todays voice- 1092
over-data applications, and each has its advantages and its limitations. 1093
VoFR provides popular transport for multiservice networks and cost- 1094
effective service that support bursty traffic well. 1095
VoATM handles voice, video, and data equally well. 1096
VoIP offers the capability to easily integrate advanced IP telephony 1097
features. 1098