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This document is the foreword to "The USMLE Step 2 CK BIBLE", which is described as the ultimate study guide for the Clinical Knowledge exam. It contains 19 chapters covering major subjects like surgery, ob/gyn, pediatrics, psychiatry and more. Each chapter provides in-depth clinical information, charts, images and notes to help readers achieve a high score. The author created this guide by combining 5 commercial guides and their own clinical notes and guarantees it has everything needed to not just pass the exam but do very well.
This document is the foreword to "The USMLE Step 2 CK BIBLE", which is described as the ultimate study guide for the Clinical Knowledge exam. It contains 19 chapters covering major subjects like surgery, ob/gyn, pediatrics, psychiatry and more. Each chapter provides in-depth clinical information, charts, images and notes to help readers achieve a high score. The author created this guide by combining 5 commercial guides and their own clinical notes and guarantees it has everything needed to not just pass the exam but do very well.
This document is the foreword to "The USMLE Step 2 CK BIBLE", which is described as the ultimate study guide for the Clinical Knowledge exam. It contains 19 chapters covering major subjects like surgery, ob/gyn, pediatrics, psychiatry and more. Each chapter provides in-depth clinical information, charts, images and notes to help readers achieve a high score. The author created this guide by combining 5 commercial guides and their own clinical notes and guarantees it has everything needed to not just pass the exam but do very well.
The 0SNLE Step 2 CK BIBLE Copyiight 2u1u }effiey Anueison, N.B. All iights ieseiveu. No pait of this book may be useu oi iepiouuceu in any mannei whatsoevei without wiitten peimission except in the case of iepiint in the context of ieviews anu peisonal euucation.
The USMLE Step 2 CK BIBLE is the culmination of over four months of my own intense personal Step 2 CK preparation. This document contains and all of the notes I made, all of the charts, graphs, and images I put together to create the ultimate study guide, and I guarantee it is more than enough to help you pass, and if used properly can help you achieve a top score on the Clinical Knowledge exam. I used five different study guides as well as all of the notes I took from working in the wards to put together this in-depth study guide. This preparation guide contains the most up-to-date as well as the most commonly asked clinical information, which will help you score high on the Step 2 CK exam. When I put this preparation guide together, I did so with my own score in mind, and I made it so that I would have to study from one source, and thats exactly what you have here. If you study hard and use the CK BIBLE, you will not only pass, you will do very well. Best of luck on the Step 2 CK exam
Chapter 1
Surgery
!"#$%#
!'()*( +(,-./,0 ('. *(/(1.2 )0-/1 ,3. #456780 -/ ,3. +'-*('9 0)':.9 (;,.' ( ,'()*(,-< -/<-2./,= # - Aiiway Ensuie patient is immobilizeu anu maintain aiiway with jaw thiust If aiiway cannot be establisheu, inseit 2 laige boie neeules into the ciicothyioiu membiane Nevei peifoim tiacheotomy in the fielu If patient is unconscious oi you cannot establish an aiiway otheiwise, intubate the patient. 4 - Bieathing Look foi chest movement Listen foi bieathing sounus 0bseive the iespiiatoiy iate Look foi life-thieatening injuiies (tension pneumothoiax, flail chest, open pneumothoiax) 5 - Ciiculation Placement of 2 laige-boie Iv's in the uppei extiemities If patient is in shock, place a cential line in the patient Keep bloou on stanu-by in case of hemoiihage 6 - Bisability Assess the neuiological status with the ulasgow coma scale Check all lab tests (bloou, ET0B, electiolytes) Loss of consciousness ! #$%% $& '$(%')$*%(+%% ',( -+ ,%%+%%+. /)01 01+ 2(+2$()' !3456 7489 #lcohol, 7pilepsy, >nsulin, ?veiuose, $iemia, !iauma, >nfection, @sychogenic, Atioke
7 - Exposuie Examine the skin (must iemove all clothes)
>/ ,3. 0.<B/2('9 0)':.9C +.';B'* ,3. ;BDDBE-/1F Check the ulasgow coma scale Check all oiifices foi tiauma anuoi injuiies (bleeuing) Peifoim checks using ultiasounu, XRAY, CT Check foi compaitment synuiome
GH#AG?I 5?%# A5#H7 A!#!$AJK>L6>LG @?>L!A 79. ?+./-/1 Spontaneous 4 To voice S To Stimulation 2 No Response 1 M.'N(D ".0+B/0. 0iienteu S Confuseu 4 Incoheient S Incompiehensible 2 No Response 1 %B,B' ".0+B/0. To Commanu 6 Localizes S Withuiaws 4 Abnoimal Flexion S Extension 2 No Response 1 A coma scale below 8 inuicates seveie neuiologic injuiy
AO?5P
The type of shock can be uiagnoseu by checking the caiuiac output (C0), the pulmonaiy capillaiy weuge piessuie (PCWP), anu the peiipheial vasculai iesistance (PvR). 6-;;.'./,-(D 6-(1/B0-0 B; A3B<Q BYP0v0LENIC CARBI0uENIC SEPTIC C0 ! ! " PCWP ! " ! PvR " " !
".<B1/-T-/1 A3B<Q 4( :1+%0 0;,*2,< The most common type of shock iesulting fiom chest tiauma is 1=>$?$#+2)' Patient will be pale, colu, anu uiaphoietic This patient is likely losing laige amounts of bloou, thus seaiching foi souice of bleeuing is impeiative Peiicaiuial tamponaue can be a iesult of thoiacic tiauma, look foi uistenueu neck veins In suspecteu peiicaiuial tamponaue, look foi an enlaigeu heait on CXR, peifoim caiuiocentesis, look foi electiical alteinans on EKu @,(,A+2+(0 $& %1$'BF Contiol the site of bleeuing uive fluius Piepaie foi an emeigency lapaiotomy UU >; ( D(+('B,B*9 -0/8, E(''(/,.2C 0-*+D9 '.0)0<-,(,. E-,3 ;D)-20
O7#6 !"#$%#
7+-2)'(D O.*(,B*( Theie will be a histoiy of tiauma Suuuen loss of consciousness followeu by a luciu inteival, then followeu by iapiu ueteiioiation Nost commonly bleeu is fiom the miuule meningeal aiteiy !"#$%&'"': With a CT, looking foi a lens-shapeu hematoma
)#%#$*+*%,: Emeigency cianiotomy essential because this is a ueauly case within a few houis
A)N2)'(D O.*(,B*( Is a low-piessuie bleeu coming fiom the biiuging veins Theie is usually a histoiy of heau tiauma with fluctuating consciousness !"#$%&'"': CT showing ciescent-shapeu bleeu
)#%#$*+*%,: If theie is miuline uisplacement anu signs of mass-effect then uo an emeigency cianiotomy If symptoms aie less seveie, conseivative management incluues steioius
6-;;)0. #VB/(D >/W)'9 This type of injuiy occuis aftei an acceleiation-ueceleiation injuiy to the heau Patient is usually unconscious Theie is a teiiible piognosis associateu with this injuiy )#%#$*+*%,F Lowei ICP anu pievent fuithei injuiy
4(0(D AQ)DD K'(<,)'. This piesents with ecchymosis aiounu eyes, behinu the eais, oi with CSF leak fiom the nose
!"#$%&'"': CT scan of heau anu neck )#%#$*+*%,: CSF ihinoiihea will stop on its own If facial palsy is piesent, give steioius
4$"LA
C %0 .+A;++ ,(. 9+'$(.D.+A;++ -*;(%: Epiueimis anu supeificial ueimis Skin is painful, ieu, anu blisteieu Tieatment with ointments anuoi pain ielieveis
71);. ,(. E$*;01 .+A;++ -*;(%: Affects all layeis + subcutaneous tissues Painless, uiy, chaiieu, anu ciackeu skin Buins affecting all layeis of the skin iequiie suigical inteivention
7;+,02+(0: Bepenuing on seveiity, iesuscitate with fluius Removal of eschais Bo a CXR to iule out lung injuiies Topical antibiotics aftei eschai iemoval Buins that covei moie than 2u% of the bouy iequiie aumission to a buin centei
A$"G>5#H #46?%7L
The following illustiates the uiffeiential uiagnosis foi abuominal pain in the iight uppei quauiant, iight lowei quauiant, left uppei quauiant, left lowei quauiant.
"-13, $++.' X)(2'(/, 5B/2-,-B/0 Y 6-;;.'./,-(,-/1
O.+(,-,-0 Piesents with R0Q pain anuoi tenueiness }aunuice is most likely piesent Fevei is piesent Peifoim an *#0;,%$*(. to iule out othei causes of pain
53BD.<90,-,-0 R0Q pain anu tenueiness (+) Nuiphy's sign (inspiiatoiy aiiest uuiing palpation) Peifoim an ultiasounu to uetect gallstones, a thickeneu gallblauuei wall, oi peiicholecystic fluiu
53BD.2B<3BD-,3-(0-0 R0Q pain that is woiseneu with the ingestion of fatty foous }aunuice is often piesent Peifoim an ultiasounu to uetect uilatation of the common bile uuct
4-D-('9 53BD-< Constant epigastiic anu R0Q pain Peifoim an ultiasounu to uetect the piesence of gallstones without any othei gallblauuei-ielateu finuings
53BD(/1-,-0 A life-thieatening conuition Piesence of Chaicot's tiiau: Fevei + }aunuice + R0Q pain If theie is also hypotension anu mental status changes, this qualifies as Reynolu's pentau Peifoim anu ultiasounu anu a CT to uetect biliaiy uuct uilatation uue to gallstone obstiuction Confiim uiagnosis with ERCP
@/.)*B/-( Piesence of pleuiitic chest pain Peifoim a CXR, which will show pulmonaiy infiltiates
K-,TYO)13Y5)',-0 A9/2'B*. R0Q pain, fevei Theie is going to be a histoiy of salpingitis Causeu by ascenuing Chlamyuia oi gonoiihea-ielateu salpingitis Peifoim an ultiasounu which will show a noimal gallblauuei anu biliaiy tiee with fluiu aiounu the livei anu gallblauuei
"-13, HBE.' X)(2'(/, 5B/2-,-B/0 Z 6-;;.'./,-(,-/1
#++./2-<-,-0 Biffuse abuominal pain that localizes to the RLQ at NcBuiney's point (2S uistance fiom umbilicus to ASIS) Fevei anu uiaiihea often piesent Abuominal xiay oi CT to soliuify uiagnosis Becision to iemove is baseu on clinical piesentation
7<,B+-< @'.1/(/<9 Piesents with constant lowei abuominal pain, ciampy in natuie vaginal bleeuing Tenuei aunexal mass Labs will show " hCu
A(D+-/1-,-0 Lowei abuominal pain Puiulent vaginal uischaige Ceivical motion tenueiness Peifoim an ultiasounu to uetect the abscess, anu a CT to iule out othei conuitions
%.<Q.D80 6-:.',-<)D-,-0 Follows the 1-1u-1uu iule 1%-2% pievalence 1-1ucm in length Su-1uu cm pioximal to ileocecal valve Piesents with uI bleeu, small bowel obstiuction (SB0) Technetium peitechnetate scan to uetect
[.'0-/-( 7/,.'B<BD-,-0 Piesents similaily to appenuicitis (fevei, uiaiihea, seveie RLQ pain) XRAY will be negative Tieat with aggiessive antibiotic theiapy
?:('-(/ !B'0-B/ Patient uevelops an acute onset of seveie, unilateial pain Pain changes with movement Piesence of a tenuei aunexal mass 0ltiasounu is uone fiist Confiim with a lapaioscopy
@9.DB/.+3'-,-0 Classically piesents with CvA tenueiness, high fevei, anu shaking chills Best initial uiagnostic test is a 0A anu 0iine cultuie
>/,)00)0<.+,-B/ Seen most commonly in infants between S anu 1u months of age Piesence of cuiiant jelly stool (mix of bloou anu mucus) vomiting, intense ciying Infants will often pull legs into the abuomen to ielieve some pain Baiium enema is useu foi both uiagnosis anu tieatment
H.;, $++.' X)(2'(/, 5B/2-,-B/0 Z 6-;;.'./,-(,-/1
%9B<('2-(D >/;('<,-B/ Ciushing chest pain that iauiates to the jaw, neck, left aim Nausea, uiaphoiesis is piesent Biagnoseu by EKu, caiuiac enzymes (CKNB, tiop I)
@.+,-< $D<.' Piesents as epigastiic pain that is ielieveu by foous anuoi antacius Peifoiations piesents with acute anu seveie epigastiic pain, may iauiate to shoulueis (Phienic neive involvement) Biagnose with an uppei uI enuoscopy
")+,)'.2 A+D../ 0sually a histoiy of tiauma Piesence of Kehi's sign (L0Q pain that iauiates to the left shouluei) Biagnose with an abuominal CT
H.;, HBE.' X)(2'(/, 5B/2-,-B/0 Z 6-;;.'./,-(,-/1
Similai to the RLQ conuitions aie: 0vaiian toision, Ectopic piegnancy, anu Salpingitis
6-:.',-<)D-,-0 Patient has LLQ pain, fevei, anu uiinaiy uigency Biagnose with a CT scan, which shows thickening of the laige intestine wall
A-1*B-2 MBD:)D)0 Nost commonly seen in an oluei patient Piesents with constipation, uistenueu abuomen, anu abuominal pain
Contiast enema to uiagnose, will see the classic "biiu's beak"
@9.DB/.+3'-,-0 Classically piesents with CvA tenueiness, high fevei, anu shaking chills
6-;;.'./,-(D 6-(1/B0.0 ;B' %-2D-/. 5B/2-,-B/0
G7"6 Epigastiicsubsteinal buining pain Begiee of pain changes with uiffeient positions (woise when patient is supine) Biagnosis maue with eithei a baiium swallow, pB testing, oi uppei uI enuoscopy
#N2B*-/(D #B',-< #/.)'90* Asymptomatic usually until it iuptuies If iuptuie occuis, patient expeiiences abuominal pain + shock Theie is usually a palpable pulsatile peiiumbilical mass 0ltiasounu uone fiist (least invasive), but can visualize with an xiay oi CT of the abuomen
@(/<'.(,-,-0 Epigastiic pain that iauiates to the back Nausea anu vomiting aie usually piesent Patient often has a histoiy of alcoholism
@(/<'.(,-< @0.)2B<90, Is a iesult of pancieatitis Consiuei this if patient hau pancieatitis that iecuiieu anuoi uiu not iesolve 0ltiasounu will show a pseuuocyst
A)'1-<(D 5B/2-,-B/0 B; ,3. 70B+3(1)0
#<3(D(0-( A conuition wheie the lowei esophageal sphinctei fails to ielax
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Bysphagia to B0TB soliu anu liquiu Reguigitation of foou !"#$%&'"': Best initial test its the Baiium Swallow, which uemonstiates naiiowing of the uistal esophagus Nost accuiate test is esophageal manometiy, which will uemonstiate the lack of peiistalsis 12*#,+*%,: The best initial theiapy is pneumatic uilation If pneumatic uilation is not successful, suigeiy shoulu be peifoimeu If patient uoes not want suigeiy, can attempt to ielax the LES with injection of botulinum toxin
70B+3(1.(D 6-:.',-<)D( \]./Q.'80 2-:.',-<)D)*^ Nost common piesentation is a patient with uyphagia that is accompanieu by teiiible bieath Pathology is ielateu to the posteiioi phaiyngeal constiictoi muscles with uilate, causing the uiveiticulum
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Bysphagia Balitosis !"#$%&'"': The best initial test is the baiium swallow
12*#,+*%,: Suigical iesection of the uiveiticula is the best initial tieatment option
5(/<.' B; ,3. 70B+3(1)0 Theie aie Squamous Cell Caicinoma anu Auenocaicinoma 3&++&% '/+0,&+' ,& 4&,5: Bysphagia to solius 1 st , then to liquius 2 nu
Weight loss Beme (+) stool Anemia Boaiseness A_)(*B)0 5.DD 5('<-/B*( Is the 2 nu NCC of esophageal cancei Relateu to chionic use of alcohol anu tobacco Nost commonly seen in the 6 th uecaue of life anu latei #2./B<('<-/B*( 0ccuis in patients who have chionic uERB Chionic uERB leaus to Baiiett's esophagus, which then leaus to Auenocaicinoma
!"#$%&'"%$: The best initial uiagnostic test is an enuoscopy 12*#,+*%,: The best initial tieatment is suigical iesection as long as theie is no metastasis Suigeiy shoulu be followeu with S-F0
6-;;)0. 70B+3(1.(D A+(0*0 Patient piesents with seveie chest pain 0ften times, they uon't fit the ciiteiia foi an NI, but shoulu get the caiuiac enzymes anu uo EKu to iule out an NI 0ften comes aftei having a colu uiink
!"#$%&'"': Nanometiy is the most accuiate uiagnostic test 12*#,+*%,: Calcium channel blockeis anu nitiates aie the tieatment option of choice
%(DDB'9 I.-00 !.(' violent ietching anuoi vomiting causes suuuen bleeuing Nost cases iesolve spontaneously, if they uon't though give epinephiine to constiict the bloou vessels anu stop the bleeuing
5(/<.' B; ,3. A,B*(<3
Nost canceis of the stomach aie founu to be malignant Theie is a link of stomach canceis to bloou gioup A, which may inuicate a genetic pieuisposition to the conuition Linitis plastica is a uiffuse cancei that is fatal within months, anu is the most ueauly foim of gastiic cancei
15*2* "' #% ! 2"'9 :5*% ,5*2* "'8 Low fibei consumption Excess nitiosamines in the uiet (uue to smokeu meats) Excess salt intake in the uiet Chionic gastiitis
H;*B+(-+;A 7*2$;< The metastasis of gastiic cancei bilateially to the ovaiies 0vaiies aie palpable in this case They aie signet-iing cells
9)%0+; @,;= I$%+>1 %)A(: Baiu nouule at the umbilicus uue to metastasis Inuicative of a veiy pooi piognosis
12*#,+*%,': Suigeiy + chemotheiapy Palliative caie is often the only choice if too auvanceu
O.'/-(0
>/1)-/(D O.'/-(0 Is the most common type of heinia Nen > women
!"2*;, >%$="%#7 ?*2%"#: Piotiuues uiiectly thiough Basselbach's tiiangle (infeiioi epigastiic aiteiy, iectus sheath, anu inguinal ligament), meuial to the infeiioi epigastiic aiteiy >%."2*;, >%$="%#7 ?*2%"#: Noie common than the uiiect heinia, passes lateially to the infeiioi epigastiic aiteiy into the speimatic coiu
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': uioin mass (inteimittent) that piotiuues with valsalva-type maneuveis
!"#$%&'"': Nust uiffeientiate fiom a femoial heinia, which will heiniateu below the inguinal ligament Biagnosis is baseu on clinical examination 12*#,+*%,: Suigical iepaii
K.*B'(D O.'/-(0 Women > Nen Bave a gieatei iisk of incaiceiation uue to the way they heiniateu Biagnose clinically Suigical coiiection (uo not uelay uue to iisk of incaiceiation anu subsequent stiangulation)
M-0<.'(D O.'/-(0 This type of heinia causes intestinal obstiuction -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Abuominal pain 0bstipation (no flatulence) !"#$%&'"': XRAY will show aii-fluiu levels, no gas in iectum Biffeientiate fiom auhesions 12*#,+*%,: Suigical iepaii
A)'1-<(D 5B/2-,-B/0 B; ,3. G(DDND(22.'
G(DD0,B/.0 \53BD.D-,3-(0-0^ Seen mostly in women with the 4 F's 1. Female 2. Fat S. Foity 4. Feitile
It isn't the piesence of gallstones that waiiants inteivention, but the possible complications associateu with them 0ltiasounu is the test of choice foi iuentifying gallstones
12*#,+*%,: Asymptomatic gallstones iequiie no inteivention Chionic pain may iequiie a cholecystectomy With an incieaseu iisk of cancei, such as in the case of a calcifieu gallblauuei wall, cholecystectomy may be waiianteu
53BD.<90,-,-0 Is an infection of the gallblauuei that is a iesult of an obstiuction Common causes aie: E. Coli, Enteiobactei, Enteiococcus, anu Klebsiella Note the shauow fiom the impacteu stone.
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Acute onset of iight uppei quauiant pain that is non-iemitting (+) Nuiphy's sign - aiiest of inspiiation upon palpation !"#$%&'"': 0ltiasounu to uetect stones, a thickeneu wall, oi fluiu suiiounuing the uB Confiim with BIBA scan Labs show WBC's >2u,uuu, " Biliiubin, " ASTALT
12*#,+*%,: Keep patient NP0, give Iv fluius, anu give antibiotics to covei giam (-) ious anu anaeiobes Bo not give moiphine foi pain because it causes a spasm of the sphinctei of ouui If impiovements aie not seen, cholecystectomy may be waiianteu
#0<./2-/1 53BD(/1-,-0 0bstiucteu bile flow fiom an obstiucteu common bile uuct leaus to an infection Piesence of Chaicot's tiiau: R0Q, fevei, jaunuice is commonly seen
!"#$%&'"': 0ltiasounu to uetect uilation An ERCP can be useu aftei the pieliminaiy 0S uiagnosis 12*#,+*%,: NP0 Iv fluius uiam (-) antibiotics ERCP foi uecompiession of the biliaiy tiee anu foi iemoval of the stones
53BD.2B<3BD-,3-(0-0 An obstiuction of the common bile uuct -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': }aunuice (obstiuctive) " Alkaline phosphatase " Conjugateu biliiubin !"#$%&'"': 0ltiasounu to uetect CBB obstiuction
12*#,+*%,: Cholecystectomy
5(/<.' B; ,3. G4
Is a iaie cancei that is associateu with a histoiy of gallstones 0ccuis latei in life The NC piimaiy tumoi of the gallblauuei is the auenocaicinoma Associateu with Clonoichis sinensis infestation Bas a giave piognosis, with most patients uying within 1yi of uiagnosis
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Shaip, colicky pain !"#$%&'"': 0S oi CT to uetect the tumoi 12*#,+*%,: Placement of bile uuct stents Suigeiy as a palliative option, but is not cuiative
A)'1-<(D 5B/2-,-B/0 B; ,3. @(/<'.(0
@(/<'.(,-,-0 Autouigestion of the pancieas by it's own enzymes NCC is alcohol anu gallstones
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Seveie epigastiic pain that iauiates to the back " Seium amylase anu lipase !"#$%&'"': Clinical suspicion + abuominal CT Theie may be uiscoloiation of the flank (uiey Tuinei's sign) anu Cullen's sign (bluish uiscoloiation of the peiiumbilicus) 12*#,+*%,: NP0, Iv fluius, anu Bemeiol foi pain ielief Be awaie of the potential foi alcohol withuiawal 3&+07";#,"&%: Theie is a iisk foi abscesses, ienal failuie, uuouenal obstiuction, anu pancieatic pseuuocysts
@(/<'.(,-< @0.)2B<90, Is a complication of chionic pancieatitis Results in a fluiu collection within the pancieas that is encapsulateu by a fibious capsule
!"#$%&'"': 0ltiasounu Abuominal CT 12*#,+*%,: Suigical uiainage Cieation of a fistula uiaining the cyst into the stomach 3&+07";#,"&%': Infection followeu by iuptuie can cause peiitonitis
5(/<.' B; ,3. @(/<'.(0 Noie common in Afiican Ameiicansmalessmokeis Nay be moie common in uiabetics 9u% aie auenocaicinomas 6u% aiise fiom the heau of the pancieas
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Weight loss Painless jaunuice !"#$%&'"': " biliiubin, " alkaline phosphatase, "CA19-9 CT scan 12*#,+*%,: Although usually a teiminal uiagnosis, can uo a iesection of the pancieas, oi Whipple's pioceuuie The Syi suivival iate is only S%
A)'1-<(D 5B/2-,-B/0 B; ,3. A*(DD 4BE.D
A*(DD 4BE.D ?N0,')<,-B/ SB0 can be causeu by a numbei of conuitions 3#='*': Peiitoneal auhesions Beinias Ciohn's uisease Neckel's uallstone ileus Abuominal inflammation -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Nauseavomiting Abuominal pain Abuominal ciamps Tenueinessuistention Bypeiactive anu high-pitcheu bowel sounus !"#$%&'"': Abuominal xiay Aii-fluiu levels on upiight film 92,## J$/+# 5-%0;*'0)$( K9*>)(+ F)+/L
92,## J$/+# 5-%0;*'0)$( K6>;)A10 F)+/L
12*#,+*%,: Nu tube uecompiession NP0 Iv fluius If only paitially obstiucteu may be able to tieat without suigeiy If suigeiy is iequiieu, must iemove both obstiuction anu ueau bowel
L.B+D(0* B; ,3. A*(DD 4BE.D Nost commonly is a leiomyoma, seconu NC is a caicinoiu tumoi (benign types) Nost common malignant types aie: auenocaicinoma, caicinoiu, lymphoma, anu saicoma Biopsy iequiieu foi uiagnosis Tieatment involves suigical iesection along with LN's anu metastases
A)'1-<(D 5B/2-,-B/0 B; ,3. H('1. 4BE.D
@BD9+0 Aie neoplastic, hamaitomas, oi inflammatoiy Neoplastic polyps aie NC auenomas @.*%&+#' ;#% 4* ;7#''"6"*. #': Tubulai (these have the smallest potential foi malignancy) Tubulovillous villous (these have the highest iisk of malignancy)
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': NC piesents with inteimittent iectal bleeuing !"#$%&'"': Colonoscopy oi sigmoiuoscopy 12*#,+*%,: Polypectomy
6-:.',-<)D(' 6-0.(0.
A*%*2#7 >%6&2+#,"&%8 0p to half of the population has uiveiticula The iisk incieases aftei Suyi of age 0nly 11u people aie symptomatic when uiveiticula aie piesent A TR0E uiveiticula is iaie, anu incluues full bowel wall heiniation A FALSE uiveiticula is most common, anu involves only a heiniation of the mucosa The NCC is a low-fibei uiet which causes an incieaseu intiamuial piessuie (this is hypothesis)
6-:.',-<)DB0-0 This is the piesence of multiple false uiveiticula
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Nost people aie asymptomatic, with uiveiticula founu only on colonoscopy oi othei visual pioceuuies Nay have iecuiient bouts of LLQ abuominal pain Changes in bowel habits is common Raiely, patient may piesent with lowei uI hemoiihage !"#$%&'"': Colonoscopy Baiium enema can also be useu foi uiagnosis 12*#,+*%,: If patient is asymptomatic, the only theiapy shoulu be to inciease fibei anu ueciease fat in the uiet If patient has uI hemoiihage, ciiculatoiy theiapy is waiianteu (Iv fluius, maintenance of hemouynamic stability)
6-:.',-<)D-,-0 Inflammation of the uiveiticula uue to infection Theie aie many possible complications, such as abscess, extension into othei tissues, oi peiitonitis
!"#$%&'"': CT uemonstiating euema of the laige intestine B0 N0T peifoim a colonoscopy oi baiium enema in an acute case, this might aggiavate the pioblem 3&+07";#,"&%': Peifoiation Abscesses Fistula foimation 0bstiuctions 12*#,+*%,: If theie is an abscess, peicutaneous uiainage is iequiieu Nost patients aie manageu well with fluius anu antibiotics Foi peifoiation oi obstiuction, suigeiy is iequiieu
?N0,')<,-B/ B; ,3. H('1. >/,.0,-/. Nost common site of colon obstiuction is the sigmoiu colon 3&++&% ;#='*' "%;7=.*: Auhesions Auenocaicinoma volvulus Fecal impaction
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Nauseavomiting Abuominal pain with ciamps Abuominal uistention !"#$%&'"': XRAY - showing a uistenueu pioximal colon, aii-fluiu levels, anu an absence of gas in the iectum 12*#,+*%,: If theie is seveie pain, sepsis, fiee aii, oi signs of peiitonitis theie must be an uigent lapaiotomy
Lapaiotomy if cecal uiametei is >12cm
MBD:)D)0 Twisting anu iotation of the laige intestine Can cause ischemia, gangiene, peifoiation The NC site is the sigmoiu colon 0ccuis most commonly in oluei patients
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Bigh-pitcheu bowel sounus Bistention Tympany !"#$%&'"': XRAY - "kiuney bean" appeaiance (ie. Bilateu loops of bowel with loss of haustia) Baiium enema showing a "biiu's beak" appeaiance - points to the site of iotation of the bowel 12*#,+*%,: Sigmoiuoscopy oi colonoscopy acts as uiagnosis anu tieatment If this uoesn't woik, lapaiotomy is waiianteu
5(/<.' B; ,3. 5BDB/ Colon cancei is the 2 nu NCC of cancei ueaths Believeu that a low-fibei, high-fat uiet incieases the iisk Theie aie many genetic factois that contiibute to colon cancei, such as Lynch synuiome anu BNPCC B/%;5 -/%.2&+*: LS 1 is an autosomal uominant pieuisposition to colon cancei that is usually iight-siueu LS2 is the same as LS 1 with the auuition of canceis outsiue the colon, such as in the enuometiium, stomach, pancieas, small bowel, anu ovaiies
-;2**%"%$: Scieening shoulu stait at 4uyi in people with no iisk factois If a family membei has hau cancei of the colon, scieening shoulu stait 1uyi piioi to when they weie uiagnoseu (assuming this is less than 4uyi) Shoulu have yeaily stool occult tests Colonoscopy eveiy 1uyi Anu a sigmoiuoscopy eveiy S-Syis
!"#$%&'"': 0btain pieopeiative CEA (allows you to follow the piogiession oi iecession of the uisease) Enuoscopy + baiium enema 12*#,+*%,: Suigical iesection + LN uissection If uisease is metastatic, auu S-F0 to the post-opeiative iegimen C&77&:D=08 CEA levels eveiy S months foi S yeais Peifoim a colonoscopy at 6 anu 12 months, then yeaily foi S yeais If a iecuiience is suspecteu, a CT shoulu be peifoimeu
A)'1-<(D 5B/2-,-B/0 B; ,3. ".<,)* (/2 #/)0
O.*B''3B-20 vaiicosities of the hemoiihoiual plexus 0ften ielateu to stienuous bowel movements
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Biight ieu bloou pei iectum Itching Buining Palpable anal mass Inteinal hemoiihoius aie N0T painful, while exteinal hemoiihoius ARE painful 12*#,+*%,: 0sually self-limiting Sitz bath Bemoiihoiual cieam Stool softeneis to ielieve pain
!3'B*NB0.2 O.*B''3B-20 These aie not a tiue hemoiihoiu, but aie exteinal hemoiihoiual veins of the anal canal They aie a painful bluish elevation that lie beneath the skin 37#''"6";#,"&%': 1 hemoiihoius involve no piolapse 2 hemoiihoius classically piolapse with uefecation but ietuin without manual ieuuction S hemoiihoius piolapse with eithei stiaining oi uefecation anu iequiie manual ieuuction 4 hemoiihoius aie not capable of being ieuuceu 12*#,+*%,: Conseivative theiapies Scleiotheiapy, iubbei banu ligation, anu suigical hemoiihoiuectomy
#/(D K-00)'. A ciack oi teai in the anal canal 0sually occuis aftei the passage of uiaiihea oi constipation
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': The most common piesentation is the passage of a painful bowel movement that is accompanieu by biight ieu bloou !"#$%&'"': Peifoim an anoscopy to uiagnose 12*#,+*%,: Bulking agents anu stool softeneis aie usually all that is neeueu If fissuies peisist uespite conseivative measuiements, a lateial inteinal sphincteiotomy may be iequiieu
#/(D (/2 ".<,(D 5(/<.' !(,# :,('+;: The most common foim is squamous cell caicinoma -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Anal bleeuing, pain, anu mucus upon evacuation !"#$%&'*: Biopsy 12*#,+*%,: Chemotheiapy + Rauiation
M+'0,# :,('+;: Seen in males > females -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Rectal bleeuing, alteieu bowel habits, tenesmus, obstiuction
!"#$%&'"': Colonoscopy 12*#,+*%,: Suigeiy that spaies the sphinctei If metastasis involveu, auuition of S-F0 chemotheiapy + iauiation
L7$"?A$"G7"[
!)*B'0 B; ,3. 4'(-/ 0ften piesents as a 1+,.,'1+ that is seveie enough to awaken the patient uuiing the night 4(';+,%+. )(0;,';,(),# >;+%%*;+ causing nausea, vomiting, anu Cushing's tiiau (Biauycaiuia, hypeitension, anu Cheyne-Stokes iespiiation) Piesence of focal ueficits 0ften piesents with a fixeu, uilateu pupil !"#$%&'"%$ # 42#"% 7*'"&%: The most accuiate uiagnosis comes fiom biopsy With clinical suspicion a CT anuoi NRI can often help make the uiagnosis 12*#,+*%,: Excision is the best tieatment foi all tumois (except piolactinoma anu lymphoma) PR0LACTIN0NA - give biomociiptine to shiink it, then suigeiy if this uoesn't woik LYNPB0NA - iauiation is the tieatment of choice If theie is metastasis of biain tumois, aujunct theiapy is iauiation
6-;;.'./,-(,-/1 N.,E../ ,3. 2-;;.'./, ,9+.0 B; N'(-/ ,)*B'0 N#)$-#,%0$2, @*#0)&$;2+: The most common 1 CNS neoplasm Is laige anu iiiegulai with a iing-enhancing appeaiance @+()(A)$2,: The 2 nu NC 1 CNS neoplasm uiows slowly Benign M+0)($-#,%0$2,: 0ccuis in chiluien anu is often bilateial 4u% of cases aie familial while the iest aie spoiatic cases
@+.*##$-#,%0$2,: Common in chiluien Founu in the ceiebellum4 th ventiicle 8;$#,'0)($2,: Is the NC pituitaiy tumoi Piesents with many enuociine uistuibances such as amenoiihea, impotence, galactoiihea, anu gynecomastia. The NC piesenting symptoms is visual uistuibance (bitempoial hemianopsia) O=2>1$2,: NC CNS tumoi in AIBS patients An NRI shows a iing-enhanceu lesion 0ften confuseu with toxoplasmosis 9'1/,(($2,: A tumoi that affects the 8 th cianial neive Piesents with tinnitus, loss of heaiing, anu incieaseu intiacianial piessuie
O92'B<.+3(D)0 An inciease in CSF causes an enlaigement of the ventiicles
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': " ICP, ! cognition Beauache Focal neuiological ueficits !"#$%&'"': A CT oi NRI can show the uilation of ventiicles A lumbai punctuie can help ueteimine the type of hyuiocephalus If ICP is noimal, it is a communicating hyuiocephalus (piesents with uiinaiy incontinence, uementia, anu ataxia) If ICP is ", it may be eithei communicating oi non-communicating (Pseuuotumoi ceiebii, congenital)
Tieatment: If possible, tieat the unueilying cause If not possible, a shunt shoulu be placeu (usually uiaineu into peiitoneum)
A)'1-<(D 5B/2-,-B/0 B; ,3. M(0<)D(' A90,.*
#/.)'90*0 Is a uilatation of an aiteiy to gieatei than two times its noimal uiametei "Tiue" aneuiysms involve all S layeis of the vessel, anu aie causeu most commonly by atheioscleiosis anu congenital uisoiueis "False" aneuiysms aie coveieu only by the auventitia of the vessel, anu aie most commonly causeu by tiauma
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': uastiicepigastiic uiscomfoit Back pain Commonly in the abuomen (abuominal aoita aneuiysms) Also commonly in the peiipheial vessels 3&+07";#,"&%': A iuptuie of an abuominal aneuiysm is an emeigency Piesents with abuominal pain, a pulsatile abuominal mass, anu seveie hypotension !"#$%&'"': 0ltiasounu can help uetect aneuiysms CT is the best test to ueteimine size The most accuiate test is the aoitogiam 12*#,+*%,: Contiol bloou piessuie Reuuce iisk factois Suigeiy iecommenueu if aneuiysms aie >Scm
@.'-+3.'(D M(0<)D(' 6-0.(0. \@M6^ Bue to atheioscleiosis
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Piesents with clauuication Patient may have smooth anu shiny skin with a loss of haii in the affecteu aiea !"#$%&'"': Ankle:Biachial Inuex (ABI) is the best initial test - noimal test is % u.9 The most accuiate test is an angiogiaphy 12*#,+*%,: Lifestyle mouifications such as cessation of smoking anu incoipoiation of exeicise Contiol lipius with an LBL <1uu Contiol bloou piessuie Baily aspiiin Suigeiy is iequiieu if theie is pain at iest, neciosis, intiactable clauuication, anuoi a non-healing infection
#B',-< 6-00.<,-B/ Is a uissection of the thoiacic aoita Piesents with intense "teaiing" pain that iauiates to the back Theie is a uiffeience in bloou piessuies between the iight anu left aim
!"#$%&'"': The best initial test is a CXR - showing a wiuening of the meuiastinum The most accuiate test is the CT angiogiaphy 12*#,+*%,: 0igent bloou piessuie contiol with #-blockeis followeu by nitiopiussiue to maintain a uecieaseu bloou piessuie 0igent EKu anu CXR Then get a TEE oi CT Suigical coiiection is necessaiy, otheiwise this is iapiuly fatal.
A)N<D(:-(/ A,.(D A9/2'B*. An occlusion of the subclavian aiteiy leaus to a uecieaseu bloou flow uistal to the obstiuction The veitebial aiteiy "steals" the bloou uue to ietiogiaue flow Patient expeiiences clauuication of the aim, nausea, syncope, anu supiaclaviculai biuit !"#$%&'*: Angiogiaphy Bopplei ultiasounu NRI 12*#,+*%,: Caiotiu-subclavian bypass
5('B,-2 M(0<)D(' 6-0.(0. Is an atheioscleiotic plaque in the caiotiu aiteiies -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Patient may piesent with a TIA Amauiosis fugax (blinuness in one eye) Caiotiu biuit !"#$%&'"': Angiogiaphy 12*#,+*%,: Beciease the mouifiable iisk factois Aspiiin 0thei anticoagulation meuications Suigeiy is waiianteu if theie is stenosis >7u%, if patient has iecuiiing TIA's, oi if they have suffeieu fiom a pievious ceiebiovasculai acciuent
A)'1-<(D 5B/2-,-B/0 B; ,3. $'-/('9 A90,.*
!.0,-<)D(' !B'0-B/ 0sually occuis in a youngei patient Acute euema anu seveie testiculai pain Patient usually expeiiences nausea anu vomiting uue to the uegiee of the pain ABSENCE of the ciemasteiic ieflex Piesence of sciotal swelling Testicle may have a hoiizontal lie !"#$%&'"': 0ltiasounu to assess aiteiial patency 0pon elevation of the teste, the pain is not alleviateu 12*#,+*%,: 1 st step is to secuie the ciiculation 2 nu step is to evaluate the neeu foi excision of the testicle if it is ueau
7+-2-29*-,-0 0nilateial pain of the testicle Bysuiia Painful anu swollen epiuiuymus Less common in piepubeital chiluien as opposeu to toision !"#$%&'"': Swab foi Chlamyuia anu uonoiihea 12*#,+*%,: NSAIBs anu antibiotics
@'B0,(,. 5(/<.' 0bstiuctive symptoms Rock-haiu nouule in the piostate !"#$%&'"': PSA
Seium phosphatase Azotemia Tiansiectal ultiasounu
12*#,+*%,: The only suigical iequiiement is a iauical piostatectomy in veiy seveie cases - iisk of incontinence anuoi impotence
@%,*2"&2 32=;"#,* B"$#+*%, ,*#2': Injuiy histoiy usually ieveals a "pop" sounu uuiing the tiauma The Lachman test (anteiioi uiawei test) is useu in the fielu to make a uiagnosis NRI is the test of choice to ueteimine the seveiity of the injuiy Tieatment is eithei with conseivative measuies, oi if seveie with aithioscopic iepaii
7+,; $& 01+ !:O /)01 ,%%$'),0+. P$)(0 +&&*%)$(
E&',*2"&2 32=;"#,* B"$#+*%, ,*#2': Injuiy usually occuis when the knee is flexeu "Posteiioi uiessei uiawei sign" NRI is the test of choice to ueteimine seveiity of the injuiy
Tieatment is eithei with conseivative measuies, oi if seveie with aithioscopic iepaii 7+,; $& 01+ 8:O
3&77#,*2#7 B"$#+*%, ,*#2': The NCL is the most commonly injuieu ligament Seen with a uiiect blow to the lateial knee Is commonly injuieu in conjunction with the injuiy to the ACL oi PCL NRI to ueteimine seveiity of the injuiy Knee biace 7+,; $& 01+ @:O
)*%"';=' ,*#2': 0ften seen in oluei patients anu is uue to uegeneiation Injuiy is most commonly seen in the meuial meniscus anu is much moie common in men
Biagnose with NcNuiiay's test NRI to ueteimine the seveiity of the injuiy Tieatment is usually iest alone, if seveie can tieat with aithioscopic suigeiy @+.),# 2+()%'*% 0+,;
A3B)D2.' >/W)'-.0 "B,(,B' 5);; >/W)'9 Can iange fiom milu tenuonitis to seveie teais Involve the Supiaspinatus, Infiaspinatus, Teies Ninoi, Subscapulaiis
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Pain anu tenueiness of the ueltoiu with movement Pain ovei the anteiioi aspect of the humeial heau Neei's sign (+) - pain eliciteu when the aim is foicefully elevateu foiwaiu !"#$%&'"': Clinical suspicion NRI is useu foi confiimation 12*#,+*%,: NSAIBs Steioius injections
Foi seveie uiseases that aie not successfully tieateu with steioius, aithioscopic suigeiy is helpful
6-0DB<(,-B/ B; ,3. A3B)D2.' Is most commonly an anteiioi uislocation Posteiioi uislocation seen when patient is electiocuteu anuoi expeiiences a status epilepticus seizuie !(0+;)$; .)%#$',0)$( $& 01+ 1*2+;*% -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Immobility Extieme pain 12*#,+*%,: Tiaction-counteitiaction techniques to put the bone back in the socket Immobilization peiiou (2-6 weeks)
O-+ (/2 !3-13 >/W)'-.0
6-0DB<(,-B/0 Bislocations iequiie emeigency ieuuction unuei seuation Risk of injuiy to sciatic neive Avasculai neciosis is a seveie complication
K.*B'(D L.<Q K'(<,)'. Requiies significant foice foi injuiy Piouuces seveie pain of the hipgioin that is exaceibateu with movement Leg is classically "exteinally" iotateu Biagnose with xiay Requiies suigical ieuuction anu inteinal fixation E;,'0*;+ $& 01+ #+&0 &+2$;,# (+'B
I'-0, >/W)'-.0 5BDD.08 K'(<,)'.: This is a fiactuie to the uistal iauius 0ccuis aftei falling on an outstietcheu hanu Biagnose with B & P anu xiay Tieat with cast immobilization foi 2-4 wk
:$##+%G &;,'0*;+
A<(+3B-2 K'(<,)'.: Almost always seconuaiy to a fall Nost commonly misuiagnoseu as a spiaineu wiist Biagnosis is classically maue when theie is pain in the anatomic snuff box Nanage with a thumb splint foi 1u weeks Complication is avasculai neciosis 9',>1$). E;,'0*;+
5('+(D !)//.D A9/2'B*. Piesents with pain, numbness, tingling of the hanus along the uistiibution of the meuian neive
!"#$%&'"': Pathognomonic sign is "Tinel's Sign", wheie tapping ovei the palmai aspect of the wiist elicits shooting pains "Phalen's test" is also uiagnostic 12*#,+*%,: Tieat by avoiuance of aggiavating activity, use wiist splints which holu the wiist in %#)A10 +Q0+(%)$( Seveie cases shoulu fiist be manageu with steioiu injection in the caipal tunnel, if no tieatment suigeiy is peifoimeu
5(/<.' "-0Q0 The #1 iisk factoi foi bieast cancei is genuei (Female >>> Nale) In women, age is the #1 factoi foi bieast cancei iisk Late menopause incieases the iisk of bieast cancei (aftei Suyi) If less than 11yi at menaiche, the iisk of bieast cancei is incieaseu If >Suyi at fiist piegnancy, the iisk foi bieast cancei incieases
C#+"7/ ?"',&2/ #%. F2*#', 3#%;*28 0nly S% of bieast canceis aie familial With a 1 st uegiee ielative being affecteu, the iisk of cancei incieases Autosomal uominant conuitions with incieaseu iisk: BRCA-1, BRCA-2, Li- Fiaumeni synuiome, Cowuen's uisease, Peutz-}egheis
%(**B1'(* All women >4uyi (contioveisial as to age to stait) shoulu have yeaily mammogiams Not effective in young patients because the bieast tissue is too uense K-N'B(2./B*( The classic piesentation is a fiim, non-tenuei, mobile bieast nouule Nost commonly seen in teens anu youngei women
!"#$%&'"': Bieast exam FNA Follow-up clinical bieast exam in 6 weeks 12*#,+*%,: Not iequiieu as this conuition is not a cancei piecuisoi anu often uisappeais on its own
I3./ ,B +.';B'* <.',(-/ ,.0,0 +.',(-/-/1 ,B N'.(0, *(00.0F A palpable mass that feels cystic always iequiies an ultiasounu fiist. A palpable mass that uoesn't feel cystic iequiies a FNA (aftei an 0S oi insteau of an 0S). Any FNA that ieveals bloouy fluiu iequiies cytology. Always uo a mammogiam in patients >4uyi who piesent with almost all pathologies of the bieast. A biopsy is iequiieu when a cyst iecuis moie than 2 times within 4 weeks, when theie is bloouy fluiu, when theie aie signs of inflammatoiy bieast uisease, anu when a mass uoes not uisappeai with FNA.
K-N'B<90,-< 6-0.(0. This piesents with multiplebilateial painful lumps in the bieast that vaiy in pain with the menstiual cycle Is the most commonly seen bieast tumoi in women between SS-Suyi of age
!"#$%&'"': Fine-neeule aspiiation to uiain fluiu, anu it will collapse aftei the FNA 12*#,+*%,: 0CP's can help pievent this fiom occuiiing
@'.Y>/:(0-:. 4'.(0, 5(/<.'0 Incluue Buctal Caicinoma In Situ anu Lobulai Caicinoma In Situ
6)<,(D 5('<-/B*( >/ A-,) \65>A^ It's piesence incieases the iisk of invasive bieast canceis 0sually non-palpable anu seen on mammogiam as iiiegulaily shapeu uuctal calcifications Will leau to invasive uuctal caicinoma
!"#$%&'"': Bistology shows pucheu-out aieas in uucts anu haphazaiu cells along the papillae 12*#,+*%,: Suigical excision ensuiing clean maigins Post-opeiative iauiation is iecommenueu to ueciease the iisk of iecuiience (Can give Tamoxifen in auuition to iauiation oi insteau of iauiation)
HBN)D(' 5('<-/B*( >/ A-,) \H5>A^ In contiast to BCIS, this is not piecanceious, it uoes howevei inciease the iisk of futuie invasive uuctal caicinoma !"#$%&'"': Baiu to uiagnose with mammogiam Cannot be uetecteu clinically The histology shows mucinous cells in the classic "saw-tooth" pattein 12*#,+*%,: Tamoxifen alone is useu foi tieatment
>/:(0-:. 4'.(0, 5(/<.'0
7;+,02+(0 &$; ,## )(?,%)?+ ',('+;%< 1. If lump is <Scm, Lumpectomy + iauiation, may auu chemo anu aujuvant theiapy. 2. Peifoim sentinel noue biopsy (piefeiieu ovei an axillaiy noue biopsy) S. Test foi estiogenpiogesteione ieceptois anu the BER2 piotein 4. If tumoi is >Scm, the tieatment involves systemic theiapy >/:(0-:. 6)<,(D 5('<-/B*( Is the most common foim of bieast cancei, seen in almost 8S% of all cases Is unilateial Netastasizes to the biain, livei, anu bone Impoitant piognosis factois aie size of the tumoi anu the lymph noue involvement
@(1.,80 6-0.(0. B; ,3. 4'.(0, Piesents with an eiythematous anu scaly lesion of the nipple that is piuiitic. Nipple may be inveiteu Nipple uischaige common
>/;D(**(,B'9 4'.(0, 5(/<.' Less common Rapiu giowthpiogiession Eaily metastasis Reu, swollen, pitteu, anu waim bieast (peau u'oiange)
HBN)D(' 5('<-/B*( Nultifocal anu within the same bieast (usually) 2u% of cases piesent as bilateial multifocal lesions
4"5#a (/2 4"5#R Testing foi these genes shoulu be peifoimeu if theie is a histoiy of the following: Family histoiy of eaily-onset bieast cancei
Family histoiy of male bieast cancei Past histoiy of bieast anuoi ovaiian cancei in that patient Ashkenazi }ewish heiitage
Chapter 2
Obstetrics
!.'*-/BDB1-.0 uiaviuty = total numbei of piegnancies Paiity = numbei of biiths with a gestational age >24 weeks Teim ueliveiy = ueliveiy aftei S7 weeks of gestation Piematuie ueliveiy = ueliveiy of infant between 2u anu S7 weeks
!3. $/<B*+D-<(,.2 @'.1/(/<9
R),A($%)(A 8;+A(,('= The piesence of amenoiihea anu + uiinaiy -hCu suggests piegnancy. Confiim piegnancy with the following: @'.0./<. B; 1.0,(,-B/(D 0(< |seen with tiansvaginal 0S at 4-S weeks. -hCu level appiox 1SuumI0ml.j K.,(D 3.(', *B,-B/ |seen by 0S between S-6 weeks.j K.,(D 3.(', 0B)/20 |heaiu with Bopplei 0S at 8-1u weeks.j K.,(D *B:.*./, |on examination aftei 2u weeks.j
3%0)2,0)(A .,0+ $& '$(&)(+2+(0 K3R:L 0se Nagele's iule = Last Nenstiual Peiiou (LNP) + 7 uays - S months + 1yi. *Calculation accuiacy uepenus on iegulai 28-uay cycles.
!0 &);%0 ?)%)0 *>$( .)%'$?+; $& >;+A(,('= Peifoim the following: Complete physical exam with pelvic anu Pap smeai. Cultuie foi gonoiihea anu Chlamyuia Labs incluue the following: CBC Bloou type with Rh status 0A with cultuie RPR foi syphilis Rubella titei TB skin test 0ffei BIv test Auuitional testing: uenetic testing if histoiy inuicates the neeu If pt not immune to iubella, B0 N0T immunize (live viius).
Recommenu: Folic aciu Iion Nulti-vitamin 2S-SS lb weight gain uuiing piegnancy
S1,0 0$ .$ .*;)(A +,'1 0;)2+%0+; a 0, ,'-*.0,.'F Shoulu see patient eveiy 4 weeks. Assess: Weight gainloss Bloou piessuie Euema Funual height 0iine foi glucose anu piotein Estimation of gestational age by uteiine size
R /2 ,'-*.0,.'F Continue to see the patient eveiy 4 weeks Assess: At 12 weeks use Bopplei 0S to evaluate fetal heait beat (each visit) 0ffei tiiple-maikei scieen (-hCu, estiiol, $-fetopiotein(AFP)) at 1S-18 weeks, |AFP uecieaseu in Bown's synuiomej, |AFP incieaseu in multiple gestation, neuial tube uefects, anu uuouenal atiesiaj. Bocument quickening (fetal movement) at 17-19 weeks anu beyonu. Amniocentesis if mothei is >SSyi oi if histoiy inuicates (hx of miscaiiiages, pievious chilu with ueficits, abnoimal tiiple-maikei scieen). ulucose scieening at 24wk Repeat hematociit at 2S-28wk
j '2 ,'-*.0,.'F See patient eveiy 4 weeks until week S2, eveiy 2 weeks fiom week S2-S6, then eveiy week until ueliveiy. Assess: Inquiie about pieteim laboi |vaginal bleeus, contiactions, iuptuie of membianesj. Inquiie about piegnancy-inuuceu hypeitension. Scieen foi gioup B stieptococcus at SS-S7 weeks. uive RhouAN at 28-Su weeks if inuicateu !3. <B/;-'*(,B'9 ,.0, ;B' 2-(N.,.0 -/ +'.1/(/<9 -0 ,3. j3' aSS1 B'(D 1D)<B0. ,BD.'(/<. ,.0, \?G!!^= Plasma glucose >12SmguL at beginning of test = BN Abnoimal plasma glucose is >14umguL at 1hi, >1SSmguL at 2hi, anu >18umguL at Shi. If 1 post glucose loau measuiement is abnoimal, impaiieu glucose toleiance is the uiagnosis. If 2 oi moie post glucose loau measuiements aie abnoimal, gestational uiabetes is the uiagnosis.
J#++.)(A ,&0+; TU /++B% K#,0+ >;+A(,('=L Nost common causes of late piegnancy vaginal bleeuing aie: 1. Abiuptio placenta 2. Placenta pievia S. vasa pievia 4. 0teiine iuptuie
#4"$@!>? @H#57L!# Suuuen onset of seveiely painful vaginal bleeuing in patient with histoiy of hypeitension oi tiauma. Bleeuing may be concealeu, in which case theie will be seveie, constant pain without the piesence of bloou. BIC is a feaieu complication )#%#$*+*%,: Emeigent C-section if patient oi fetus is ueteiioiating Aumit anu obseive if bleeuing has stoppeu, vitals anu BR aie stable, oi fetus is <S4 weeks.
@H#57L!# @"7M># Suuuen onset of painless bleeuing that occuis at iest oi uuiing activity without waining. Nay incluue histoiy of tiauma, sexual activity, oi pelvic exam befoie onset. 0ccuis when the placenta is implanteu in lowei uteiine segment Best management is emeigency C-section. S foims of placenta pievia: 1. Accieta - uoes not penetiate entiie thickness of enuometiium * Nevei peifoim a uigital oi speculum exam in any patient with late vaginal bleeuing until a vaginal ultiasounu has iuleu out placenta pievia
2. Incieta - extenus fuithei into the myometiium S. Peicieta - placenta penetiates entiie myometiium to uteiine seiosa
M#A# @"7M># A conuition life-thieatening to the fetus. 0ccuis when vilamentous coiu inseition iesults in umbilical vessels ciossing the placental membianes ovei the ceivix. Nembiane iuptuie causes teaiing of the fetal vessels, anu bloou loss is fiom the fetal ciiculation. Fetal bleeuing anu ueath occui iapiuly. )#%#$*+*%,: Immeuiate C-section. 37#''"; ,2"#. &6 G#'# 02*G"#8 1. Ruptuie of membianes 2. Painless vaginal bleeuing S. Fetal biauycaiuia Emeigency C-section is always the fiist step in management
$!7">L7 "$@!$"7 0ccuis when theie's a histoiy of uteiine scai with suuuen-onset of abuominal pain anu vaginal bleeuing. Associateu with a loss of electionic fetal BR, uteiine contiactions, anu iecession of the fetal heau. )#%#$*+*%,: Immeuiate suigeiy anu ueliveiy
5B*+('-/1 @D(<./,( @'.:-( (/2 @D(<./,(D #N')+,-B/ Placenta Pievia Placental Abiuption Abnoimality Placenta implanteu ovei inteinal ceivical os (completely oi paitially) Piematuie sepaiation of noimally implanteu placenta fiom ueciuua Epiuemiology " Risk gianu multipaias anu piioi C-section " Risk pieeclampsia, pievious histoiy of abiuption, R0N in a pt with hyuiamnios, cocaine use, cigaiette smoking, anu tiauma. Time of onset 2u-Su weeks Any time aftei 2u weeks Signs & Symptoms Suuuen, painless bleeuing Painful bleeuing, can be heavy anu painful, with fiequent uteiine contiactions Biagnosis 0S ! Placenta in abnoimal location Clinical, baseu on piesentation of painful vaginal bleeuing, fiequent contiactions, anu fetal uistiess. Tieatment Bemouynamic suppoit, expectant management, ueliveiy by C-section when fetus is matuie enough Bemouynamic suppoit, uigent C-section oi vaginal inuuction if patient is stable anu fetus is not in uistiess Complications Associateu with a two-folu inciease in congenital malfoimations so evaluations foi fetal anomalies shoulu be unueitaken at uiagnosis " Risk of fetal hypoxia anuoi ueath, BIC may occui as a iesult of intiavasculai anu ietioplacental coagulation.
V=>+;0+(%)$( )( 8;+A(,('= Bypeitension in piegnancy pieuisposes both the mothei anu fetus to seiious conuitions. A 4@ B; % afSJpS uuiing piegnancy can be classifieu as chionic hypeitension oi gestational hypeitension. Bypeitension accompanieu by signs anu symptoms of enu-oigan uamage oi neuiological sequelae is uiagnoseu as +'..<D(*+0-(, .<D(*+0-(, oi O7HH@ 09/2'B*.. Sustaineu hypeitension may cause fetal giowth iestiiction anu hypoxia, anu inciease the iisk of (N')+,-B +D(<./,(.
R),A($%)%: Elevateu piegnancy befoie piegnancy oi befoie 2u weeks gestation = chionic hypeitension Bevelopment of hypeitension aftei 2u weeks gestation that ietuins to noimal baseline by 6 weeks post-paitum = gestational hypeitension Piesence of pioteinuiia anuoi piesence of waining signs = pieeclampsia
6-0.(0. 53('(<,.'-0,-<0 Pieeclampsia BTN (>14u9u oi " systolic BP >Su mmBg oi uiastolic BP >1S mmBg compaieu to pievious BP). New onset pioteinuiia anuoi euema. Commonly aiounu week 2u Seveie Pieeclampsia SBP >16u mmBg oi BBP >11u mmBg. Significant pioteinuiia (>1g24hi uiine collection oi >1+ on uip) CNS uistuibances such as heauache oi visual uistuibance Pulmonaiy euema R0Q pain Eclampsia C0Nv0LSI0NS 2S% occui befoie laboi, Su% uuiing laboi, 2S% in fiist 72hi post-paitum
E2"+"0#2#' W aie at gieatest iisk foi eclampsia. 352&%"; 5/0*2,*%'"&% :",5 '=0*2"+0&'*. 02**;7#+0'"# H is uiagnoseu when theie is chionic hypeitension with incieasingly seveie hypeitension, pioteinuiia, anuoi waining signs. I;7#+0'"# - is the uiagnosis when theie is unexplaineu gianu mal seizuies in a hypeitensive anuoi pioteinuiic in a woman in the last half of piegnancy. Seizuies aie uue to seveie uiffuse ceiebial vasospasm, which cause ceiebial peifusion ueficits anu euema ?IBBE '/%.2&+* W is uiagnosis when theie is Oemolysis, 7levateu Hivei enzymes, anu How @latelets.
7;+,02+(0: BP goal is 14u-1Su mmBg (systole) anu 9u-1uu mmBg (uiastole). Bon't tieat unless BP is >16u1uu mmBg
)#"%,*%#%;* 15*2#0/8 Fiist line theiapy - Nethyluopa Seconu line theiapy - #-blockeis such as labetalol
* #-blockei use in piegnancy can cause I0uR
@;=,* *7*G#,"&% "% FE8 Iv hyuialazine oi labetolol
-*"J=2* +#%#$*+*%,8 Aiiway piotection fiist Iv Nagnesium Sulfate bolus foi seizuie anu infusion foi continueu piophylaxis Inuuce laboi is fetus is %S6 weeks with milu pieeclampsia anu attempt vaginal ueliveiy with Iv oxytocin if both mothei anu fetus aie stable
V3OO8 9=(.;$2+ 0ccuis in up to 1u% of pieeclampsia patients 0ccuis in thiiu tiimestei, may occui 2 uays aftei ueliveiy Risk factois incluue: whites, multigiavius, oluei mateinal age
@,(,A+2+(0: Immeuiate ueliveiy at any gestational age Iv coiticosteioius if platelets aie <1uu,uuumm^S both antepaitum anu postpaitum, continuing until platelets aie >1uu,uuumm^S anu livei functions noimalize uive platelet tiansfusion if platelets uiop below 2u,uuumm^S oi platelet count less than Su,uuumm^S if C-section will be peifoimeu Iv Nagnesium Sulfate foi seizuie piophylaxis Steioius foi fetal lung matuiity.
X$;2,# >1=%)$#$A)' '1,(A+% )( >;+A(,('= Theie aie many noimal physiological changes that occui in piegnancy, these incluue the following. O.*(,BDB1-<(D - piegnancy cieates a state of hypeicoagulability " clotting factoi levels venous stasis causeu by uteiine piessuie on lowei-extiemity veins @%*+"# &6 E2*$%#%;/8 Between weeks 6-Su, plasma volume incieases appioximately Su% Reu cell mass incieases to a smallei uegiee, anemia uue to 1S% uilution Slight leukocytosis Platelets ueciease slightly but still iemain wnl.
5('2-(< - C0 " Su% (both BR anu Sv inciease) " flow causes " S2 split with inspiiation, uistenueu neck veins, systolic ejection muimui, anu SS gallop aie noimal finuings. ! PvR uue to piogesteione-meuiateu smooth muscle ielaxation BP ! uuiing fiist 6 months, then ietuin to noimal
@)D*B/('9 - Nucosal hypeiemia causes nasal stuffiness anu nasal hypeisecietion Biaphiagm elevates uue to uteius expansion Tiual volume anu minute ventilation " Su-4u% Functional iesiuual capacity anu iesiuual volume ! 2u%
Bypeiventilation that allows foi a piessuie giauient so mateinal u2 can tiansfei to fetus Respiiatoiy iate, vital capacity, inspiiatoiy ieseive all iemain unchangeu.
G> - ! uI motility ! esophageal sphinctei tone (leaus to uERB) " alkaline phosphatase Bemoiihoius causeu by constipation anu " venous piessuie uue to enlaiging uteius compiession on IvC
"./(D - ! blauuei tone uue to piogesteione pieuisposes to uiinaiy stasis anu 0TI'spyelonephiitis uFR " by Su%, thus glucose excietion without incieaseu piotein loss Seium cieatinine anu B0N ueciease
7/2B<'-/. - ! fasting glucose in mothei uue to fetal utilization " postpianuial glucose in mothei uue to " insulin iesistance At 9-11 weeks the fetus piouuces its own insulin " mateinal thyioiu-binuing globulin (TBu) uue to " estiogen, " total TS anu T4 uue to " TBu. " coitisol anu coitisol-binuing globulin
AQ-/ - Incieaseu estiogen causes skin changes similai to those in livei uisease Spiuei angiomas, palmai eiythema Bypeipigmentation uue to " estiogen anu melanocyte-stimulating hoimone
%.2-<(D 5B*+D-<(,-B/0 -/ @'.1/(/<9
5('2-(< #N/B'*(D-,-.0 Beait uisoiueis account foi up to 1u% of mateinal obstetiic ueaths Women with veiy high-iisk uisoiueis shoulu be auviseu against piegnancy uue to incieaseu iisk of ueath Caiuiovasculai physiological changes may unmask anu woisen unueilying conuitions, seen maximally between 28-S4 weeks gestation. @.'-+(',)* 5('2-B*9B+(,39 Fiom the 8 th month until S months post-paitum, heait failuie without iuentifiable cause is possible Risk factois incluue multipaiity, age ovei Su, histoiy of multiple gestations, anu pieeclampsia S-yi moitality iate is Su%
%(/(1-/1 0+.<-;-< <('2-(< <B/2-,-B/0 ?*#2, C#"7=2*8 Loop uiuietics, nitiates, anu # - blockeis Bigoxin may impiove symptoms but uoes not impiove outcome. Nevei use ACEI's in piegnancy @225/,5+"#': Rate contiol as with non-piegnant patients Nevei give waifaiin oi amiouaione I%.&;#2.","' E2&05/7#K"'8 Same as in non-piegnant patient Baily piophylaxis in patient with iheumatic heait uisease L#7G=7#2 !"'*#'*8 Reguigitant lesions uo not iequiie theiapy Stenotic lesions have incieaseu iisk of mateinal anu fetal moitality Nitial stenosis has incieaseu iisk of pulmonaiy euema anu Afib.
O9+.'<B(1)D(ND. A,(,.0 E=7+&%#2/ I+4&7='8 The leauing cause of mateinal ueath in 0S M5*% ,& #%,";&#$=7#,*8 Anticoagulate when BvT oi PE in piegnancy Anticoagulate when Atiial Fibiillation is piesent with unueilying heait uisease When patient has antiphospholipiu synuiome When ejection fiaction is <Su% The anticoagulant of choice is low moleculai weight hepaiin (won't cioss placenta) Patients with a histoiy of BvT oi PE in a pievious piegnancy shoulu ieceive piophylactic LNWB thioughout the piegnancy, unfiactionateu hepaiin uuiing laboi anu ueliveiy, anu waifaiin foi 6 weeks postpaitum.
!39'B-2 6-0B'2.'0 Bypeithyioiuism in piegnancy causes fetal giowth iestiiction anu stillbiith Bypothyioiuism in piegnancy can cause intellectual ueficits anu miscaiiiage #-blockeis aie the B0C foi symptoms uue to hypeithyioiuism Rauioactive iouine nevei given in piegnancy
A2#G*N' !"'*#'*8 Piopylthiouiacil (PT0) is B0C in piegnancy Nethimazole is 2 nu line uiug PT0 can cioss the placenta anu cause goitei + hypothyioiuism. Nateinal thyioiu-stimulating Ig's anu thyioiu-blocking Ig's can cioss the placenta anu cause fetal tachycaiuia, giowth iestiiction, anu goitei.
6-(N.,.0 -/ @'.1/(/<9 The taiget values foi fasting bloou sugai aie between 9umguL anu 12umguL 1hi aftei eating. Insulin-uepenuent BN iequiies insulin anu is safe thiough piegnancy uestational BN is manageu solely thiough uiet
0ial hypoglycemics aie contiainuicateu anu shoulu also be avoiueu if bieastfeeuing, since it can cause hypoglycemia. O&=,"%* +&%",&2"%$ ,*',' .=2"%$ 02*$%#%;/8 Nonthly sonogiams Nonthly biophysical piofiles BbA1c each tiimestei Tiiple maikei scieen at 16-18 weeks assessing NTB's. At S2 weeks stait weekly non-stiess tests anu amniotic fluiu inuex If gestational BN, uo a 2hi 7Sg 0uTT at 6-12 weeks postpaitum to see if uiabetes has iesolveu
B#4&2 "% ,5* ."#4*,"; 0#,"*%,'8 Bue to uelayeu fetal matuiity, aim to uelivei the baby at 4u weeks If theie is pooi glycemic contiol, inuuce laboi at S9-4u weeks if <4,Suug. Check LS iatio, if >2.S anu theie is piesence of phosphatiuyl glyceiol this ensuies lung matuiity If baby is >4,Suug, scheuule a C-section Ensuie mateinal glucose is between 8u-1uumguL, this can be ensuieu with BS (S% uextiose) Insulin iesistance uecieases iapiuly aftei ueliveiy, so keep an eye on insulin auministiation anu maintain bloou-glucose levels with a sliuing scale
BbA1c > 8.S in the fiist tiimestei is stiongly associateu with congenital malfoimations, especially neuial tube uefects!
H-:.' 6-0.(0. >%,2#5*0#,"; 35&7*',#'"' &6 E2*$%#%;/8 A genetic conuition most commonly seen in Euiopean women 9)Y9Q ! Intiactable nighttime piuiitis of palms anu soles of feet R),A($%)% ! up to 1uux inciease in seium bile acius 7;+,02+(0 ! 0isoueoxycholic aciu in tieatment of choice. Antihistamines also helpful
@;=,* C#,,/ B"G*2 &6 E2*$%#%;/8 A iaie conuition causeu by uisoiueieu metabolism of fatty acius by the fetal mitochonuiia. Causes BTN, pioteinuiia, anu euema that can mimic pieeclampsia. Biagnosis: " livei enzymes (ALT, AST, uuT) Bypeibiliiubinemia BIC Bypoglycemia Incieaseu seium ammonia Tieatment: Emeigency situation iequiies IC0 aumission anu aggiessive Iv fluius + immeuiate ueliveiy
(+) uiine cultuie B0RNINu FREQ0ENCY 0RuENCY N0 fevei (+) uiine cultuie B0RNINu FREQ0ENCY 0RuENCY FEvER + CvA TENBERNESS Tieatment 0utpatient Nitiofuiantoin is the B0C 0utpatient Nitiofuiantoin is the B0C Aumission, give: Iv hyuiation Iv cephalospoiin's uive tocolytics Possible Complications Acute pyelonephiitis if untieateu in appioximately Su% Acute pyelonephiitis if untieateu in appioximately Su% Pieteim laboi anu ueliveiy. Seveie cases may piogiess to sepsis, anemia, anu pulmonaiy uysfunction
7<,B+-< @'.1/(/<9J!)N(D @'.1/(/<9 The eailiei the age of gestation the less theie is a iisk of complications. P ', ,2"+*',*28 B&C is the most common 1 st tiimestei pioceuuie. uive piophylactic antibiotics Peifoim unuei twilight anesthesia + paiaveitebial block Can peifoim meuical aboition as an alteinative to B&C with use of oial mifepiistone (piogesteione antagonist), anu oial misopiostol (piostaglanuin E1). * Nust be peifoimeu within 6S of onset of amenoiihea. 3&+07";#,"&%': Enuometiitis (iaiely) Retaineu piouucts of conception (P0Cs)
Q %. ,2"+*',*28 B&C is the most common 2 nu tiimestei pioceuuie. Foi moie auvanceu piegnancies, an "intact B&C" can be useu.
3&+07";#,"&%': Retaineu placenta is the most common immeuiate complication Ceivical tiaumaceivical insufficiency is the most common uelayeu complication
#NB',-B/
Teimination of piegnancy usually & 2u weeks, spontaneously in 1S% of all piegnancies. Risk factois = " pateinal age, conception within S months of live biith, " paiity Su% aie uue to chiomosomal abnoimalities vaginal bleeuing in fiist half of piegnancy is piesumeu to be a thieateneu aboition until pioven otheiwise
I;,&0"; E2*$%#%;/8 Implantation outsiue of the uteiine cavity PIB incieases the iisk Risk factois: Pievious ectopic piegnancy Bistoiy of gonoiihea, Chlamyuia, PIB, salpingitis Auvanceu mateinal age (>SS) > S piioi piegnancies Biffeiential ux of ectopic piegnancy: 0vaiian toision Enuometiiosis Suigical abuomen Aboition Salpingitis Ruptuieu ovaiian cyst Biagnosing: (+) #-hCB + 0S to ueteimine intia vs. extia uteiine piegnancy Low piogesteione level is suggestive of a non-viable piegnancy that may be locateu outsiue of the uteiine cavity
Tieatment: Lapaioscopic iemoval, tubes usually heal on theii own Nethotiexate eaily, especially if size is <S.Scm in uiametei + no caiuiac activity on 0S Rh negative women shoulu ieceive RhouAN Seiial #-hCB must be uone to ensuie success of teimination
!9+.0 B; #NB',-B/0 !3'.(,./ >/.:-,(ND. 5B*+D.,.2 >/<B*+D.,. %-00.2 ".<)''= vaginal bleeuing in fiist 2u wk without passage of tissues oi R0N. Ceivix is closeu.
0ccuis in 2S% of piegnancie s.
Biagnose with ultiasounu .
If no caiuiac activity by week 9 consiuei a B&C.
Thieatene u aboition with uilateu ceivical os anuoi iuptuie of membiane s (R0N).
Piegnancy loss is unavoiuabl e.
Tieat with suigical evacuation + aumin of RhouAN if mothei is Rh (-). A uocumenteu piegnancy that spontaneous ly aboits all piouucts of conception (P0Cs).
Nust uo pathology iepoit of P0Cs.
Pt may iequiie auuitional cuiettage if P0Cs aie not completely evacuateu.
RhouAN to Rh (-) women. Ciamping, bleeuing, uilateu ceivix with passage of tissue into vagina oi enuoceivical canal.
Cuiettage often iequiieu.
Rh (-) pt iequiies RhouAN.
Bemouynam ic stabilization may be iequiieu. P0Cs uo not get fully expelleu.
No uteiine giowth, no fetal heait tones, cessation of piegnancy symptoms.
Evacuation of uteius aftei confiimeu fetal ueath.
BIC is iaie complicatio n.
RhouAN is Rh (-) %2 consecutive oi total of S spontaneou s aboitions.
Nay be ut chiomosom al anomaly.
Tieat with ceivical (1S-16wk) ciiclage until laboi oi R0N occuis (S6- S7wk).
6-0+'B+B',-B/(,. K.,(D G'BE,3
>$G" Biagnoseu when fetal weight is <S-1u peicentile foi gestational age oi <2,Suug (Slb, 8oz.) Eaily sonogiam is iequiieu if accuiate uates aie not known
-/++*,2"; >RAO8 Fetal Causes: ! giowth potential 0S shows a ! in all measuiements Etiology: T0RCB infection Aneuploiuy Stiuctuial anomalies such as: caiuiac, neuiological. 0ltiasounu: ! in all measuiements (symmetiic) Biagnosing: Kaiyotype Scieen foi fetal infection Betaileu sonogiam
%(<'B0B*-( Inuicateu by fetal weight >9u-9S peicentile foi gestation age oi biith weight of 4uuu-4Suug. Risk Factois: uestational Biabetes Nellitus Piolongeu gestation 0besity Incieaseu piegnancy weight gain Nultipaiity Nale fetus
Nanagement: I7*;,"G* 3D'*;,"&% ! in uiabetic if >4Suug, oi >Suuug in non-uiabetic mothei.
K.,(D #00.00*./, (/2 >/,'(+(',)* A)':.-DD(/<.
The following must be assesseu anu obseiveu closely uuiing piegnancy: Fetal giowth Fetal well-being Tests of fetal matuiity Intiapaitum fetal assessment Isoimmunization uenetic testing
a= K.,(D G'BE,3 0S is most ieliable tool foi giowth assessment Neasuie by funual height, a ueviation fiom expecteu funual height uuiing weeks 18-S6 iequiie iepeat measuiement anuoi 0S Eaily piegnancy: uestational sac + ciown-iump length coiielate quite well with gestational age Latei piegnancy: 4 measuiements uone uue to wiue ueviation of noimal iange: 1- Bipaiietal uiametei of skull 2- Abuominal ciicumfeience S- Femui length 4- Ceiebellai uiametei
R= K.,(D E.DDYN.-/1 % 4 movements pei hi usually inuicates fetal well-being S&%D',2*'' ,*', TS-1U8 Neasuies iesponse of fetal heait iate to movement Noimal NST when FBR " by 1S beats pei minute foi 1S sec following fetal movement (2 of these acceleiations within 2umin consiueieu to be noimal) A non-ieactive NST iequiies fuithei assessment NST has a high false-positive iate, thus a iepeat within 24hi is a goou iuea
F"&05/'";#7 02&6"7*8 Neasuies: Fetal bieathing Fetal bieathing Fetal tone
Qualitative amniotic fluiu volume Reactive fetal heait iate All measuies fiom u-2, a scoie of 8-1u is noimal, scoie of 6 iequiies fuithei evaluation, scoie of & 4 usually iequiies immeuiate inteivention
j= !.0,0 B; ;.,(D *(,)'-,9 Since the iespiiatoiy system is last thing to uevelop in the fetus, uecisions iegaiuing ueliveiy aie usually baseu on the matuiity of this system Suifactant is still low all the way up to SS weeks Lack of suifactant causes neonatal iespiiatoiy uistiess synuiome (RBS) 1*',"%$ 6*,#7 7=%$ +#,=2",/8 Lecithin : sphingomyelin iatio >2.u is the safe iatio anu suggests lung matuiity. Phosphatiuylglyceiol appeais late in piegnancy anu its piesence inuicates fetal lung matuiity. L?!7: Sphingomyelin iemains constant thioughout piegnancy, while lecithin only elevates when the fetal lungs become matuie
f= >/,'(+(',)* ;.,(D (00.00*./, C?O +&%",&2"%$8 Noimal FBR is 12u-16u BPN FBR >16u foi % 1u min consiueieu tachycaiuia (NCC is mateinal fevei) FBR <12u foi % 1u min consiueieu biauycaiuia (congenital heait block, fetal anoxia, mateinal tieatment with #-blockeis FBR vaiiability is a ieliable inuicatoi of fetal well-being anu is suggestive of sufficient oxygenation of fetus. Becieaseu FBR vaiiability is associateu with fetal hypoxia, fetal tachycaiuia, uepiessants, piolongeu uteiine contiactions
@;;*7*2#,"&%'8 7('D9 2.<.D.'(,-B/0 - ! FBR miiioiing contiaction, uue to piessuie on fetal heau (vagal neive stimulation), is physiologic anu not haimful to fetus.
M('-(ND. 2.<.D.'(,-B/0 - uon't always coinciue with uteiine contiaction, chaiacteiizeu by iapiu uip in BR followeu by iapiu ietuin to baseline. Reflex- meuiateu anu uue to umbilical coiu compiession
H(,. 2.<.D.'(,-B/0 - begin aftei contiaction has staiteu, uips aftei peak of contiaction, anu ietuins to baseline aftei contiaction is ovei. vieweu as uangeious anu is associateu with placental insufficiency.
** Repetitive late ueceleiations iequiie inteivention
e= >0B-**)/-T(,-B/ Following exposuie to fetal ieu bloou cell antigens, the mothei can uevelop mateinal immunoglobulin antibouies (Igu). This can occui uuiing biith oi uuiing the piegnancy uepenuing on ceitain pioblems thioughout the piegnancy wheie bloou is mixeu. Nost commonly occuis when mothei is Rh (-) anu fetus is Rh (+) Igu ciosses placenta anu can affect the fetus A significant tiansfei of antibouies can iesult in hyuiops fetalis Fetal ascites anu euema occui (livei makes too many RBC's at the expense of pioteins, causing a ! in oncotic piessuie, iesulting in fetal ascites anuoi euema. A mateinal Igu titei % 1.16 is sufficiently high to huit the fetus
The Kleihauei-Betke test helps to iuentify fetal RBC's in mateinal bloou.
12*#,+*%,V@G&".#%;*8 uive RhouAN within 72hi of ueliveiy to pievent an antibouy iesponse in the mothei. uiven at 28 weeks as well, can fuithei ieuuce iisks by u.2% Impoitant to test fathei foi Rh status, if he is Rh (+), auministei RhouAN both at 28 weeks of gestation + at 72hi aftei ueliveiy. W,5*2 ,"+*' +#,*2%#7D6*,#7 47&&. ;#% +"K8 Buiing amniocentesis Aftei an aboition Aftei an ectopic piegnancy tieatment
q= G./.,-< !.0,-/1 Su%-6u% of spontaneous aboitions uue to chiomosomal abnoimalities S% of stillbiiths aie uue to chiomosomal abnoimalities 2%-S% of couples with multiple miscaiiiages aie causeu by chiomosomal abnoimalities u.6% of live biiths have chiomosomal abnoimalities
M5*% ,& .& 02*%#,#7 $*%*,"; ,*',"%$X Auvanceu mateinal age (most common) - Bown's synuiome is incieaseu 1u- folu when mothei is SS-4Syi. Amniocentesis shoulu be offeieu to all motheis with ANA When theie is a piioi chilu with chiomosomal abnoimalities When paient(s) have known chiomosomal abnoimalities When theie has been an abnoimal scieening test
H(NB' (/2 6.D-:.'9
a= >/-,-(D @'.0./,(,-B/
8S% of patients unueigo spontaneous laboi anu ueliveiy between S7 anu 42 weeks Regulai contiactions eveiy S minutes foi at least 1hi, iuptuie of membianes, significant bleeuing, anuoi ! fetal movement aie all ieasons foi visiting the hospital Initial Exam 0pon Aiiival: Auscultation of fetal heait tones Beteimination of fetal life (Leopolu maneuvei) vaginal examination
R= A,(1.0 B; H(NB' B#4&2 "' ."G".*. "%,& Y ',#$*'8 A,(1. aY Inteival between the onset of laboi anu full ceivical uilation (1ucm) !3-0 0,(1. ;)',3.' 0)N2-:-2.2 -/,B ,EB +3(0.0F Latent phase = ceivical effacement anu eaily uilation Active phase = iapiu ceivical uilation occuis when appioximately at S-4cm A,(1. RY Is the inteival between complete uilation anu the ueliveiy of the infant A,(1. jY Is the inteival between ueliveiy of the infant anu ueliveiy of the placenta ** Theie is a 4 th stage, which lasts 2hi anu is the peiiou immeuiately aftei ueliveiy of the placenta, wheieby theie aie many physiological changes
j= %(/(1.*./, B; H(NB' !=2"%$ 6"2', ',#$*8 Continuous FBR monitoiing Continuous monitoiing of uteiine activity with exteinal tocouynamometei anu intiauteiine piessuie cathetei Analgesia anuoi anesthetic given, most commonly when ieaching the active stage of laboi. !=2"%$ '*;&%. ',#$*8 At this stage mateinal pushing can acceleiate ueliveiy Episiotomy uone at this stage (if peifoimeu at all) Bulb anu suction aftei ueliveiy of the heau Shoulueis ueliveieu aftei heau 0mbilical bloou sent foi AB0 anu Rh testing !=2"%$ ,5"2. ',#$*8 Beliveiy of placenta !=2"%$ 6&=2,5 ',#$*8 Evaluation of ceivix, vagina, vulva, peiineum, anu uiethial aiea foi laceiations anuoi tiaumatic injuiy
f= #N/B'*(D H(NB' Bystocia = Bifficult Laboi Bystocia is uetecteu by evaluation thiee ciiteiia, they aie: 1. @BE.' - iefeiiing to the stiength, uuiation, anu fiequency of contiactions.
Foi ceivical uilation to occui, theie must be moie than S contiaction in 1u minutes
2. @(00./1.' - iefeiiing to fetal weight + fetal lie + piesentation + position
j= @(00(1. -
Pelvic uiametei Ability of pelvic to accommouate passage of baby Bistenueu oigans oi masses can hinuei passage
H(NB' 0,(1. 6.;-/-,-B/ 6)'(,-B/ #N/B'*(D-,-.0 A,(1. a Z H(,./, @3(0. \7;;(<.*./,^ 4.1-/0 E-,3 B/0., B; '.1)D(' ),.'-/. <B/,'(<,-B/0=
@'BDB/1(,-B/ 6-0B'2.'0 Bystocia can be uiviueu into piolongeu latent phase anu piolongeu active phase 1. Piolongeu latent phase Latent phase >2uhi in piimigiaviu oi >14hi in multigiaviu Nay be uue to ineffective uteiine contiactions, uispiopoition between pelvis anu fetus, anu even excessive anesthesia
2. Piolongeu active phase Consiueieu piolongeu when it lasts >12hi anuoi the iate of ceivical uilation is <1.2cmhi in a piimigiaviu oi <1.Scmhi in multigiaviu. Nay be uue to excessive anesthesia, ineffective contiactions, uispiopoition between pelvis anu fetus, fetal malposition, iuptuie of membianes befoie onset of active laboi This can inciease the iisk of intiauteiine infection anu incieaseu neeu foi C- section
#''.0, 6-0B'2.'0 An aiiest uisoiuei occuis when ceivical uilation ceases uuiing the active phase foi % 2hi. Nost commonly uue to eithei cephalopelvic uispiopoition oi ineffective contiaction of the uteius.
%(/(1.*./, B; #N/B'*(D H(NB' B#4&2 "%.=;,"&% = stimulation of uteiine contiactions befoie spontaneous onset of laboi @=$+*%,#,"&% &6 7#4&2 = stimulation of uteiine contiactions that began spontaneously but have since become infiequent, weak, oi both >%.=;,"&% ,2"#7 ! shoulu be attempteu only if ceivix is piepaieu oi "iipe". Ceivical iipening via piostaglanuin E2 gel.
@B0,+(',)* O.*B''3(1. 60+;)(+ !0$(=< The most common cause of excessive postpaitum bleeuing )#%#$*+*%,: 0teiine massage anu uteiotonic agents (oxytocin, methyleigonovine)
O,'+;,0)$(: Nanagement with suigical iepaii
M+0,)(+. 8#,'+(0,< Tieatment involves manual iemoval oi uteiine cuiettage Placenta accietaincietapeicieta is the uiagnosis if the exam shows placental villi infiltiation Bysteiectomy may be neeueu to contiol intiactable bleeuing
R4:: Nost commonly associateu with placental abiuption, seveie pieeclampsia, amniotic fluiu embolism, oi piolongeu ietention of a ueau fetus.
60+;)(+ 4(?+;%)$(< Suspect if a beefy-appeaiing bleeuing mass in the vagina anu failuie to palpate the uteius. Nanage with uteiine ieplacement followeu by Iv oxytocin
6;)(,;= M+0+(0)$(< Nay occui with hypotonic blauuei Resiuual volume >2Suml iequiies bethanecol If bethanecol fails manage with uiinaiy catheteiization foi 2-S uays
@'.*(,)'. ")+,)'. B; %.*N'(/.0 \@"?%^ Ruptuie of choiioamniotic membiane befoie the onset of laboi 0ccuis in 1u%-1S% of all piegnancies Laboi usually follows in 9u% of patients within 24his PR0N at & 26 wks of gestation is associateu with pulmonaiy hypoplasia !"#$%&'"%$: Peifoim vaginal exam with testing of non-bloouy fluiu Nitiazine test: tests pB Fein test: amniotic fluiu placeu on sliue, looking foi bianching fein leaf pattein when sliue uiies 0S confiims uiagnosis: finus oligohyuiamnios 12*#,+*%,: If an intiauteiine infection is suspecteu, give bioau-spectium antibiotics, otheiwise tieat as a pieteim laboi.
@B0,+(',)* 5B/,'(<.+,-B/ F2*#',6**."%$: Bieastfeeuing pioviues contiaception foi S months because of tempoiaiy anovulation 3&+4"%*. *',2&$*%D02&$*',"% 6&2+=7#,"&%'8 0CP, patch, oi vaginal iing Not staiteu until S weeks postpaitum to pievent hypeicaogulable state anu iisk BvT Not useu in bieastfeeuing women because they uiminish lactation !"#052#$+ #%.V&2 >R! 07#;*+*%,8 Befeiieu until 6 weeks post-paitum E2&$*',"% ;&%,2#;*0,"&%8 Nini-pill, Bepo-Pioveia Can be safely useu while bieastfeeuing anu staiteu immeuiately aftei piegnancy
@B0,Y+(',)* K.:.' @B0,+(',)* 6(9 r %B0, D-Q.D9 2-(1/B0-0 S #,.D.<,(0-0
a $!>
RYj 7/2B*.,'-,-0
fYe IB)/2 -/;.<,-B/
eYq A.+,-< ,3'B*NB+3D.N-,-0
mYRa >/;.<,-B)0 *(0,-,-0
@.'-/(,(D >/;.<,-B/0
a= G'B)+ 4 #YO.*BD9,-< A,'.+,B<B<<- \G4A^
Su% of women have asymptomatic vaginal colonization with uBS veitical tiansmission can cause pneumonia anu sepsis of the neonate within houis of biith Noitality iate is as high as Su% 12*#,+*%,8 Intiapaitum Iv penicillin u In patient with PCN alleigy, use Iv clinuamycin, eiythiomycin, oi cefazolin
R= !BVB+D(0*B0-0
Causeu by Toxoplasma gonuii paiasite Is most commonly causeu by the hanuling of cat feces anuoi littei uuiing piegnancy Nay be causeu by uiinking iaw goat milk oi eating iaw meat veitical tiansmission will only occui with piimaiy infection of the mothei Nost seiious infection iesults fiom infection in the fiist tiimestei -/+0,&+': Nost common piesentation is a mononucleosis-type synuiome + the piesence of a cat in the householu 0n 0S, theie may be intiauteiine giowth ietaiuation I3./ ('. (/,-N-B,-<0 1-:./s 1. When uBS (+) uiine, ceivical, oi vaginal cultuie at any time in piegnancy. 2. Piesence of high-iisk factois such as: Piolongeu PR0N Pieteim ueliveiy Piesence of mateinal fevei Any pievious baby who expeiienceu uBS sepsis I3./ ('. (/,-N-B,-<0 /B, 1-:./s 1. With planneu C-section, when theie is no iuptuie of membianes. 2. Cultuie (-) in this piegnancy but with (+) cultuie in pievious piegnancy
E2*G*%,"&%: Avoiu hanuling cat feces, iaw goat milk, anu unueicookeu meat If infecteu, mothei shoulu take spiiamycin to pievent veitical tiansmission 12*#,+*%,: Aftei seiologic confiimation, give pyiimethamine anu sulfauiazine.
j= M('-<.DD(
Piimaiy vaiicella infection in mothei causes tiansplacental infection 2S%- 4u% of the time. uieatest iisk to fetus is poseu if a iash appeais in the mothei fiom S uays antepaitum anu 2 uays postpaitum. A neonatal infection piesents with limb hypoplasia, miciocephaly, miciophthalmia, choiioietinitis, cataiacts, anu "zigzag" skin lesions E2*G*%,"%$ L#2";*77# "%6*;,"&%8 Non-piegnant women shoulu ieceive vaccination Post-exposuie piophylaxis within 96his of exposuie with vZv immunoglobulin 12*#,+*%,: Nateinal vaiicella - anti-vaiicella antibouies to mothei anu neonate Congenital vaiicella - anti-vaiicella antibouies + Iv acyclovii to neonate
f= ")N.DD(
veitical tiansmission occuis up to 7u%-9u% of the time with piimaiy infection Neonate may piesent with congenital ueafness, PBA, cataiacts, mental ietaiuation, hepatosplenomegaly, thiombocytopenia, anu a bluebeiiy muffin type iash. Auveise effects occui within fiist 1u weeks
E2*G*%,"&%: Peifoim a fiist tiimestei scieening Bave mothei avoiu any infecteu inuiviuuals Immunize seionegative women aftei ueliveiy ** Theie is no post-exposuie piophylaxis available
e= 59,B*.1(DB:-')0 \5%M^
Is the most common congenital viius in the 0SA. CNv is the most common cause of sensoiineuial ueafness in chiluien CNv is spieau by bouy fluiu secietions Nost infections piouuce a mononucleosis-like synuiome Appioximately 1u% of infants aie symptomatic at biith -/+0,&+' "% %*&%#,*8 I0uR Piematuiity Niciocephaly }aunuice Petechiae Bepatosplenomegaly Peiiventiiculai calcifications Choiioietinitis Pneumonitis !"#$%&'"%$ 3)L8 viial cultuie within 2 weeks of biith PCR E2*G*%,"&%: 0niveisal piecautions with avoiuance of bouy fluius Avoiu tiansfusion with CNv-positive bloou 12*#,+*%,: uanciclovii (pievents heaiing loss but uoes not cuie infection)
Contact with lesions is the most common cause of tiansmission uieatest iisk of infection in the S iu tiimestei Su% iisk of tiansplacental infection with piimaiy infection -/+0,&+'F Fevei + malaise + uiffuse genital lesions If infant suivives, they may uevelop meningoencephalitis, mental ietaiuation, pneumonia, hepatosplenomegaly, jaunuice, anu petechiae. !"#$%&'"'F \i^ BSv cultuie fiom vesicle fluiu oi ulcei oi BSv PCR of mateinal bloou Pievention A C-section is manuatoiy if mothei has active genital BSv lesions at time of laboi. It is contiainuicateu to use fetal scalp electioues foi monitoiing; they inciease iisk of BSv tiansmission. Avoiu stanuaiu piecautions such as sex with outbieak 12*#,+*%,: Acyclovii foi piimaiy infection uuiing piegnancy
m= O>M
The majoi ioute of veitical tiansmission is contact with infecteu genital secietions at time of vaginal ueliveiy. Without tieatment veitical tiansmission iate is 2S%-Su% Elective C-section is most beneficial in women with low CB4+ counts anu high RNA viial loaus (>1uuu). All neonates of BIv + motheis will test positive uue to the tiansplacental passage of Igu E2*G*%,"&% #%. 12*#,+*%,8 Tiiple-uiug theiapy staiting at 14 weeks anu continuing thioughout the piegnancy. Iv intiapaitum ziuovuuine (AZT) uive infant oial ziuovuuine foi 6 weeks post-ueliveiy # /.B/(,(D -/;.<,-B/ (<_)-'.2 2)'-/1 2.D-:.'9 3(0 ( eSt *B',(D-,9 '(,.=
Piophylax infant foi PCP with TNP-SNX aftei the 6 weeks of ziuovuuine theiapy Scheuule a C-section at S8 weeks unless the viial loau is <1uuu viial copiesml Nothei cannot bieastfeeu because BIv passes thiough bieast milk Avoiu all invasive pioceuuies such as aitificial R0N anu fetal scalp electioues
g= A9+3-D-0
Tiansplacental infection is moie likely in piimaiy anu seconuaiy infection, anu less likely in teitiaiy infection I#27/D#;Z="2*. TP ', ,2"+*',*2U ;&%$*%",#7 '/05"7"' "%;7=.*' ,5* 6&77&:"%$ '/+0,&+'8 Byuiops fetalis Naculopapulai oi vesiculai iash Laige anu swollen placenta Anemia, thiombocytopenia, anu hepatosplenomegaly Theie is a Su% peiinatal moitality iate B#,*D#;Z="2*. ;&%$*%",#7 '/05"7"' "' ."#$%&'*. #6,*2 Q /*#2' &6 #$*< "%;7=.*' ,5* 6&77&:"%$8 Butchinson teeth "Sabei" shins "Sauule" nose Beafness (CN8 palsy) "Nulbeiiy" molais !"#$%&'"': vBRL oi RPR scieen in fiist tiimestei Confiim a positive test with FTA-ABS oi NBA-TP 12*#,+*%,: Benzathine penicillin IN (1 time foi infecteu motheis) If PCN alleigy: Besensitization followeu by full uose benzathing PCN
# 5Y0.<,-B/ <(//B, +'.:./, :.',-<(D ,'(/0*-00-B/ B; 09+3-D-0= >, E-DD N. ,'(/0*-,,.2 ,3'B)13 ,3. +D(<./,( N.;B'. N-',3= Aftei any (+) syphilis scieen, FTA-ABS oi NBA-TP is uone as confiimatoiy tests.
9. O.+(,-,-0 B Neonatal infection fiom piimaiy infection in the S iu tiimestei oi ingestion of infecteu genital secietions 8u% of infecteu neonates will uevelop chionic hepatitis E2*G*%,"&%: Bep B infection is not an inuication foi C-section Avoiu invasive pioceuuies Aftei neonate ieceives immunization anu hep B immunoglobulin, can be bieastfeu >++=%"J#,"&%: BBsAg-negative - give active immunization uuiing piegnancy Postexposuie piophylaxis foi the mothei - BBIu 12*#,+*%,: Bepatitis immunization + BBIu in neonate Chionic BBv can be tieateu with inteifeion oi lamivuuine
5B/,'(-/2-<(,-B/0 ,B N'.(0,;..2-/1 BIv Active TB Bep B (befoie infant is immunizeu) BSv Biug usemeuications Biugs of abuse (except cigaiettes, alcohol) Cytotoxic meuications Conuitions of infant that CI bieast milk BTLv-1
Chapter 3
Gynecology
4./-1/ G9/.<BDB19
!3. %./0,')(D 59<D.F At biith, theie aie appioximately 1 million piimoiuial follicles in the ovaiy, each with an oocyte that is aiiesteu in the piophase stage of meiosis. The piocess of ovulation signals the onset of pubeity, which signals folliculai matuiation. 0vulation occuis, anu the uominant follicle becomes the coipus luteum, which secietes piogesteione to piepaie the enuometiium foi possible implantation. If the ovum is not feitilizeu, the coipus luteum unueigoes involution, which causes menstiuation. The cycle is iegulateu by hypothalamic gonauotiopin-ieleasing hoimone, pituitaiy ielease of follicle-stimulating hoimones (FSB), luteinizing hoimones (LB), anu the ovaiian sex steioius estiauiol anu piogesteione. An " oi ! in any of these hoimones can cause uysfunction of the noimal menstiual cycle.
This giaph uemonstiates the piocess of all thiee phases of the menstiual cycle, which hoimones aie in play, the uevelopment of the egg, anu the uays that coiiesponu to all events
KBDD-<)D('J@'BD-;.'(,-:. @3(0. ?:)D(,B'9 @3(0. H),.(DJA.<'.,B'9 @3(0. Bay 1-1S Bay 1S-17 Bay 1S - Bay 1 of menses Estiauiol-inuuceu negative feeuback on FSB anu positive feeuback on LB in anteiioi pituitaiy leaus to LB suige on uays 11-1S. Bominant follicle secietion of estiauiol leaus to positive feeuback to anteiioi pituitaiy FSB anu LB, ovulation will occui within Su-S6his aftei LB suige, small FSB suige also occuis at time of LB suige. Naikeu by change fiom estiauiol to piogesteione pieuominance, coipus luteal piogesteione acts on hypothalamus, causing negative feeuback on FSB anu LB, iesulting in uecieaseu basal levels piioi to next cycle, if feitilization anu implantation uo not occui theie will be a iapiu ueciease in piogesteione.
5B/,'(<.+,-B/: 0ial contiaceptives that combine piogestin anu estiogen Estiogen suppiesses FSB, which pievents selection anu matuiation of a uominant follicle. Piogestin woiks by suppiessing LB, which inhibits ovulation. It also thickens ceivical mucosa, which fuithei pievents the ability of semen to pass into the uteius. Togethei, they inhibit piegnancy by thinning the enuometiial lining anu iesulting in light oi misses menses. Phasic vs. Nonophasic Pills: Phasic pills vaiy the iatio of estiogen anu piogestin. This uecieases the uose of hoimone given but it incieases the iisk of bieakthiough bleeuing Nonophasic pills uelivei a constant uose of estiogen anu piogestin thioughout the month ** Following cessation of 0CP's, feitilization usually iesumes immeuiately. A small peicentage of useis will expeiience a peiiou of infeitility, known as "postpill amenoiihea"
#2:(/,(1.0 (/2 6-0(2:(/,(1.0 B; ?5@80 #6M#L!#G7A 6>A#6M#L!#G7A Reliable with failuie iate of <1% Piotective against ovaiian anu enuometiial cancei Becieases inciuence of PIB anu ectopic piegnancies Nakes menses moie pieuictable anu less painfullightei. Nust be taken uaily close to the same time No STB piotection 0p to Su% bieakthiough bleeuing Nay cause uepiession, weight gain, hypeitension, acne, bloating, anu weight gain
#D,.'/(,-:.0 ,B ?5@80 Piogestin-only pills ! "mini-pills" Bepo-Pioveia ! IN injection lasts foi 14 weeks Noiplant ! subcutaneous implant lasts up to S yeais Intiauteiine uevice ! uevice left in place foi seveial yeais Emeigency Contiaception ! piogestinestiogen taken within 72hi @(+ A*.('F Begin within S yeais of onset of sexual activity 0R age 18 yeais (whichevei comes fiist). When S annual pap smeais in a iow aie negative, can uo eveiy 2 yeais until age 7u. Patients with 1 sexual paitnei, S consecutive noimal pap smeais, anu onset of sexual activity aftei age 2S can be scieeneu less fiequently.
%(/(1.*./, B; (N/B'*(D 3-0,BDB19 A,.+ -/ %(/(1.*./, 5B/2-,-B/ E(''(/,-/1 ,3-0 0,.+ LB,.0J6.,(-D0 ?N0.':. (/2 ;BDDBEY)+ 5>LaC 5>L R B' j (;,.' .V<-0-B/ B' (ND(,-B/ KBDDBEY)+ ,.0,0 _fYq *B/,30 ;B' R 9.('0 #ND(,-B/ 5>LR B' 5>Lj !3-0 -0F <'9B,3.'(+9C D(0.' :(+B'-T(,-B/C .D.<,'B;)D1)'(,-B/ 7V<-0-B/(D +'B<.2)'.0 5>LR B' 5>Lj H77@ (/2 5BD2YQ/-;. <BDB/-T(,-B/ O90,.'.<,B*9 ".<)''./, 5>LRJj
M(1-/-,-0 The most common piesenting symptom is uischaige Always iule out chemical oi alleigic causes Su% of cases aie uue to uaiuneiella 2S% uue to Tiichomonas 2S% uue to Canuiua Biffeientiating between the uiffeient causes of vaginitis 5(/2-2( !'-<3B*B/(0 G('2/.'.DD( M(1-/(D +O 4-S >6 >S ?2B' N0NE RANCIB "Fishy" on K0B 6-0<3('1. Cottage Cheese- like uieen, fiothy vaiiable A-JAV Itching, buining, swollen Seveie itching vaiiable, none %-<'B0<B+9 Pseuuohyphae Notile 0iganisms Clue cells !'.(,*./, Fluconazole Netioniuazole Netioniuazole
7/2B*.,'-B0-0 Enuometiial tissue outsiue of the uteius, most commonly founu in the ovaiies. Affects appioximately 1%-2% of women Appioximately Su% of infeitile women have enuometiiosis -"$%' [ -/+0,&+'8 The S B's ! Byspaieunia, Bysmenoiihea, Byschezia Nay also have pelvic pain, infeitility, pain on iectovaginal exam.
!"#$%&'"': visualization via lapaioscopy oi lapaiotomy with histological confiimation. 12*#,+*%,': 1. NSAIB's fiist 2. 0CP's S. Testosteione (Banazol - AE: hiisutism, acne) 4. unRB analog (gives best iesult but causes menopausal symptoms within S-6 months) Recuiience aftei cessation of meuical tieatment is common, uefinitive tieatment is hysteiectomy.
".+'B2)<,-:. 7/2B<'-/BDB19
#*./B''3.( Piimaiy ! woman has nevei menstiuateu Seconuaiy ! menstiual ageu woman who has not menstiuateu in 6 months Nost common cause of amenoiihea is piegnancy Eveiy evaluation must by excluuing piegnancy (uiine #-hCu) The most common cause of seconuaiy amenoiihea is Asheiman's synuiome (scaiiing of the uteiine cavity aftei B&C) Bypothalamic ueficiency is a cause of amenoiihea (excessive weight loss, excessive exeicise, psychogenic, uiug use) Pituitaiy uysfunction: fiom ! hypothalamic pulsatile ielease of unRB oi ! pituitaiy ielease of FSB oi LB WG#2"#% ./'6=%;,"&%8 Follicles aie exhausteu of FSB anuoi LB 0R aie iesistant to stimulation 3#='*': Inheiiteu uisoiueis such as Tuinei's synuiome Piematuie menopause Autoimmune ovaiian failuie Chemotheiapies Tieatment: If hypothalamic ! tieat unueilying cause anu inuuce ovulation with gonauotiopins Tumois ! Biomociiptine to shiink tumoi anuoi excision uenital tiact obstiuction ! suigeiy 0vaiian uysfunction ! Exogenous estiogen ieplacement
V$/ 0$ .)&&+;+(0),0+ -+0/++( @+($>,*%+ ,(. !%1+;2,(G% %=(.;$2+Z ! An ultiasounu will help visualize the piesence oi absence of follicle. Asheiman's synuiome will have follicles while menopause will lack the piesence of follicles.
#N/B'*(D ND..2-/1 -/ ( '.+'B2)<,-:. (1. EB*(/ With the piesence of abnoimal bleeuing, fiist thing is to iule out "PAB: P! piegnancy A! anatomical abnoimalities B! uysfunctional uteiine bleeuing
690;)/<,-B/(D $,.'-/. 4D..2-/1 \6$4^F Anatomic menstiuation without anatomic lesions of the uteius Is most commonly uue to chionic estiogen stimulation Abnoimal bleeuing is uefineu as bleeuing at inteivals <21 uays oi >S6 uays, lasting >7 uays, oi bloou volume loss >8uml !"#$%&'"': R0 anatomic causes (fibioius, ceivical oi vaginal lesions, infections, ceivical anuoi enuometiial cancei) Evaluate factois that can affect the hypothalamus-pituitaiy axis (stiess, excessive exeicise, weight changes, systemic uisease, coagulopathies, piegnancies) 12*#,+*%,: uive piogesteione fiom uay 14-2S of menstiual cycle Biith contiol pills aie an alteinative
O-'0),-0* (/2 M-'-D-T(,-B/ ?"2'=,"'+ ! excessive bouy haii usually uue to polycystic ovaiies oi auienal hypeiplasia L"2"7"J#,"&% ! masculinization, associateu with maikeu " in testosteione, male pattein baluing, voice ueepening, clitoiomegaly, bieast involution.
%./B+()0. The cessation of menses occuis on aveiage at S1yi of age. Cycles no longei associateu with pie-menstiual symptoms, no longei iegulai oi pieuictable. -"$%' #%. '/+0,&+'8 Acute onset of hot-flashessweating that cease acutely (within S-S minutes) Noou uistuibances Sleep uistuibances vaginal uiyness (leaus to uyspaieunia) 0steopoiosis !"#$%&'"': Iiiegulai menstiual cycles aie most obvious foi uiagnosis Piesence of hot flashes suggest menopause " levels of FSB (>SumI0ml) 12*#,+*%,: 1 st line tieatment is estiogen ieplacement theiapy (continuous estiogen with cyclic piogestin to allow withuiawal bleeuing oi uaily aumin of both estiogen anu piogestin, which wont cause wu bleeuing). Raloxifene: a 2 nu geneiation tamoxifen-like uiug (mixeu estiogen agonistantagonist). Shown to pievent osteopoiosis, uecieases LBL, uecieases iisk of bieast cancei. Calcium supplementation is not a substitute foi estiogen ieplacement
>/;.',-D-,9 Befineu as 1yi of fiequent, unpiotecteu inteicouise without piegnancy. 6u% female cause, 4u% male cause ?&: ,& #002&#;5 "%6*2,"7",/8 a 0, A,.+: Semen Analysis (volume, motility, # active speim) If this is founu to be abnoimal, attempt Intiauteiine Insemination (I0I) oi Intiacytoplastic Speim Injection (ICSI) If semen analysis is noimal, consiuei female factois.
R /2 A,.+: Test ceivical mucus to see if it softens (uone aiounu time of ovulation - known as "spinnbaikeit". V$/ 0$ 0+%0< Patient comes in aftei inteicouise With help of speculum get enuoceivical mucus Put mucus on a glass sliue anu covei with anothei sliue Attempt to pull sliues apait (shoulu be able to sepaiate at least 6cm befoie mucus bieaks - which inuicates soft anu favoiable mucus) If sliue bieaks too eaily, mucus is "hostile" Also want to check foi "mucus feining" on micioscopy
V$/ 0$ 0;+,0 1$%0)#+ 2*'*%< >/,'( $,.'-/. >/0.*-/(,-B/ \>$>^ Peifoim by inseiting a cathetei into the ceivix anu inject speim past the mucus plug !($01+; %$#*0)$(< uive estiogen eaily in the cycle (softens mucus)
Next: If Speim is 0K anu Nucus is 0K.. j '2 A,.+F Check 0vulation Check basal bouy tempeiatuie (" 1ueg uue to piogesteione spike) A sign of piegnancy is the lack of bouy tempeiatuie iising Bo an enuometiial biopsy Bay 22 is the highest uay of seium piogesteione LB suige - theie aie stiips that can measuie LB, if + patient will ovulate within 24-48his If you finu a pioblem with ovulation, give feitility uiugs.
12*#,+*%,: a 0, ! 5H?%>6 (fools the pituitaiy into secieting lots of FSB anu LB) 0R R /2 ! @7"G#L?H (concentiateu amounts of FSB anu LB fiom uiine of menopausal women).
** 0se CL0NIB fiist, it has a lowei iate of multiple gestation anu lowei iisk of "ovaiian hypeistimulation synuiome". With PERuAN0L, theie is a 2u% multi- gestation iisk.
If semen is noimal. If mucus is noimal. If ovulation is noimal. L7c! A!7@: Look foi tubal factois (blockage uue to PIB) - histoiy of chionic pain, T0A, ectopic piegnancy, infeitility @.';B'*: Bysteio-Salpingogiam to help uiagnose a blockage IF theie is a tubal pioblem, theie aie 2 choices: 1. Tuboplasty (cuts out the obstiuction) 2. In vitio Feitilization (uone in a lab, then put zygote into uteius)
>% L",2& C*2,"7"J#,"&% T>LCU8 Puts 4 zygotes into the uteius Putting <4 = low piegnancy iate Putting >4 = " iisk of multiple gestation IvF has a 6u% piegnancy iate
Last thing to uo in the infeitility woikup is H(+('B0<B+9 (checking foi enuometiiosis). ! 2u%-2S% of those with unexplaineu infeitility actually have enuometiiosis. ** If eveiything is noimal, uiagnosis is "unexplaineu infeitility" BATA shows that Su% of people with infeitility will get piegnant within 4-S yeais.
#/2'B1./ >/0./0-,-:-,9 A uiagnosis maue when theie is an absence of pubic oi axillaiy haii. Kaiyotype ieveals a male genotype (XY), anu 0S ieveals testicles. Testes piouuce noimal levels of both male anu female hoimones, ie. Estiogen anu testosteione. )#%#$*+*%,: Removal of testes befoie 2uyi of age uue to incieaseu iisk of testiculai cancei. Aftei iemoval patient will iequiie life-long estiogen ieplacement.
GB/(2(D 6901./.0-0 \!)'/.'80 09/2'B*.^ Absence of seconuaiy sexual chaiacteiistics Kaiyotype ieveals the absence of one of the X chiomosomes (4S, X). Elevateu FSB Lack of a seconu X chiomosome leaus to lack of ovaiian follicle uevelopment, leauing to "stieak gonaus". )#%#$*+*%,: Estiogen anu piogesteione ieplacement to help uevelopment of seconuaiy sexual chaiacteiistics.
60+;)(+ 8;$#,>%+< 0ccuis when ligaments (suspensaiy) ligaments can no longei suppoit it Nost common cause is chilubiith -"$%' [ -/+0,&+'8 vaginal piessuie sensation vaginal fullness Low back pain ** Can cause cystocele anu iectocele
Begiees of piolapse: 1 st uegiee ! piolapse is above intioitus 2 nu uegiee ! goes to the intioitus S iu uegiee ! goes past intioitus
:=%0$'+#+: Blauuei piolapse into the vagina uue to excessive pelvic ielaxation Seveie cases can cause stiess incontinence Q ,/0*' &6 "%;&%,"%*%;*8 1. Stiess Incontinence ! the most common type (causeu by pelvic flooi injuiies)
2. Neuiogenic Incontinence ! uigeoveiflow incontinence (causeu by ! inneivation anu contiol of blauuei function, iesulting in involuntaiy blauuei contiaction (uiges) oi blauuei atony (oveiflow).
1*',"%$ 6&2 ',2*'' "%;&%,"%*%;*8 1. Bo a pelvic exam - if you see piolapse this suggests stiess incontinence 2. Q-tip test - inseit a Q-tip into uiethia anu have the pt cough. If it iotates >Suuegiees, pt has stiess incontinence. ** If patient uesciibes an "uige" anuoi "fiequency" foi uiination, it is suggestive of neuiogenic incontinence
12*#,+*%,': Stiess Incontinence ! 1 st - attempt kegel exeicises, 2 nu - suigeiy (colpoiaphy) Neuiogenic ! Anti-spasmotics, anti-cholineigics
501+; ',*%+% $& *;)(,;= )('$(0)(+('+< S*=2&0#,5"; ! causeu by heau injuiy, spinal injuiy, oi peiipheial neive injuiy. Tieatment: cathetei, eithei inuwelling oi inteimittent @%#,&+";#7 ! causeu by a vesicovaginal fistula. Tieatment: iepaii of uefect.
G9/.<BDB1-< ?/<BDB19
1. Enuometiial cancei 2. FibioiusLeiomyoma S. Ceivical cancei 4. 0vaiian neoplasm's S. vulvai anu vaginal cancei 6. uestational tiophoblastic neoplasia
7/2B*.,'-(D 5(/<.'F Is the most common iepiouuctive tiact cancei with appioximately Su,uuu- 4u,uuu new cases each yeai. Is an "estiogen-uepenuent" cancei
O"'9 6#;,&2'8 0nopposeu postmenopausal estiogen ieplacement theiapy Nenopause aftei S2yi of age 0besity Nullipaiity PC0S Biabetes Chionic anovulation -"$%' [ -/+0,&+'8 Abnoimal uteiine bleeuing, especially if woman is postmenopausal All women >SSyi with abnoimal bleeuing iequiies an enuometiial sampling foi histologic examination. !"#$%&'"': Pap smeai not ieliable Bimanual exam foi masses, nouules, inuuiation, anu immobility Enuometiial biopsy by enuoceivical cuiettage, B&C, hysteioscopy with uiiect biopsies. 12*#,+*%,: 4& %)2>#+ $; '$2>#+Q 1=>+;>#,%), - give piogesteione to ieveise hypeiplastic piocess piomoteu by estiogen (Pioveia foi 1u uays)
!0=>)',# 1=>+;>#,%), - hysteiectomy because of likelihoou that invasive caicinoma will ensue 3(.$2+0;),# ',;')($2, ! Total abuominal hysteiectomy + bilateial salpingo-oophoiectomy + lymph noue uissection, aujuvant exteinal-beam iauiation, tieatment foi iecuiience is high-uose piogestin's. E2&$%&'"': Bistologic giaue is the most impoitant factoi in oveiall piognosis. Bepth of myometiial invasion is 2 nu most impoitant factoi in oveiall piognosis u1 - highly uiffeientiateu u2 - moueiately uiffeientiateu uS - soliu oi completely unuiffeientiateu u1 tumoi that uoesn't invaue the myometiium has a 9S% S-yi suivival uS tumoi with ueep myometiial invasion has ~2u% S-yi suivival
$,.'-/. H.-B*9B*(0 Y K-N'B-20 Fibioius aie benign tumois whose giowth is ielateu to the piouuction of estiogen. uiowth is often iapiu peiimenopausally Su% of cases waiiant a hysteiectomy
-"$%' [ -/+0,&+'8 Nenoiihagia Pelvic pain anu piessuie (misuiagnoseu as uysmenoiiheal) Enlaigeu, fiim, asymmetiic, non-tenuei uteius !"#$%&'"%$ C"42&".'8 0S initially, confiim with tissue sample by eithei B&C oi biopsy (especially in postmenopausal women). 12*#,+*%,': Nilu symptoms only iequiie ie-assuiance anu obseivation Estiogen inhibitois such as unRB agonists can shiink the uteius, which help to cieate a simplei suigical pioceuuie.
Suigeiy ! myomectomy iecommenueu in young patients who want to pieseive feitility. Bysteiectomy is uefinitive tieatment that shoulu be ieseiveu foi symptomatic women who have no uesiie foi chiluien anuoi any moie chiluien.
#2./B*9B0-0 Abnoimal location of enuometiial glanus anu stioma within the myometiium of the uteiine wall When symptomatic is causes uysmenoiiheal anu menoiihagia. 0teius feels soft, globulai, tenuei, anu symmetiical. 0nlike leiomyomas, theie is no change with high oi low estiogen states.
6-(1/B0-0 H.-B*9B*( #2./B*9B0-0 A9*+,B*0 Seconuaiy uysmenoiihea anu menoiihagia.
(+) oi (-) symptoms of blauuei, uietei, anuoi iectal compiession Seconuaiy uysmenoiihea anu menoiihagia @.D:-< 7V(* Asymmetiically enlaigeu, fiim, N0NTENBER uteius. Symmetiically enlaigeu, soft, TENBER uteius.
Nay be tenuei immeuiately befoie anu uuiing menses AB/B1'(* Laige intiamuial oi subseiosal myomas (saline infusion can help visualize this) Biffusely enlaigeu uteius with cystic aieas within myometiial wall O90,.'B0<B+9 Biiect visualization of tumois
O-0,BDB19 Is uefinitive uiagnosis Is uefinitive uiagnosis
H.-B*9B0('<B*( A iaie cancei that accounts foi appioximately S% of uteiine canceis
12*#,+*%,: Bysteiectomy with intiaopeitive LN biopsy Suigical staging is an impoitant aspect Aujunctive theiapies have minimal oveiall benefit ** 0nly Su% of patients suivive S yi
5.':-<(D 5(/<.' The most impoitant scieening tool is the Pap smeai The aveiage age of uiagnosis is between 4S-Suyi. The most common uiagnosis is squamous cell caicinoma (8S%), the othei 1S% aie auenocaicinoma
!"#$%&'"': Ceivical Biopsy! most commonly is SCC Next step ! metastatic woikup (pelvic exam, CXR, Iv pyelogiam, cystoscopy, anu sigmoiuoscopy). ** Imaging stuuies not iequiieu (invasive ceivical cancei is the only gynecological cancei that uoes not get stageu clinically). )#%#$*+*%,: Nanagement is simple hysteiectomy oi mouifieu iauical hysteiectomy + LN uissection. Suivival <4u% at Syi.
Aujuvant theiapy such as iauiation anu chemo is given when any of the following conuitions aie piesent: Nets to LN's, tumoi >4cm, + maigins, local iecuiience
?:('-(/ L.B+D(0*0 F*%"$% ;/','8 Functional giowth iesulting fiom failuie of noimal iuptuie of follicle Benign tumois aie moie common than malignant tumois Risk of malignancy incieases with age -"$%' [ -/+0,&+'8 Pelvic painpiessuie Acute anu seveie pain when cyst iuptuies 3&%6"2+ !"#$%&'"' ! With 0S
4./-1/ L.B+D(0*0
L.B+D(0* 53('(<,.'-0,-<0 !'.(,*./, 7+-,3.D-(D 5.DD Seious cystauenoma is the most common type. 0sually benign (malignancy iisk incieases when bilateial).
Biagnose: Clinical CT oi NRI Excision G.'* 5.DD Nost common type is Teiatoma (aka ueimoiu cyst).
Almost nevei malignant.
Contains tissues fiom all S geim layeis.
0nilateial, cystic, mobile, non-tenuei aunexal mass, often asymptomatic.
Confiim uiagnosis with 0S Excision to pievent toision oi iuptuie of ovaiy A,'B*(D 5.DD Aie functional tumois secieting hoimones.
uianulosa tumoi makes estiogen (gynecomastia, loss of bouy haii).
Seitoli-Leyuig makes anuiogens (viiilization in females)
Excision
)#7"$%#%, 1=+&2'8 Nost commonly seen in women > Suyi 0CP use is a piotective factoi Seen in highei fiequency in women of low paiity, ! feitility, uelayeu chilubeaiing 0sually asymptomatic until metastasis has occuiieu Yeaily pelvic exams aie the most effective scieening tools -"$%' [ -/+0,&+'8 vague abuominal pains vague pelvic pains Constipation, eaily satiety, abuominal uistention, uiinaiy fiequency Tieatment: Bebulking suigeiy + chemoiauiation %(D-1/(/, L.B+D(0*0 Neoplasms Chaiacteiistics Tieatment Epithelial Cell The cause of 9u% of all ovaiian malignancies.
Seious cystauenocaicinoma is the most common type (often uevelops fiom a benign piecuisoi). Excision ueim Cell Is the most common ovaiian cancei in women <2uyi.
Piouuces hCu oi AFP, which aie useful as tumoi maikeis.
Subtypes incluue: uysgeiminomas anu immatuie teiatomas. 1 st - Rauiation 2 nu - Chemotheiapy >8u% S-yi suivival Stiomal Cell uianulosa cells make estiogen (enuometiiosis).
Seitoli-Leyuiu cell tumoi makes anuiogens Total hysteiectomy + oophoiectomy.
M)D:(' (/2 M(1-/(D 5(/<.'0 F*#?,; 4(0;,+>)01+#),# X+$>#,%), KF4XL< vIN 1 & 2 ! chaiacteiizeu by milumoueiate uysplasia, " iisk of piogiessing to auvanceu stages anu then caicinoma. vIN S = caicinoma in situ -"$%' [ -/+0,&+'8 Piuiitis Piesence of iaiseu lesions Iiiitation !"#$%&'"': Biopsy iequiieu foi a uefinitive uiagnosis !"66*2*%,"#7 ."#$%&'"'8 Nalignant melanoma anu Paget's uisease 12*#,+*%,: Foi vIN 1 anu 2 ! local excision Foi vIN S ! wiue excision
F*#?,; :,('+;< 9u% aie squamous cell canceis Nost often this piesents in postmenopausal women -"$%' [ -/+0,&+'8 Piuiitis (may piesent with oi without an ulceiative lesion) 12*#,+*%,: Excision ** Syi suivival iate ianges fiom 7u%-9u% uepenuing on LN involvement. ** With the piesence of ueep pelvic noues, suivival iate uiops to 2u%
F,A)(,# ',;')($2, )( %)0* ,(. ',;')($2,< 7u% of patients with vaginal CIS have pievious genital tiact neoplasm 12*#,+*%,: Rauiation Suigeiy ieseiveu foi extensive uisease
G.0,(,-B/(D !'B+3BND(0,-< 6-0.(0. \G!L^ An abnoimal piolifeiation of placental tissue that involves both the cytotiophoblast anuoi syncytiotiophoblast. Can be both benign anu malignant O"'9 6#;,&2'8 Nateinal age on low oi high spectium (<2uyi anu >SSyi) Folate ueficiency is a iisk factoi -"$%' [ -/+0,&+'8 Nost common sign is a funuus that is laigei than uates shoulu show Bilateial cystic enlaigement of the ovaiy Bleeuing at <16 weeks gestation anu passage of tissue fiom vagina is the most common symptom Bypeitension Bypeithyioiuism Bypeiemesis giaviuaium No fetal heait tones heaiu Nost common site of metastasis is the lung
!"#$%&'"%$8 0S ieveals homogenous intiauteiine echoes without a gestational sac oi fetal paits (looks like a "snowstoim") Nanagement: uet a baseline quantitative #-hCu uet a CXR to iule out lung NETS B&C to evacuate the uteiine contents Place the patient on 0CP's so that theie will be no confusion between a iising #-hCu titei fiom iecuiient uisease anu noimal piegnancy
47L>GL %?H7 5B*+D.,. %BD. >/<B*+D.,. %BD. Empty egg Noimal egg 46, XX (uizygotic ploiuy) 69, XXY (tiiploiuy) Fetus is absent Fetus is nonviable 2u% become malignant 1u% become malignant No chemotheiapy. Seiial #-hCu until completely negative. Follow up foi 1yi while on 0CP's No chemotheiapy. Seiial #-hCu until completely negative. Follow up foi 1yi while on 0CP's
%#H>GL#L! %?H7A Non-metastatic Netastatic: uoou Px Netatstatic: Pooi Px 0teius only Pelvis oi lung Biain oi livei 1uu% cuie >9S% cuie 6S% cuie Single-agent chemo until aftei #-hCu is negative foi S weeks. Single-agent chemo until aftei #-hCu is negative foi S weeks. Nultiple-agent chemo until aftei #-hCu is negative foi S weeks. Follow-up foi 1 yi on 0CP Follow-up foi 1 yi on 0CP Follow-up foi S yis on 0CP.
!3. 4'.(0,
F*%"$% F2*#', !"'*#'*'8 Fibioauenoma Fibiocystic uisease Intiauuctal Papilloma Fat Neciosis Nastitis )#7"$%#%, F2*#', !"'*#'*'8 Buctal caicinoma in situ (BCIS) Lobulai caicinoma in situ (LCIS) Buctal caicinoma Lobulai caicinoma Inflammatoiy bieast cancei Paget's uisease of the bieast K-N'B(2./B*( Is the most commonly seen tumoi in young women (2u's) Fibioauenomas giow iapiuly but have no incieaseu iisk foi ueveloping cancei Bistology shows myxoiu stioma anu cuivilineaislit uucts 12*#,+*%,: Not iequiieu anu will often iesoib within seveial weeks (ie-evaluate at 1 month)
K-N'B<90,-< 6-0.(0. Is the most common tumoi in patients between SS-Su yeais of age. Aiises in teiminal uuctal lobulai units 0ften aiises as multiple bilateial small lumps which aie tenuei uuiing the menstiual cycle
>/,'(2)<,(D @(+-DDB*( Piesents commonly with seious bloouy nipple uischaige Nultiple nouules in youngei patients anu solitaiy giowth in peiimenopausal patients
Theie is an incieaseu cancei iisk with multiple papillomas, but no incieaseu cancei iisk with solitaiy pipillomas 6)<,(D 5('<-/B*( -/ A-,) \65>A^ 0sually seen on mammogiaphy but not clinically palpable Is a piemalignancy that will leau to invasive uuctal cancei Bistology shows haphazaiu cells along papillae, puncheu-out aieas in uucts, with cells infiltiating open spaces. 12*#,+*%,: Nass excision ensuiing cleai maigins. If maigins aie not cleai must excise again with wiuei maigins. uive post-op iauiation to pievent iecuiiences.
HBN)D(' 5('<-/B*( -/ A-,) \H5>A^ LCIS can't be uetecteu clinically but mammogiaphy is also a weak tool foi uiagnosis Not piecanceious like BCIS but can be a maikei foi futuie invasive uuctal cancei Nucinous cells aie almost always piesent Theie is a "saw-tooth" anu clovei-leaf configuiations in the uucts
>/:(0-:. 6)<,(D 5('<-/B*( \>65^ Is the most common bieast cancei type, seen most commonly in the miu Su's - late Su's, anu foims soliu tumois Nost impoitant piognosis factoi is the size of the tumoi LN involvement is also an extiemely impoitant factoi in piognosis Theie aie many subtypes of IBC, such as mucinous anu meuullaiy Noueiately uiffeientiateu IBC comes fiom ciibiifoim oi papillaiy intiauuctal oiiginatois Pooily uiffeientiateu IBC comes fiom intiauuctal comeuo oiiginatoi.
>/:(0-:. HBN)D(' 5('<-/B*( \>H5^ S%-S% of invasive cancei is lobulai Nost commonly seen fiom 4S-SS yi of age vague appeaiance on mammogiam uiowth pattein ! single file giowth pattein within a fibious stioma
12*#,"%$ "%G#'"G* ;#2;"%&+#'8 If tumoi is <Scm peifoim lumpectomy + iauiotheiapy +- aujuvant theiapy +- chemotheiapy Sentinal noue biopsy shoulu be peifoimeu ovei an axillaiy noue biopsy Always test foi: a= Estiogen & Piogesteione ieceptois, anu R. BER2 piotein The piimaiy tieatment foi inflammatoiy, tumoi size >Scm, anu NETS is systemic theiapy
>/;D(**(,B'9 5('<-/B*( Classic symptoms aie that of inflammation (waim, ieu, painful) Piogiesses iapiuly anu is almost wiuely metastatic at piesentation Bas a veiy pooi piognosis
@(1.,80 6-0.(0. B; ,3. 4'.(0, veiy specific piesentation of ueimatitis + maculai iash ovei the nipple anu aieola Theie is almost always an unueilying uuctal caicinoma
@$;+ $( 01+ -;+,%0< The most common cause of nipple uischaige is intiauuctal papilloma The piesence of uischaige + palpable mass incieases the likelihoou of cancei is gieatei If uischaige is unilateial, fuithei woikup is iequiieu If uischaige is bloouy, fuithei woikup is iequiieu If uischaige is associateu with a mass, fuithei woikup is iequiieu Foi bilateial, milky nipple uischaige ! uo a woikup foi piolactinoma
M",5 ."';5#2$*8 Next step is a mammogiam to look foi unueilying masses anuoi calcifications
If mammogiaphy gives a uefinitive uiagnosis, excision of uuct is iecommenueu Foi nipple uischaige, nevei base uiagnosis on cytology
%(0,(D1-(: Is cyclical oi noncyclical bieast pain that isn't causeu by lumps Tieat with uanazol (inuuces amenoiihea) G9/.<B*(0,-(: Enlaigement of the male bieast, both unilateial anu bilateial No lobules Is causeu by an imbalance in estiogens anu anuiogens, most often occuiiing uuiing pubeity Nay be seen in hypeiestiogen states (ciiihosis, uiugs inhibiting estiogen bieakuown ! ET0B, maiijuana, heioin)
5(/<.' "-0Q0 B; 4'.(0, 5(/<.'0F #1 iisk factoi is genuei (females make up 99% of bieast canceis) In women, age is the #1 factoi Nenaiche < 11yi is a iisk factoi foi bieast cancei Women who aie nullipaious at >Suyi have an incieaseu iisk 9S% of bieast cancei is N0T familial Baving a fiist uegiee ielative with a hx of bieast cancei incieases the iisk of bieast cancei Autosomal uominant conuitions that have incieaseu iisk, such as BRCA-1, BRCA-2 Piioi cancei in the opposite bieast Cancei of the bieast occuis most commonly in the uppei anu outei quauiant of the bieast.
M5#, ,& .& 6&2 ;*2,#"% 42*#', +#''*'X S1+( 0$ .$ ,( *#0;,%$*(. K69L ! this is the fiist step when finuing a palpable mass that feels cystic on physical exam. S1+( 0$ .$ &)(+ (++.#+ ,%>);,0)$( KEX!L ! this is often the fiist step when finuing a palpable mass, anu may be uone eithei aftei an 0S oi insteau of an 0S.
S1+( 0$ .$ +)01+; 2,22$A;,>1= K)& >0 [\U=;L ,(. -)$>%= K$; -)$>%= %$#+#= )& >0 )% ]\U=;L< ! If cyst iecuis moie than twice in 4-6 months ! If theie is bloouy fluiu on aspiiation ! If mass uoesn't appeai completely with a FNA ! Theie is bloouy nipple uischaige ! Theie is euema of the skin anu eiythema that suggests inflammatoiy bieast caicinoma (excisional biopsy) S1+( 0$ $;.+; &$; '=0$#$A= ! any aspiiate with gioss bloou must be senu foi cytology S1+( 0$ $-%+;?+ ,(. ;+>+,0 ,( +Q,2 /)01)( ^D_ /++B% ! whenevei a cyst uisappeais with aspiiation, anu the fluiu is cleai, anuoi when the neeule biopsy anu imaging stuuies aie negative. When shoulu aujuvant theiapy be incluueu in the management ! 0se aujuvant theiapy in all hoimone ieceptoi (+) tumois iegaiuless of any othei factois.
I3./ ,B ,.0, ;B' 4"5#a (/2 4"5#Rs If theie is a histoiy of eaily-onset bieast oi ovaiian cancei in the family If theie is bieast anuoi ovaiian cancei in the same patient A family histoiy of NALE bieast cancei If patient is of Ashkenazi }ewish heiitage I3./ -0 <3.*B,3.'(+9 -/<D)2.2 -/ ,)*B' *(/(1.*./,s When tumoi is >1cm When the uisease is noue (+) I3./ -0 ,'(0,)T)*(N -/<D)2.2 -/ *(/(1.*./,s Incluueu foi metastatic bieast cancei that ovei expiesses BER2neu This is a monoclonal antibouy uiiecteu against the extiacellulai uomain of the BER2neu ieceptoi
!(*BV-;./: Competitively binus to estiogen ieceptois Piouuces a Su% ueciease in iecuiience anu a 2S% ueciease in moitality Excellent foi both pie anu post-op patients
#'B*(,(0. >/3-N-,B'0F Incluue uiugs such as: Anastiazole, Exemestane, anu Letiozole These block the peiipheial piouuction of estiogen These aie the stanuaiu of caie in hoimone ieceptoi (+) women who aie menopausal (moie effective than tamoxifen) Will inciease the iisk of osteopoiosis
HO"O (/(DB1).0F A commonly useu uiug is uoseielin An alteinative oi an auuition to tamoxifen in piemenopausal women 4./.;-,0 B; !(*BV-;./ A-2. .;;.<,0 B; !(*BV-;./ ! inciuence of contialateial bieast cancei " bone uensity in postmenopausal women ! seium cholesteiol ! fiactuies ! caiuiovasculai moitality iate Exaceibates menopausal symptoms
"" iisk of cancei of the enuometiium
**All women with a histoiy of tamoxifen use + vaginal bleeuing shoulu have an evaluation of the enuometiium
Tieatment ieview: If case uesciibes BR(-), pie oi post menopausal ! chemo alone If case uesciibes BR(+), PREmenopausal ! chemo + tamoxifen If case uesciibes BR(+), P0STmenop ! chemo + aiomatase inhibitoi
Chapter 4
Pediatrics
!3. L.ENB'/ 15* @EA@O ';&2*8 This scoie measuies the newboin's neeu foi iesuscitation anu measuies S ciiteiia at 1-minute anu S-minutes. At 1-minute we can ueteimine how well the baby uiu uuiing laboi anu ueliveiy, while at S-minutes we can ueteimine the effectiveness of iesuscitation (if it was neeueu) #@G#" A5?">LG !#4H7
)#%#$"%$ ,5* S*:4&2%8 Theie aie some impoitant things that must be uone immeuiately upon ueliveiy of the newboin, upon ueliveiy give the following: uive 1% silvei nitiate eye uiops 0R u.S% eiythiomycin ophthalmic ointment 1mg of intiamusculai vitamin K (pievents hemoiihagic uisease of the newboin) Befoie uischaiging the newboin fiom the hospital, uo the following: Beaiing test to iule out a sensoiineuial heaiing loss 0iuei neonatal scieening tests: PK0, galactosemia, hypothyioiuism
@4%&2+#7","*' "% ,5* %*:4&2%8 Theie aie many abnoimalities of the newboin that shoulu be iecognizable. It is also impoitant to know which aie benign anu which iequiie fuithei investigation.
Reu, shaiply uemaicateu iaiseu ieu lesions Bemangioma Nay be associateu with high- output caiuiac failuie if veiy laige. Consiuei unueilying involvement of oigans when laige. Steioius oi lasei theiapy if it involves unueilying oigans
0nilateial ieu foimations on heau anu neck (unilateial anu peimanent) Poit Wine Stain Nay be associateu with Stuige- Webei synuiome Pulseu lasei theiapy. If Stuige- Webei must evaluate foi glaucoma anu give anti- convulsives
Bluishgiay macules on lowei back anuoi posteiioi thigh (most commonly) Nongolian Spots Rule out chilu abuse, usually faue within fiist few yeais of life
Fiim, yellow- white papulespustul es with eiythematous base, peaks on 2 nu uay of life Eiythema Toxicum None None, is self- limiteu
Tags oi pits in fiont of the eai Pieauiiculai Tags Associateu with heaiing loss anu u0 abnoimalities 0S of kiuneys anu heaiing test
Befect in the iiis Coloboma of the Iiis Associateu with othei CBARuE uefects Scieen foi CBARuE synuiome
An absence of the iiis Aniiiuia Associateu with Wilm's tumoi Nust scieen foi Wilm's tumoi eveiy S months until 8yi of age
A mass lateial to the miuline Bianchial Cleft Cyst Is a iemnant of embiyonic uevelopment associateu with infections Suigical iemoval
A miuline mass that iises when swallowing Thyioglossal Buct Cyst Nay have ectopic thyioiu, associateu with infections Suigical iemoval
A piotiusion of uI contents thiough umbilicus containeu within a sac 0mphalocele Associateu with chiomosomal uisoiueis anu othei malfoimation s Scieen foi tiisomies.
An abuominal uefect that is lateial to the miuline with no sac coveiing contents uastioschisis Associateu with intestinal atiesia
Rectus abuominus weakness that allows bulging of fetal anu infant umbilical coiu Beinia (umbilical) Congenital hypothyioiuis m This may close spontaneousl y.
Scieen foi hypothyioiu with TSB scieen.
Sciotal swelling that can be tiansilluminate u Byuiocele Associateu with an inguinal heinia Biffeientiate fiom inguinal heinia by shining flashlight
Absence of teste(s) in sciotum Ciyptoichiuis m Associateu with cancei of the teste(s) Suigical iemoval by 1yi
0pening of the uiethia on uoisum of the penis Epispauias 0iinaiy incontinence Evaluate foi blauuei extiophy
0pening of the uiethia on vential suiface of penis Bypospauias No uefinitive mgmt, but not supposeu to ciicumcise the infant
6.:.DB+*./,(D %-D.0,B/.0 Bevelopmental milestones show up ovei anu ovei again on the boaiu exams. By memoiizing the impoitant milestones you aie going to get 2-S easy points on the CK exam. Nilestones iefei to both infant anu auolescent (pubeity) milestones.
2 months Bolus heau up Swipes at objects Coos Social smile 4 months Rolls fiont to back G'(0+0 ?NW.<,0 0iients to voice Laughs 6 months Rolls fiom back to fiont, 0-,0 )+'-13, Tiansfeis objects Babbles 6.:.DB+0 0,'(/1.' (/V-.,9C 0D..+0 (DD /-13, 9 months Ciawls, pulls to a stanu @-/<.' 1'(0+C eats with fingeis LB/Y0+.<-;-< EB'20 Waves gooubye, iesponus to name 12 months A,(/20 B/ BE/ %(,)'. +-/<.' 1'(0+ A+.<-;-< EB'20 u*(*(v Recognizes pictuies in a bookmagazine 1S months I(DQ0 0ses a cup Speaks 4-6 woius !3'BE0 ,.*+.' ,(/,')* 18 months Thiows a ball, walks up the staiis 0ses spoon foi soliu foous Names common objects 4.1-/0 ,B-D., ,'(-/-/1 24 months Staits iunning, can go up anu uown staiis 0ses spoon foi semi- solius A+.(Q0 RY EB'2 0./,./<. Can follow a 2- step commanu S6 months Can iiue a tiicycle Can eat neatly with utensils A+.(Q0 jY EB'2 0./,./<. Knows fiist anu last names
E=4*2,/: The milestones of pubeity aie as follows anu aie baseu on population aveiages: %#H7A K7%#H7A Testiculai enlaigement - 11.S yis Bieast buus - 1u.S yis uenitals inciease in size Pubic Baii uiowth Begins Pubic Baii uiowth Begins Lineai uiowth Spuit - 12 yis Peak uiowth Spuit - 1S.S yis Nenaiche - 12.S yis
53-D2 #N)0. Suspecteu chilu abuse iequiies youi BY LAW to iepoit the suspecteu abuse. You must also explain to the paients why you suspect abuse anu that you aie legally obligateu to iepoit it to chilu piotective seivices. If a paient iefuses hospitalization oi tieatment of theii chilu against the best inteiest of the chilu, you must get an emeigency couit oiuei.
?"$5D2"'9 ;5"7.2*%8 Piematuie infants Chiluien with chionic meuical pioblems Infants with colic Chiluien with behavioial pioblems Poveity stiicken chiluien Chiluien of teenage paients Single paients Chiluien of substance abuseis
37#''"; 6"%."%$'8 Chip fiactuies (uamage to the coinei of metaphysis in long bones) Spiial fiactuies Rib fiactuies Buins (immeision in hot watei, cigaiette buins, stocking-glove buins on hanus anu feet) Beau injuiy - NCC of ueath Sexual abuse
M5*% ,& 5&'0",#7"J* # ;5"7. =%.*2 '='0*;, &6 4*"%$ #4='*.8 The hospital is the safest place foi the chilu The uiagnosis is still uncleai The chilu has a meuical conuition iequiiing hospitalization
M&29=0 6&2 '='0*;,*. ;5"7. #4='*8 PTPTTBT Full skeletal suivey foi bieaks If injuiies aie seveie, get a CT oi NRI + a thoiough eye exam If injuiy is to the abuomen, get an abuominal CT, check foi bloou in the stool anu uiine, anu check livei anu pancieatic enzymes
12*#,+*%,: 1 st - Auuiess meuical anuoi suigical issues befoie all else 2 nu - Repoit abuse to chilu piotective seivices (CPS)
4'.(0, K..2-/1 Theie aie many auvantages to bieastfeeuing: Psychological anu emotional bonuing between mothei anu infant Passive tiansfei of T-cell immunity uecieases iisks of alleigies anu infection 3&%,2#"%.";#,"&%' ,& 42*#', 6**."%$8 BIv CNv BSv (only if lesions aie on bieast) BBv (unless vaccination is given piioi) Substance abuse Bieast cancei Acute illness in mothei that is absent in infant Biugs (list below of contiainuicateu uiugs uuiing bieastfeeuing) #N0BD),.D9 5B/,'(-/2-<(,.2 ".D(,-:.D9 5B/,'(-/2-<(,.2 Alcohol Steioius Nicotine Neuioleptics Antineoplastics Seuatives
Lithium Tetiacycline Chloiamphenicol Sulfonamiues Iouiue anu Neicuiial Biugs Netioniuazole
O-13Y9-.D2 G'BE,3 d 6.:.DB+*./, K(<,0 The height of a chilu at 2 yeais of age noimally coiielates with the final auult height peicentile. By 6 months of age the biith weight shoulu uouble, anu by 1 yeai the biith weight shoulu tiiple. The absolute best inuicatoi foi malnutiition is a chilu who is <S th peicentile foi height anu weight. Skeletal anu sexual matuiity aie ielateu moie than it is ielateu to chionological age. The NCC of failuie to thiive (FTT) in all age gioups is psychosocial uepiivation. In patients with genetic shoit statuie oi constitutional uelay, biith weight is noimal. Patients with both genetic shoit statuie anu constitutional uelay have a giowth pattein that is below anu paiallel to the noimal giowth cuive.
>/;.<,-B)0 6-0.(0.0 Z !3. !B"5OA In geneial, all will have: jaunuice, I0uR, mental ietaiuation, anu hepatosplenomegaly. Look foi things that stanu out with each infection Bisease Chaiacteiistics Toxoplasmosis Acquiieu by mothei thiough pooily ingesteu meat Acquiieu when mothei hanules cat feces thiough littei box 1S of motheis tiansmit anu 1S of infants aie affecteu Causes: -/,'(<.'.N'(D <(D<-;-<(,-B/0, I0uR, seveie mental ietaiuation, 392'B<.+3(D)0, choiioietinitis, epilepsy, hepatosplenomegaly If infecteu ! uo ultiasounu to finu any majoi anomalies Rubella When acquiieu in 1 st tiimestei theie is an 8u% chance of tiansmission When acquiieu in 2 nu tiimestei theie is a Su% chance of tiansmission When acquiieu in S iu tiimestei theie is a S% chance of tiansmission
Signs & Symptoms - <(,('(<,0, I0uR, bluebeiiy muffin iash, glaucoma, choiioietinitis, PBA, pulmonaiy stenosis, #A6C MA6C *9B<('2-,-0, heaiing loss, mental ietaiuation, 2.(;/.00 Biagnosis - confiim with >1% iubella antibouy in neonate's seium. Tieat - goal is univeisal pievention by immunizing all chiluien, theie's no theiapy foi active infection Cytomegaloviius (CNv) Affects 1% of all biiths anu is the most common congenital infection Infection is often asymptomatic Appiox 1% iisk of tiansplacental tiansmission, anu appiox 1u% of infecteu infants manifest uefects Congenital uefects - miciochephaly, +.'-:./,'-<)D(' -/,'(<'(/-(D <(D<-;-<(,-B/0, I0Ru, choiioietinitis, seveie mental ietaiuation, 0./0B'-/.)'(D 3.('-/1 DB00 Tiansmission is thiough bouy fluius 6-(1/B0. E-,3 )'-/. 5%M <)D,)'. Beipes Simplex viius vaginal ueliveiy uuiing active infection = appiox Su% get infecteu C-section is iequiieu if active infection a 0, E..Q Z +/.)*B/-( (/2 03B<Q R /2 E..Q Z 0Q-/ :.0-<D.0C Q.'(,B<B/W)/<,-:-,-0 I..Q jYf Z (<),. *./-/1B./<.+3(D-,-0 Tieat - acyclovii ! significantly uecieases moitality Syphilis Theie is almost a 1uu% tiansmission iate, occuis mostly aftei 1 st tiimestei 4u% ueath iate (fetal anu peiinatal) Nanifests eaily (fiist 2 yeais), then late (within next 2 uecaues) SignsSymptoms of eaily infection - jaunuice, incieaseu LFTs, hemolytic anemia, iash that is followeu by 2.0_)(*(,-B/ B; ,3. 3(/20 (/2 ;..,, 0/);;D.0 (bloou- tingeu nasal secietions), B0,.B<3B/2'-,-0, sattle nose. Late symptoms - Butchinson teeth (uppei 2 incisois get notcheu), mulbeiiy molais, bone thickening (fiontal bossing), sabei shins (anteiioi bowing of tibia) 4.0, -/-,-(D ,.0, Z M6"H 0<'../-/1 %B0, 0+.<-;-< ,.0, Z >1%YK!#Y#4A Tieat - Penicillin u foi 1u-14 uays
>/;(/, 4B,)D-0* An acute anu flacciu paialysis causeu by C. Botulinum. Iiieveisible blocks ielease of Ach Causeu by the ingestion of iaw honey -"$%'V-/+0,&+'8 Constipation Lethaigy Weak ciy Pooi feeuing Bypotonia Biooling ! suck ieflexes ! spontaneous movements !"#$%&'"': Baseu on PE anu the acute onset of flacciu paialysis 12*#,+*%,: Suppoitive caie + intubation
5B**B/ M-'(D 7V(/,3.*0 6-0.(0. A-1/0 (/2 A9*+,B*0 Neasles (Rubeola) Paiamyxoviius Begins at haiiline then moves uownwaiu, is an eiythematous maculopapulai iash that eiupts S uays aftei piouiome. Pathognomonic "Koplik spots" often uisappeai befoie iash staits (white spots on buccal mucosa) Biagnosis - cough, coiyza, conjunctivitis (SC's) Rubella (ueiman measles) Togaviius Suboccipital lymphauenopathy* A maculopapulai iash staits on the face then geneializes Rash lasts appioximately S uays Soft palate may show ieu spots of vaiious sizes Banu, foot, & mouth uisease (Coxsackie A) Patient has vesiculai iash on the hanus anu feet + ulceiations in the mouth Rash lasts appioximately 1 week Is contagious by contact Roseola Infantum (BBv-6) Acute fevei lasts 1-S uays, but chilu shows no physical symptoms anu uoes not feel ill 0nce fevei uiops, a maculopapulai iash appeais ovei the whole bouy (lasts 24his) Eiythema Infectiosum (S th uisease - Paivo "Slappeu cheek" synuiome An eiythematous maculopapulai iash spieaus
B19) fiom the aims to the tiunklegs, foims "ieticulai" pattein Bangeious if pt has sickle cell uisease uue to tenuency to foim aplastic ciisis vaiicella (chicken pox) Bighly contagious, teaiuiop vesicles that bieak anu ciust ovei. Staits on face anu tiunk then spieaus Contagious until ciusting ovei
M(<<-/(,-B/0 This uiagiam is the typical vaccination iecommenuation foi chiluien fiom u-6yi olu
"7A@>"#!?"[ 6>A?"67"A
$++.' ".0+-'(,B'9 >/;.<,-B/0 5B/2-,-B/ @'.0./,(,-B/ 6-(1/B0-0 %(/(1.*./, @'B1/B0-0 Cioup (Paiainfluenz a 1 oi S, Influenza A oi B) Smnth - Syi with 0RI sx + ueep baiking coughstiiuoi .
Symptoms woisen at night Nothing neeueu foi uiagnosis but a neck-x-iay shoulu be hau 1. Bumiuifieu u2 2. Nebulizeu epi + steioius
Spontaneousl y iesolves within 1 wk.
Always be waiy of the possibility of epiglottis Epiglottitis (Bib, S. pyogenes, s. pneumo, anu mycoplasma) Acute onset of muffleu voice, uiooling, high fevei, uysphagia, anu inspiiatoiy stiiuoi.
Patient will lean foiwaiu to ease bieathing %.2-<(D 7*.'1./<9
Ngmt baseu on clinical ux, stabilize fiist then uo woikup:
Woikup: Neck xiay looking foi thumbpiint sign.
Bloou cultuies
Epiglottic swab cultuie
1. Aumit to hospital 2. Anesthesia anu ENT consult S. Intubation 4. Ceftiiaxon e + steioius S. Bouseholu contacts shoulu get Rifampin if patient is B.Influenza +ve Without piompt tieatment aiiway obstiuction can leau to ueath Bacteiial Tiacheitis (S. Auieus) Chilu usually <Syi, aftei a viial 0RI gets cough that sounus "Biassy", has high fevei, iespiiatoiy uistiess B0T Bx is clinical but also uo a laiyngoscop y anu CXR
CXR looking foi sub- glottic naiiowing Antistaph Ab's, if seveie intubate Aiiway obstiuction is a life-thieat complication
no signs oi symptoms of seveiity of epiglottitis
Bloou cult + thioat cult.
?,-,-0 %.2-( Common in chiluien anu often piecipitateu by an 0RI Conuitions that uisiupt piopei Eustachian tube uiainage leau to chionic 0N NCC aie: stiep pneumonia, B. Infl, Noiaxella, oi viial causes -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Eiythema anu ! motility of tympanic membiane ! heaiing Eai piessuie Bulging tympanic membiane with visualization of fluiu behinu TN 12*#,+*%,8 P ', 7"%* ! Amoxicillin Q %. 7"%* ! Amoxicillin + Clavulinic Aciu (augmentin) ** Foi iecuiiing 0N, ENT consult anu tubes may neeu to be inseiteu
4'B/<3-BD-,-0 Classically piesents as chilu <2yi with the following: Nilu 0RI Fevei Paioxysmal wheezing cough Tachypnea Byspnea Wheezing anu piolongeu expiiations 3&++&% ;#='*' #2*8 RSv (in up to Su%) Paiainfluenza viius Auenoviius
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Inflammation Aii tiapping anu ovei inflation (uue to ball-valve obstiuction)
!"#$%&'"': Bx is clinically baseu. Best initial test ! CXR looking foi hypeiinflation + patchy atelectasis Nost specific test ! Immunofluoiescence of nasophaiyngeal swab
12*#,+*%,: Nostly suppoitive If tachypnea is seveie hospitalize anu give tiial of nebulizeu #-agonists
@/.)*B/-( Theie aie uiffeient causes of pneumonia: F);,# ! NCC in chiluien <Syi, NCC is RSv J,'0+;),# ! NCC in chiluien >Syi, NCC aie S. Pneumo, Nycoplasm Pneumo :1#,2=.),# ! Common in infants 1-S month with insiuious onset
F);,#: Tachypnea is the most consistent finuing in viial pneumonia 0RI symptoms Low giaue fevei
J,'0+;),#: Acute onset with suuuen shaking chills Bigh giaue fevei Cough Chest pain (pleuiitis- pain with iespiiation)
Biminisheu bieath sounus Bullness to peicussion of the lung fielus
:1#,2=.),#: Nost common finuing aie a "staccato cough" anu "peiipheial eosinophilia" No fevei oi wheezing Nay be conjunctivitis
!"#$%&'"': CXR: viial ! hypeiinflation with bilateial inteistitial infiltiates Bacteiial (pneumo) ! lobai consoliuation NycoplasmaChlamyuia ! unilateial lowei-lobe inteistitial pneumo that looks woise than the patient's piesenting symptoms CBC: viial ! <2uuuu wbc Bact ! 1Suuu-4uuuu
12*#,+*%,: Nilu cases can be manageu on an outpatient basis, Amoxicillin is the best choice. Augmenting may also be useu Seveie cases iequiie hospitalization anu aie tieateu with Iv ceftiiaxone If pneumonia is of viial oiigin, witholu Ab's unless patient ueteiioiates. Chlamyuia oi Nycoplasma tieateu with eiythiomycin
%$A5$H?AP7H7!#H 6>A?"67"A
H-*+ 8,)(&*# #)2>)(A most often occuis acutely, anu may be associateu with fevei, iiiitability. Young infants may iefuse to walk 8,)(#+%% #)2>)(A usually has an insiuious onset anu is moie commonly uue to weakness oi uefoimity of the limb seconuaiy to uevelopmental hip uysplasia, ceiebial palsy, oi leg-length uisciepancy This table shows the uiffeient causes of 8!4XE6O O4@8 6-0.(0. 53('(<,.'-0,-<0 !'.(,*./, #',3'-,-0 \A.+,-<^ The #1 cause of painful limp in 1- Syi olu Is usually monoaiticulai (hip, ankle, oi knee) NCC S. Auieus
`;,=: shows joint space wiuening + soft tissue swelling.
R),A($%+: joint aspiiate shows WBC % 1u,uuu with PNN pieuominance Biainage + antibiotics that aie appiopiiate to the cultuie obtaineu fiom the joint aspiiate !BV-< A9/B:-,-0 NC in males S-1uyi anu may pioceue 0RI
9)Y9Q: insiuious onset of pain, low-giaue fevei, wbc anu ESR aie noimal
0sually no tenueiness, waimth, oi swelling
Rest + analgesia foi S-S uays
`;,= is noimal
R),A($%+: technetium scan that shows " epiphyseal uptake #0.+,-< M(0<)D(' L.<'B0-0 H.11Y5(D:.Y@.',3.0 2V Beau of femui 4-9yi olu Boys Sx moie than giils
9)Y9Q: afebiile with insiuious onset of hip pain, pain of innei thighknee, " pain with movement, ! with iest, noimal wbc anu ESR
`;,=: femoial heau scleiosis anu " wiuth of the femoial neck
RQ: technetium scan shows ! uptake in epiphysis ! weight beaiing on affecteu siue ovei long teim AD-++.2 5(+-,(D K.*B'(D 7+-+390-0 \A5K7^ NC in obese males 8-17yi 2u%-Su% bilateial 8u% occui slowly anu piogiessively wheie 2u% occui acutely anu associateu with tiauma Suigical pinning
9)Y9Q: uull, aching pain in hipknee, pain with activity
`;,=: "ice cieam scoop falling off cone" to uesciibe lateial movement of the femui shaft in ielation to the femoial heau
RQ: stiictly clinical ?0,.B*9.D-,-0 X+$(,0+% - S. Auieus Su% of time :1)#.;+( - Staph, Stiep, Salmonella (sickle cell)
9)Y9Q in young infants: only symptom may be fevei 9)Y9Q in oluei chiluien: fevei, malaise, euema, anu ! extiemity movement
RQ: neutiophilic leukocytosis, " ESR, bloou cultuies, bone scan is 9u% sensitive. NRI is golu stanuaiu Iv antibiotics foi 4-6 weeks
5BDD(1./ M(0<)D(' 6-0.(0.
w):./-D. "3.)*(,B-2 #',3'-,-0 Chionic inflammation of % joints in a patient & 16yi 0ccuis NC in 1-4yi olus, females > males Theie aie S categoiies: Systemic, pauciaiticulai, anu polyaiticulai !"#$%&'"': Symptoms that peisist foi S consecutive months with the exclusion of othei causes of aithiitis oi collagen vasculai uisease. 12*#,+*%,: NSAIBs, low-uose NTX, anu pieunisone in acute febiile onset !9+.0 B; w):./-D. "# A90,.*-< \A,-DD80 2-0.(0.^ Z aStYRSt Patient has high-spiking fevei that ietuins to noimal uaily Small, pale pink macules with cential palloi on tiunk & pioximal extiemities with possible palm & sole involvement }oint involvement may not occui foi weeks to months 1S have uisabling chionic aithiitis @()<-(',-<)D(' Z fStYqSt Involves & 4 joints, piimaiily affecting laige joints (knee, elbow, ankle) Chionic joint uisease is abnoimal Feveimalaiseanemialymphauenopathy common 2 Types: Type 1 - NC, females <4yi, 9u% ANA (+), inci iisk of chionic iiiuocyclitis Type 2 - NC males >8yi, ANA (-), 7S% aie BLA- B27 (+), inci iisk of Ankylosing sponuylitis oi Reitei's synuiome latei in life @BD9(',-<)D(' % S joints aie involveu, both small & laige, insiuious onset, fevei, lethaigy, anemia Theie aie 2 types that uepenu on whethei iheumatoiu factoi is (+) oi (-) RF (+) - 8u% females, late onset, moie seveie, iheumatoiu nouules piesent, 7S% aie ANA (+) RF (-) - occuis at any time uuiing chiluhoou, milu, iaiely ass'u with iheumatoiu nouules, 2S% aie ANA (+)
P(E(0(Q-80 6-0.(0. A mucocutaneous lymph noue synuiome Affects laige anu meuium vessel vasculitis in chiluien <Syi of age Noie commonly seen in chiluien of }apanese heiitage
!"#$%&'"': Biagnosis iequiies the piesence of a FEvER > 1u4F oi 4uC foi moie than S uays that is uniesponsive to antibiotics i 4S of the following ciiteiia: 0sing the mnemonic CRASB to iemembei the ciiteiia 1. 5onjunctivitis 2. "ash (tiuncal) S. #neuiysms of the coionaiy aiteiies 4. Atiawbeiiy tongue S. Oanu anu foot inuuiation (eiythema of the palms anu soles)
3&+07";#,"&%': 1u%-4u% of untieateu cases show uilationaneuiysm of the coionaiy aiteiies
12*#,+*%,: IvIu to pievent coionaiy vasculitis + high-uose aspiiin Bo not give steioius as this will exaceibate the conuition
E2&$%&'"': With iesponse to IvIu + aspiiin is iapiu anu 2S become afebiile within 1 uay. Always ie-evaluate in 1 week, iepeat ECB0 at S-6wk post illness If no fuithei abn on ECB0 then no fuithei imaging is necessaiy
O./B<3YA<3B/D.-/ @)'+)'( A small-vessel vasculitis meuiateu by IgA nephiopathy (Beigei's uisease)
-"$%' #%. '/+0,&+'8 A palpable puipuia on the legs anu buttocks is pathognomonic in chiluien Nay also have abuominal pain uue to intussusception
12*#,+*%,: Self-limiteu anu iaiely piogiesses to glomeiulonephiitis
O-0,-B<9,B0-0 c A piolifeiation of histiocytic cells iesembling Langeihan's skin cells 71+;+ ,;+ a '$22$( ?,;),(0%< a= H.,,.'.'YA-E. 2-0.(0.
An acute, aggiessive, uisseminateu vaiiant that is often fatal in infants -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Bepatosplenomegaly Lymphauenopathy Pancytopenia Lung involvement Recuiient infections
R= O(/2YA<3)DD.'Y53'-0,-(/
A chionicpiogiessive vaiiant that piesents piioi to S yi 37#''"; ,2"#.8 Skull lesions + uiabetes insipiuus + exophthalmos
j= 7B0-/B+3-D-< 1'(/)DB*(
Extiaskeletal involvement usually limiteu to the lungs Bas the best piognosis of all vaiiants anu often iegiesses spontaneously
%.,(NBD-< 6-0B'2.'0
5B/1./-,(D O9+B,39'B-2-0* Newboin scieening is manuatoiy by law T4 is essential uuiing the fiist two yeais of life foi noimal biain uevelopment 0sually uue to seconuaiy thyioiu agenesis oi enzyme uefects Biith histoiy is usually noimal with a piolongeu peiiou of jaunuice -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 At 6-12 weeks the infant uevelops pooi feeuing, lethaigy, hypotonia, coaise facial featuies, laige piotiuuing tongue, constipation, hoaise ciy, anu uevelopmental uelay !"#$%&'"'8 ! T4, " TSB 12*#,+*%,: Levothyioxine Belay of tieatment beyonu 6 wks iesults in mental ietaiuation
L.ENB'/ w()/2-<. Timefiame Biffeiential Bx Within 24hi of biith Sepsis Bemolysis (AB0Rh isoimmunization, heieuitaiy spheiocytosis) Within 48hi of biith Bemolysis Infection Physiologic Aftei 48hi Infection Bemolysis Bieast milk jaunuice Congenital malfoimation hepatitis
** Su% of neonates have jaunuice uuiing theii fiist week of life
81=%)$#$A)' P,*(.)'+< Clinically benign conuition that occuis between 24-48hi aftei biith Chaiacteiizeu by unconjugateu hypeibiliiubinemia Cause is incieaseu biliiubin piouuction + a ielative ueficiency in glucuionyl tiansfeiase in the immatuie livei 12*#,+*%,: None iequiieu
I,*(.)'+ >;+%+(0 ,0 -);01 D >,01$#$A)' Is always pathologic anu appeais within 24his of biith Biliiubin iises >SmguLuay Biliiubin >12mguL in teim infant Biiect biliiubin >2mguL at any time Bypeibiliiubinemia is piesent aftei the 2 nu week of life
M&29=0 6&2 0#,5&7&$"; ]#=%.";*8 Total anu uiiect biliiubin Biiect Coomb's test Bloou type of infant anu mothei (AB0 oi Rh incompatibility)
CBC, ietic #, peiipheial smeai (assessing foi hemolysis) 0A anu uiine cultuie (if elevateu is uiiect biliiubin - assess foi sepsis) >6 02&7&%$*. ^Q :**9'< .& ,5* 6&77&:"%$8 If " conjugateu biliiubin Initial uiagnostic tests ! LFT's Nost specific test ! 0S anu livei biopsy If no elevation of unconjugateu biliiubin 0TI oi othei type of infection Biliiubin conjugation abnoimalities (uilbeits, Ciiglei-Najjai) Bemolysis Intiinsic ieu cell membiane uefect oi enzyme uefect (spheiocytosis, elliptocytosis, u6PB uef, pyiuvate kinase ueficiency) 12*#,+*%,: When biliiubin is >1u-12 mguL ! phototheiapy Exchange tiansfusion if encephalopathy is suspecteu oi theie is failuie of impiovement with phototheiapy
12*#,+*%,: 0v light to bieak uown biliiubin pigments 0igent tieatment is impeiative in oiuei to pievent keinicteius inuuceu mental ietaiuation 3&+07";#,"&%': 0v light can cause uiaiihea, ueimatitis, uehyuiation, anu uamage to the ietina (be cautious of these auveise effects)
".9. A9/2'B*. The use of salicylates in chiluien causes an acute encephalopathy + fatty uegeneiation of the livei Nost commonly occuis in chiluien ageu 4-12yi
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Alteinates an asymptomatic inteival with abiupt onset of vomiting, ueliiium, stupoi, abnoimal LFT's Rapiu piogiession to seizuies, coma, anu ueath !"#$%&'"': Significantly elevateu livei enzymes 12*#,+*%,: 0igent ICP management with mannitol anu fluiu iestiiction ulucose auministiation uue to iapiu uepletion of stoies E2&$%&'"'8 Bau if seium ammonia levels aie incieaseu Sfolu, anu if theie is a uecieaseu PT level that W0NT iesponu to vitamin K If uisease is milu the iecoveiy is usually goou anu iapiu A seveie uisease can iesult in peimanent neuio uefects
A.-T)'.0 In the newboin, seizuies may piesent as jitteis with iepetitive sucking movements, tongue thiusting, anu apneic spells. Bloou counts anu chemistiies aie often WNL Neonatal seizuies can be uiagnoseu by the piesence of oculai ueviation anu failuie of jitteis to subsiue with stimulus !"#$%&'"': EEu - often noimal CBC + chemistiy panel ! often the cause is hypoglycemia in case of uBN Amino aciu assay looking foi inboin eiiois of metabolism Total coiu bloou IgN to look foi ToRCB infections 0iine cultuies LP if suspecteu meningitis 0S of heau if infant is pieteim ! looking foi bleeuing 12*#,+*%,: 1 st line B0C is Phenobaibital Peisistent seizuie not iesponsive to Phenobaibital - give Phenytoin
E+-;)#+ 9+)b*;+% 0sually between Smnt - Syi A fevei is piesent with no othei signs of infection Is the NC convulsive uisoiuei in chiluien anu iaiely uevelops into epilepsy Seizuie occuis uuiing tempeiatuie iise (% 1u2F) but not at its peak -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 NC is a tonic-clonic seizuie that iaiely last moie than 1umin + a uiowsy postictal peiiou is common Seizuie lasting >1Smin is usually uue to an infectious piocess !"#$%&'"': Clinical uiagnosis is usually all that is neeueu Routine labs only iequiieu to iuentify a souice of the fevei LP to iule out meningitis (only if suspecteu) 12*#,+*%,: Contiol fevei with antipyietics Reassuie paientscounsel
Always uo a caieful evaluation foi the souice of the fevei ** Su%-Su% of chiluien expeiience iecuiient febiile seizuies
G./.,-< (/2 5B/1./-,(D 6-0B'2.'0
E,)#*;+ 0$ 71;)?+ Is the failuie of chiluien to giow anu uevelop at an appiopiiate iate Nay be uue to inauequate caloiies oi inability to absoib the caloiies Nay be iuiopathic oi uue to othei uiseases Factois such as 0&G*2,/, 6#+"7/ 02&47*+', %*&%#,#7 02&47*+', anu +#,*2%#7 .*02*''"&n shoulu all be incluueu in uiagnosis !"#$%&'"': Requiies S ciiteiia foi a FTT uiagnosis: 1. Chilu <2yi with weight <S th peicentile foi age on >1 occasion 2. Chilu <2yi whose weight is <8u% of iueal foi age S. Chilu <2yi whose weight ciosses 2 majoi peicentiles uownwaiu on a stanuaiuizeu giowth chait IK;*0,"&%': uenetically shoit statuie Small foi gestational age chiluien Pieteim infants veiy lean (be caieful heie) " height with a !weight gain (causes an oveiweight chilu - caieful attention foi this uiagnosis) 12*#,+*%,: 0iganic causes ! tieat unueilying conuition + supplement with sufficient caloiies Iuiopathic causes ! euucate paient on nutiition anu obseive paient while feeuing 0luei infantschiluien ! offei solius befoie liquius, ! mealtime uistiactions, have chilu eat with otheis, nevei foice-feeu ** Nonitoi closely foi weight gain with auequate caloiie consumption
E2&$%&'"': In the 1 st yeai of life the px is pooi since the biain uevelops eaily in life 1S of chiluien with nonoiganic failuie to thiive aie uevelopmentally uelayeu
:;,()$&,'),# !-($;2,#)0)+% The miluest foim of cianiofacial abnoimality is the "bifiu uvula", anu has no clinical significance
37*6, B"0: Nay occui unilateially oi bilateially Causeu by a failuie of fusion of maxillaiy piominences NC foim is unilateial cleft lip No inteifeience with feeuing Tieat with suigical iepaii
37*6, E#7#,*: Nay be anteiioi oi posteiioi Anteiioi cleft palate is uue to failuie of the fusion of the palatine shelves with the piimaiy palate Posteiioi cleft palate is uue to failuie of the fusion of the palatine shelves with the nasal septum These conuitions will inteifeie with feeuing anu thus iequiie a special nipple foi the baby to feeu piopeily Tieat with suigical iepaii
)#;2&$7&''"#: Is a congenitally enlaigeu tongue Seen in conuitions such as Bown's synuiome, hypothyioiuism, anu gigantism Can be acquiieu latei in life via aciomegaly anuoi amyloiuosis Is N0T glossitis, which is fiom a B-vitamin ueficiency Tieatment is aimeu at tieating the unueilying cause
!;($#.D:1),;) @,#&$;2,0)$( A congenital uisoiuei wheie the ceiebellum is cauually uisplaceu, the meuulla is elongateu anu passes into the foiamen magnum.
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Flatteneu skull base Byuiocephalus Aqueuuct stenosis E2&$%&'"': Beath usually as neonate of touulei
X+*;,# 7*-+ R+&+'0% Associateu with incieaseu $-fetopiotein in the mateinal seium vERY PREvENTABLE with F0LATE supplementation -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Spina bifiua (failuie of posteiioi veitebial aiches to close) Neningocele (lack of veitebiae coveiing the lumbai spinal coiu) 12*#,+*%,: Pievention is key (folic aciu supplementation) Neuio ueficits iemain
E+0,# !#'$1$# 9=(.;$2+ In chiluien boin to alcoholic motheis, oi motheis who consumeu excessive alcohol uuiing piegnancy -"$%' #%. '/+0,&+'8 Chaiacteiistic facial abnoimalities anu uevelopmental uelays ASB Niciocephaly Smooth filtium of uppei lip 12*#,+*%,: Cessation of ET0B consumption when piegnant
:$(A+()0,# 8=#$;)' 90+($%)% Piesents with piojectile vomiting in fiist 2wk-2month of life Seen moie commonly in males anu in 1 st -boin chiluien The pathognomonic finuing is the palpable "olive mass" in the miu- epigastiium (hypeitiophieu pyloiic stenosis) Biagnosis: Palpation of "olive" mass is often sufficient If no mass can be palpateu, to an ultiasounu (0S) Tieatment: Longituuinal suigical incision of hypeitiophieu pyloius
:$(A+()0,# V+,;0 R)%+,%+% !9R8 0ften asymptomatic anu founu on ioutine physicals Can pieuispose to CBF in the 2 nu anu S iu uecaues of life Nay also pieuispose to stiokes (uue to an embolus bypass tiact) -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Niusystolic ejection muimui Louu S1 Wiue fixeu-split S2
!"#$%&'"': Echocaiuiogiaphy 12*#,+*%,: Suigical patching Tieatment is moie impoitant foi females because they have an inciease in caiuiovasculai stiess uuiing piegnancy
F+(0;)'*#,; 9+>0,# R+&+'0 KF9RL Is the NC congenital heait uefect Su% of these vSB's close spontaneously by 2yi of age -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Small uefects may be asymptomatic Laige uefects can cause CBF Can cause uelayeuuecieaseu uevelopment anu giowth Bolosystolic muimui heaiu ovei the entiie piecoiuium anu maximally at the 4 th left inteicostal space I"'*%+*%$*2N' 3&+07*K8 A iight to left shunt seconuaiy to pulmonaiy hypeitension Rv hypeitiophy causes a flow ieveisal thiough the shunt, iesulting in a R! L shunt uet cyanosis seconuaiy to lack of bloou flow to the lungs !"#$%&'"': Echocaiuiogiaphy 12*#,+*%,: Simple uefects iequiie complete closuie
7+0;,#$A= $& E,##$0 Foui uefects make up this tetialogy, they aie: 1. vSB 2. Pulmonaiy outflow obstiuction S. Rv hypeitiophy 4. 0veiiiuing aoita -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Cyanosis uevelops within fiist 6 months of life (not piesent at biith) "Tet Spells" aie acute cyanosis accompanieu by panic, wheie chilu goes into a squatting position because it helps impiove bloou flow to the lungs !"#$%&'"': Echo CXR shows "boot-shapeu" contoui of the heait uue to Rv enlaigement 12*#,+*%,: Suigical iepaii of vSB anu pulmonaiy outflow tiacts
7;,(%>$%)0)$( $& 01+ N;+,0 !;0+;)+% Aoita comes off the iight ventiicle Pulmonaiy aiteiy comes off left ventiicle Without a peisistent Av communication this conuition is incompatible with life. Thus iequiies a PBA oi peisistent foiamen ovale. -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Naikeu cyanosis at biith Eaily clubbing of the uigits CXR shows an enlaigeu egg-shapeu heait anu an inciease in pulmonaiy vasculatuie !"#$%&'"': Echo 12*#,+*%,: Suigical switching of the aiteiial ioots to noimal positions with iepaii of communication uefect
E2&$%&'"': Without tieatment is fatal within seveial months of biith
:$,;'0,0)$( $& 01+ !$;0, A congenital aoitic naiiowing that is often asymptomatic in chiluien
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Noimal BP in aims with uecieaseu BP in legs Continuous muimui ovei collateial vessels in the back The classic XRAY shows "iib notching" !"#$%&'"': Confiim with CT oi aoitogiam 12*#,+*%,: Suigical iesection of coaictation anu ieanastomosis
8,0+(0 R*'0*% !;0+;)$%*% K8R!L " inciuence with piematuie biiths Pt pieuisposeu to enuocaiuitis anu PvB's -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Continuous machineiy muimui that's best heaiu at 2 nu left inteispace Wiue pulse piessuie Bypoxia !"#$%&'"': Echo oi caiuiac catheteiization 12*#,+*%,: Inuomethacin inuuces closuie (blocks piostaglanuins) foi chiluien
Appioximately Su% of cases occui in chiluien <6yi 92% occui at home, 6u% with non-phaim agents, 4u% with phaim agents 7S% of cases aie uue to ingestion, 8% ueimal, 6% ophthalmic, anu 6% inhalation Lavage is often unnecessaiy in chiluien but may be useful in uiugs uecieasing gastiic motility Chaicoal is often most effective anu safest pioceuuie to pievent absoiption (but is ineffective in heavy metal oi volatile hyuiocaibon poisoning).
#2BD.0<./<.
3>).+2)$#$A= >%]=2"*': Su% of auolescent ueaths attiibuteu to injuiies Nany uue to ET0B & elicit uiugs 0luei auolescents have inciease ueaths uue to NvA, while youngei auolescents have ueaths uue to uiowning anu weapon injuiies Bomiciue iates aie Sx> foi Blacks than White males -=";".*8 Is the 2 nu leauing cause of auolescent ueath Females attempt moie but males aie Sx moie likely to succeeu Suiciue attempts aie gieatei in those who abuse ET0B anu uiugs -=4',#%;* #4='*8 A majoi cause of moibiuity in auolescents Aveiage age of 1 st usage is 12-14yi Bigh school seniois on aveiage: 9u% tiieu ET0B, 4u% tiieu maiijuana -*K: 61% of all males anu 47% of all females in high school have hau sex Biggest iisks: unwanteu piegnancy, STB's 86% of STB's occui among auolescents anu young auults between 1S-29yi of age >1 million female auolescents become piegnant yeaily, SS% aie <1Syi olu
Chapter 5
Biostats
Success in answeiing the biostatistics questions comes fiom not only memoiizing the following chaits, but actually unueistanuing them. If you can giasp what is happening you will not have any issues in this section.
7;*+ 8$%)0)?+< is the # of people who have the uisease with +ve iesults E,#%+ 8$%)0)?+: is the # of people who in fact uo not have the uisease with a +ve test iesult 7;*+ X+A,0)?+: is the # of people who uo not have a uisease who testeu -ve E,#%+ X+A,0)?+: is the # of people who have the uisease who testeu -ve
9+(%)0)?)0= ! |AA+Cj Sensitivity is a tests ability to uetect a uisease 9>+')&)')0= ! |BB+Bj Specificity is a tests ability to uetect health 8$%)0)?+ 8;+.)'0)?+ F,#*+ ! |AA+Bj The positive pieuictive value (PPv) uetects the likelihoou that the patient has a uisease when they test positive foi a test X+A,0)?+ 8;+.)'0)?+ F,#*+ ! |BC+Bj The negative pieuictive value measuies how likely a patient is in fact healthy aftei a test iesult comes back negative.
5..% M,0)$ ! |(a X u) (b X c)j Compaies the inciuence of uisease in people exposeu X inciuence of non-uisease in people not exposeu, uiviueu by the inciuence of people unexposeu anu inciuence of non-uisease in those exposeu. 0R >1 = the factoi being stuuieu is a iisk factoi foi the outcome 0R < 1 = the factoi being stuuieu is a piotective factoi in iespect to the outcome 0R = 1 = no significant uiffeience in outcome in eithei exposeu oi unexposeu gioup M+#,0)?+ M)%B ! |a(a+b) u(c+u)j Compaies uisease iisk in people exposeu to a ceitain factoi with uisease iisk in people who have not been exposeu !00;)-*0,-#+ M)%B ! |a(a+b) - u(c+u)j The attiibutable iisk is the # of cases attiibutable to one iisk factoi
A,(/2('2 6.:-(,-B/ 1 stanuaiu ueviation - 68% fall within 1 SB 2 stanuaiu ueviations - 9S% fall within 2 SB's S stanuaiu ueviations - 99.7% fall within S SB's
NEAN - the aveiage value NEBIAN - the miuule value
N0BE - the most common value
+vE SKEW A +ve skeweu giaph means the 2+,([2+.),([2$.+
-vE SKEW A -ve skeweu giaph means the 2+,(]2+.),(]2$.+ Noimal bell cuive Nean = meuian = moue
N0 BISEASE BISEASE This chait iepiesents sensitivity & specificity If the cutoff point foi a uisease is moveu fiom false (+) ! false (-), theie will be an " in the # of positive iesults. Thus an " in sensitivity (TP", FP", FN!, PPv!j If the cutoff point is iaiseu fiom the false (-) ! false (+), this will " specificity |TN", FP"j
5B''.D(,-B/ <BY.;;-<-./, Neasuies to what uegiee the vaiiables aie ielateu (fiom -1 to +1) u = theie is no coiielation +1 = theie is a peifect coiielation (thus if 1 vaiiable incieases so uoes the othei) -1 = theie is a peifect negative coiielation (thus if 1 vaiiable incieases the othei uecieases)
5B/;-2./<. -/,.':(D (/2 +Y:(D). Two values useu to stiengthen a finuing of a stuuy. Foi statistical significance, the confiuence inteival must not contain the null value (RR=1). Fuithei, statistically significant iesults have a p-value <u.uS (meaning theie is <S% chance that the iesults obtaineu weie uue to chance alone). A p-value <u.uS is geneially useu as a cutoff foi statistical significance in meuicine. u.uS means theie is a & S% chance that iesults obtaineu aie uue to ianuom chance. When the p-value is & u.uS we ieject the null hypothesis (null hypothesis says that a iesult is uue to ianuom eiioi oi chance)
The confiuence inteival is given in 2 uigits, anu the closei they aie, the moie confiuence theie is. * With incieaseu subjects theie is a tightei confiuence inteival
#,,'-N),(ND. "-0Q @.'<./, \#"@^ Neasuies the impact of a iisk factoi being stuuieu. The ARP iepiesents the excess iisk in a population that can be explaineu by exposuie to a paiticulai iisk factoi. Calculate ARP: |(RR -1)RRj
>/<-2./<. :0 @'.:(D(/<. 4(').+('+ ! the # of new cases of a uisease ovei a unit of time 8;+?,#+('+ ! is the total # of cases of a uisease (new oi olu) at a ceitain point in time If a uisease is tieateu only to piolong life without cuiing the uisease (ie. Teiminal canceis), then inciuence iemains the same but pievalence incieases. ** In shoit teim uiseases: inciuence > pievalence ** In long teim uiseases: pievalence > inciuence M+#),-)#)0= ! gives similai oi veiy close iesults on iepeat measuies F,#).)0=Y!''*;,'= ! uefineu as a test's ability to measuie what it is supposeu to measuie (as compaieu to the golu stanuaiu) 8;+')%)$( ! is incieaseu with a tightei confiuence inteival, anu CI is maue tightei with a highei # of subjects
A,)29 !9+.0 :,%+D:$(0;$#Y3Q>+;)2+(0,# ! Is the golu stanuaiu, compaies 2 equal gioups wheie one has a changeu vaiiable 8;$%>+'0)?+ ! Also known as: 3&5&2,< W4'*2G#,"&%#7< >%;".*%;*. Takes a sample anu uiviues it into 2 gioups baseu on piesence oi absence of iisk factoi, anu follows ovei time to see what uevelops. ** These aie time consuming anu expensive. M+0;$%>+'0)?+ ! Chooses a population (aftei the fact) baseu on the piesence oi absence of a iisk factoi. ** Costs less, less time consuming, bettei foi iaie uiseases. :,%+ 9+;)+% ! uesciibes the clinical piesentation of people with a ceitain uisease :;$%%D9+'0)$(,#Y8;+?,#+('+! This stuuy looks at the pievalence of uisease anu the pievalence of iisk factois. Takes sample fiom a population at one point in time. This compaies 2 uiffeient cultuies.
3>).+2)' ! When the obseiveu inciuence gieatly exceeus the expecteu inciuence 8,(.+2)' ! Is an epiuemic seen ovei a wiue geogiaphical aiea.
!.0, %.,3B20 7/$D%,2>#+ 7D0+%0: is useu to compaie the means of 2 gioups of subjects !X5F! (analysis of vaiiance): useu to compaie % S vaiiables :1)D%c*,;+.: compaies the piopoitions of a categoiizeu outcomes (2x2 table). If the uiffeience between the obseiveu anu expecteu values is laige, an associateu between the exposuie anu the outcome is assumeu to be piesent. @+0,D!(,#=%)%: is a methou of pooling the uata fiom seveial stuuies to uo an analysis having a big statistical powei.
!9+.0 B; 4-(0 9+#+'0)$( J),%: Bias type uue to mannei in which people aie selecteu, oi fiom selective losses fiom follow-up 5-%+;?+; d @+,%*;+2+(0 J),%: Bistoition of measuiement of association by misclassifying exposeu, unexposeu, anuoi uiseasesnon-uiseaseu subjects. M+',## J),%: Results fiom the inaccuiate iecall of past exposuie by people in the stuuy V,/01$;(+ 3&&+'0: Patients change theii behavioi because they know they aie being stuuieu :$(&$*(.)(A: Is bias that iesults when the exposeuisease ielationship is mixeu with the effect of extianeous factois. (ex. Stuuy of the association of smoking anu ciiihosis, anu finu that theie is a stiong association. Then the uivision of uiinkeis anu non-uiinkeis finus theie's no association of smoking to ciiihosis. In this case, alcohol is the confounuei). * Natching is an effective way of contiolling confounuing O+,. 7)2+ J),%: Refeis to the chionology of the uiagnosis anu tieatment between uiffeient cases. (ex. Testing of platelet inhibitois in pilots vs autowoikeis, not faii because pilots aie unueigoing constant health scieening) !.2)%%)$( M,0+ J),%: Refeis to uistoition in iisk iatio uue to uiffeient hospitals aumission of cases 6(,''+>0,-)#)0= J),%: 0ccuis when paiticipants puiposely give uesiiable iesponses which leau to
Chapter 6
Psychiatry
%BB2 6-0B'2.'0
%(WB' 6.+'.00-:. 6-0B'2.' Najoi uepiessive uisoiuei is chaiacteiizeu by a uepiesseu moou oi anheuonia (cannot enjoy things that they once enjoyeu), anu uepiessive symptoms lasting at least 2 weeks. Look foi othei possible causes such as hypothyioiuism, uiug usesubstance use. The classic mnemonic foi uepiession is SIu E CAPS AF sleep uistuibances (too much oi too little) >F inteiest changes (loss of inteist) GF guilty feelings 7F eneigy loss 5F concentiation uistuibances #F appetite changes (causes weight changes too) @F psychomotoi changes AF suiciual thoughsueath
If patient is suiciual oi uangeious to otheis always aumit
12*#,+*%,: 1 st line tieatment is SSRI such as fluoxetine, paioxetine, seitialine (possible siue effect is sexual uysfunction) Can incluue benzouiazepine if patient is agitateu Theiapy is also inuicateu along with SSRI tieatment
690,39*-< 6-0B'2.' Same symptoms as majoi uepiessive uisoiuei except is moie low-level in natuie, anu is piesent on most uays foi at least 2 yeais. 12*#,+*%,: SSRI (similai tieatment as Najoi Bepiession)
4.'.(:.*./, Beieavement is commonly seen aftei ueath of a family membei (most commonly seen in oluei people aftei ueath of a spouse). !"#$%&'"'8 Key to the uiagnosis is the time that has elapseu since the onset of the beieavement peiiou. Symptoms > 2months makes the uiagnosis majoi uepiessive uisoiuei insteau of noimal beieavement. Tieatment: Theiapy (giief management) is iecommenueu in such conuitions
4-+BD(' 6-0B'2.' A conuition with episoues of mania, uepiession, as well as noimal peiious. Seen in appioximately 1% of the population Affects males = females Noie common in the youngei population A mix of mania, uepiession, oi mixeu symptoms foi at least 1 week
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Acute onset of " eneigy ! neeu to sleep It is possible to get a majoi uepiessive episoue while uysthymic. Tieat as NBB in this situation. M+2+2-+;)(A @!X4!< 6 - uistiactibility > - insomnia G - gianuiosity
K- flight of iueas # - activity incieaseu A - speech (piessuieu) ! - takes iisks
!"66*2*%,"#7 ."#$%&'"': Schizophienia Intoxication (cocaine, amphetamine) Ceitain peisonality uisoiueis !"#$%&'"': Episoue shoulu last % 1 week anu shoulu be abiuptcause significant uisability Bipolai 1 ! a manic episoue with oi without uepiessive episoue Bipolai 2 ! uepiessive episoues with hypomanic episoues Rapiu cycling ! > 4 episoues in a one-yeai peiiou 12*#,+*%,: Bospitalization (is often involuntaiy because patient is manic) Noou stabilizeis - Lithium is B0C, can also use valpioate oi caibamazepine Antipsychotics can be useu until acute mania is contiolleu If iecuiient episoues of uepiession aie piesent, can give antiuepiessants only in conjunction with moou stabilizeis Lithium levels shoulu be checkeu to pievent toxicity
59<DB,39*-( Is a iecuiience of uepiessive episoues anu hypomania foi at least 2 yeais Is a miluei foim of bipolai uisoiuei
12*#,+*%,: 1 st is psychotheiapy because many patients can function without meuication If functioning becomes impaiieu stait patient on valpioic aciu, which is moie effective in cyclothymia than lithium
6')1Y>/2)<.2 %(/-( The most common causes aie cocaine anu amphetamines
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Finuings similai to mania Nyuiiasis Bypeitension NI in young people (highly suggestive of cocaine oveiuose) 12*#,+*%,: Foi acute symptoms give CCB's Biug tieatment piogiams foi long-teim management
@B0,Y+(',)* 6.+'.00-B/ @B0,Y+(',)* ND).0 u4(N9 ND).0v @B0,+(',)* 6.+'.00-B/ @B0,+(',)* @09<3B0-0 ?/0., Aftei any biith NC aftei 2 nu biith 0sually aftei 1 st
biith %B,3.'80 .*B,-B/0 ,BE('2 ,3. N(N9 Nothei still caies about the baby Thoughts about haiming the baby aie common Thoughts about haiming baby aie common A9*+,B*0 Nilu Bepiession Seveie Bepiession Bepiessive symptoms + psychotic symptoms !'.(,*./, No tieatment necessaiy Antiuepiessants If patient not bieastfeeuing give Noou stabilizeis 0R antipsychotics + antiuepiessant If patient is bieastfeeuing uo ECT
@A[5O?A>A
E'/;5&'"' "' ;5#2#;,*2"J*. 4/8 Ballucinations - false sensoiy peiception that is N0T baseu on ieal stimuli Belusions - false inteipietations of exteinal ieality Can be of the paianoiu natuie, gianuiosity, ieligious, oi iueas of iefeience
This table gives a geneial oveiview of the causes of psychosis 6>A7#A7 5O#"#5!7">A!>5A A<3-TB+3'./-( Theie is a stiong genetic pieuisposition, onset usually late teens thiough the 2u's +ve symptoms = hallucinations anuoi uelusions -ve symptoms = flatteneu affect 0thei symptoms incluue uisoiganizeu behavioi anuoi speech Nust last % 6 months to be calleu schizophienia If lasting 1-6 months calleu schizophienifoim If lasting <1 month it is a biief psychotic uisoiuei (these patients often ietuin to noimal baseline functioning) A<3-TB(;;.<,-:. 2-0B'2.' Combination of a moou uisoiuei + schizophienia 6.D)0-B/(D 2-0B'2.' Patient gets non-bizaiie uelusions %BB2 2-0B'2.'0 Bipolai anuoi uepiession can cause uelusions anu in extieme cases may cause hallucinations 6.D-'-)* 0ften seen in patients who have unueilying conuitions No oiientation to peison, place, oi time Waxing anu waning of conuition Tieatment involves tieating the unueilying conuition 6')10 Cocaineamphetamines cause paianoiu uelusions anu foimication (sensation of bugs ciawling on the skin) LSBPCP cause hallucinations of vision, taste, touch, anu scent %.2-<(D <()0.0 Enuociine uisoiueis, metabolic uisoiueis, neoplastic uisoiueis, anu seizuie uisoiueis can
cause psychosis
12*#,+*%,: If conuition is uisabling oi potentially uangeious to patient oi otheis, hospitalization is iequiieu. Phaimacologic theiapy is with uopamine antagonists, anu the uiffeiences amongst the uiugs is baseu on the siue effects they piouuce Impiove uiug compliance by giving uepot foim of haluol Psychotheiapy to impiove social functioning (behavioial tieatment to impiove social skills, family-oiienteu tieatment foi impioveu familial functioning) Piognosis is uepenuent of fiequency of episoues as well as accompanying symptoms (piesence of negative symptoms usually inuicates a pooi piognosis) Patients who weie veiy high-functioning piioi to the psychosis onset have a bettei piognosis 6"$G #6M7"A7 7KK75!A 7=>)',# !(0)>%='1$0)'% Chloipiomazine Low potency, "anticholineigic effects, ! movement uisoiueis Balopeiiuol Bigh potency, ! anticholineigic effect, " movement uo !0=>)',# !(0)>%='1$0)'% Clozapine Foi iefiactoiy uisease, give weekly CBC (agianulocytosis iisk) Rispeiiuone 1 st line, minimal aveise effects 0lanzapine 1 st line, minimal auveise effects
Theie aie many possible movement uisoiueis associateu with the use of antipsychotic meuications. You will likely encountei one on the CK exam. This table will uemonstiate the timeline foi ceitain auveise movement ieactions. BIS0RBER TINE FRANE CBARACTERISTICS Acute Bystonia Fiom 4hi - 4 uays (4&4) Patient expeiiences sustaineu spasms, may be anywheie but NC seen in the neck, jaw, oi back. Tieatment - Iv uiphenhyuiamine (immeuiately) Paikinsonism Fiom 4 uays - 4 months Patient has cog-wheel iigiuity, iesting tiemoi, anu shuffling
gait Tieatment - benztiophine (anticholineigic useu in Paikinson's uisease) Taiuive Byskinesia 4 months - 4 yeais Involuntaiyiiiegulai movements of the heau, tongue, lips, limbs, anu tiunk Tieatment - change meuications immeuiately (is a peimanent conuition) Akithisia Nay occui at any time uuiing tieatment Patient has a sense of uiscomfoitiestlessn ess Tieat by lowei the uose of meuication Neuioleptic Nalignant Synuiome Nay occui at any time uuiing tieatment Is a life-thieatening muscle iigiuity with fevei, incieaseu BP anu BR, anu ihabuomyolysis that appeais ovei 1-S uays Tieatment is suppoitive, stop all offenuing uiugs immeuiately, give patient uantiolene (Calcium is inhibiteu fiom ielease into cells), anu cool the patient
#/V-.,9 6-0B'2.'0
@(/-< 6-0B'2.' A conuition seen NC in women in theii miu 2u's Symptoms mimic those of an NI (chest pain, palpitations, uiaphoiesis, nausea, anxiety, sense of impenuing uoom) Symptoms usually escalate foi appioximately 1u minutes anu last at least Su minutes This uisoiuei is veiy unpieuictable, if it occuis in the same type of setting then suspect a specific phobia !"#$%&'"': Nust uiffeientiate fiom uiug use, NI, anu othei souices of phobias Biagnosis of exclusion Tieatment: Cognitive-behavioial theiapy anuoi ielaxation tiaining. Relaxation is moie useful if patient has an agoiaphobic tenuency SSRI's anu benzouiazepines can be piesciibeu
#1B'(+3BN-( Patient feais being in situations wheie they cannot escape, biinging about a panic attack Patients uevelop agoiaphobia because of iecuiient anu unexpecteu panic attacks in ceitain situations !"#$%&'"': Is clinical, looking foi eviuence of social anuoi occupational uysfunction 12*#,+*%,: Exposuie uesensitization #-blockeis as piophylaxis fiom sympathetic activation when in possibly tiiggeiing situations
?N0.00-:.Y5B*+)D0-:. 6-0B'2.' \?56^ Patient expeiiences iecuiient thoughts anu peifoims iecuiient actionsiituals as a coping mechanism 0bsessive thoughts piovoke anxiety, compulsions aie a way of uealing with this anxiety, this anxiety ielief is only tempoiaiy anu thus iituals get peifoimeu ovei anu ovei again. Commonly involve cleanliness (feai of contamination) - thus excessive hanu-washing is common !"#$%&'"': Patient must be awaie of the abnoimality of theii behavioi, anu must be uistuibeu by this. Tieatment: 1 st line tieatment is SSRI 2 nu line is clomipiamine Patient must unueigo psychotheiapy as well, wheie they aie foiceu to oveicome theii behavioi
@B0,Y!'()*(,-< A,'.00 6-0B'2.' This is the classic "vietnam vet" patient, who has unueigone a tiaumatic inciuent that leaves them emotionally scaiieu Theie aie S key gioups of symptoms: 1. Avoiuance of stimuli - associateu with theii tiauma oi numbing of iesponsiveness because it emits emotional pain 2. Re-expeiiencing the tiaumatic event - via uieams, thoughts, iecollections. S. Incieaseu aiousal - seen as sleep uistuibances, emotional lability, impulsiveness, anxiety. !"#$%&'"': Always uiffeientiate fiom an acute stiess uisoiuei, wheie symptoms last less than 1 month anu occui within 1 month of expeiiencing the stiessoi Biagnosis iequiies a tiaumatic inciuent anu must last longei than 1 month
Bo not confuse 0CB with obsessive- compulsive "peisonality uisoiuei", wheie the patient sees no wiong in theii behaviois. A patient who functioneu veiy well befoie the onset of PTSB has a gieatei piognosis than someone who was less functional.
Tieatment: When patient is in acute uistiess, give benzouiazepines to calm them uown Foi long-teim theiapy, give SSRI's + psychotheiapy
G./.'(D-T.2 #/V-.,9 6-0B'2.' Patient woiiies excessively anuoi has pooily contiolleu anxiety on most uays foi at least 6 months. Theie is no specific event oi ieason foi this anxiety Patient has tiouble sleeping, the inability to concentiate, excessive fatigue anu iestlessness Be suie to uistinguish fiom specific phobiaanxieties oi othei causes of anxiety.
!"#$%&'"': Nust be eviuence of social uysfunction (which iules out noimal anxiety) 12*#,+*%,: Psychotheiapy teaching patient to iecognize theii woiiying anu finuing a way to manage thiough thought patteins anu behavioi Can give SSRI's, buspiione, anu benzouiazepines #-blockeis to block excessive sympathetic activation
-&+* $*%*2#7 ;5#2#;,*2"',";' &6 E*2'&%#7",/ !"'&2.*2'8 They cause functional impaiiments Behavioi often causes significant uisiuption to otheis (co-woikeis, classmates, family membeis, etc) Patients usually see no pioblem with theii behaviois
5H$A!7" # 6>A?"67"A Z @('(/B-2C A<3-TB-2C A<3-TB,9+(D \7<<./,'-<JI.-'2^ 5H$A!7" 4 6>A?"67"A Z 4B'2.'D-/.C #/,-0B<-(DC O-0,'-B/-<C L('<-00-0,-< \6'(*(,-<J#11'.00-:.^ 5H$A!7" 5 6>A?"67"A Z L('<-00-0,-<C #:B-2(/,C 6.+./2./,C ?N0.00-:.Y 5B*+)D0-:. \A39JL.':B)0^
5H$A!7" # 6>A?"67"A 8,;,($).F These people negatively inteipiet the intentions of otheis 0ften use piojection as theii main ego uefense 9'1)b$).: These people aie socially withuiawn anu intioveiteu Avoiu foiming close emotional connections with otheis 9'1)b$0=>,#: These people believe in things not noimally accepteu by society, such as magic Nay have biief psychotic episoues but aie not psychotic Socially isolateu Nany schizotypal patients have schizophienic ielatives
5H$A!7" 4 6>A?"67"A !(0)%$'),#: Bieak the law, violate othei's iights 0ften seuuctive in natuie @*%0 -+ C_=; of age foi uiagnosis + must have been this way since at least 1S yi olu (conuuct uisoiuei) J$;.+;#)(+: Exhibit self-uestiuctive behavioi such as cutting Emotionally volatile "Splitting" ego uefense commonly useu (people seen as eithei gieat oi teiiible) Bave the ability to uissociate fiom past negative expeiiences V)%0;)$()': Attention-seekeis Sexually piomiscuous anu uses physical appeaiance foi attention veiy uiamatic anu exaggeiate theii behaviois 0se ego uefenses such as uissociation anu iepiession
5H$A!7" 5 6>A?"67"A X,;')%%)%0)': Believe they aie supeiioi anu aie entitleu to the best Bo not hanule ciiticism well !?$).,(0: Patient feels sensitive anu uoes not hanule negative comments well Scaieu to tiy new things oi make new fiienus foi feai of embaiiassment R+>+(.+(0: Scaieu to be on theii own anu cannot uo much on theii own Requiie help with uecisions fiom someone else 5-%+%%)?+D:$2>*#%)?+: This peison is oveily pieoccupieu with iules, iegulations, neatness, etc They commonly isolate themselves (ego uefense) in oiuei to avoiu uemonstiating emotions
71B 6.;./0.0
#<,-/1 ?),F tiansfoimation of unacceptable feelings into actions (ex. Tantiums) >2./,-;-<(,-B/: copies the behavioi of someone else "(,-B/(D-T(,-B/: a way of making something unacceptable seem acceptable (ex. Boyfiienu bieaks up with giilfiienu anu she says she wanteu to enu it anyway) ".(<,-B/ KB'*(,-B/: expiessing outwaiuly the exact opposite of how you feel (ex. Someone auuicteu to something staits a chaiity to fight that cause) >/,.DD.<,)(D-T(,-B/: tiying to logically explain something in oiuei to make sense of it ".1'.00-B/: iesoiting to immatuiechilu-like behavioi A)ND-*(,-B/: funneling unacceptable feelings into positive actions (ex. Funneling sexual feelings into a woikout iegimen)
AB*(,B;B'* d K(<,-,-B)0 6-0B'2.'
AB*(,B;B'* 6-0B'2.'0 AB*(,-T(,-B/ 2-0B'2.'F Nost commonly female patients anu staits befoie Su yeais of age Fiequently visits the uoctoi foi many pioceuuies anu opeiations 0ften have a histoiy of abusive anuoi faileu ielationships -/+0,&+': Somatic complaints involving many uiffeient systems, such as: G> ! nausea, vomiting, uiaiihea L.)'BDB1-< ! weakness, loss of sensation that is not explaineu by noimal anatomy A.V)(D ! iiiegulai menses, etc Lab finuings uo not explain any of the complaints !"#$%&'"': Nust always iule out meuical conuitions Rule out mateiial gains 12*#,+*%,: Impoitant to foim a stiong bonu with the patient Tiy to biing to light the fact that theie aie psychological causes foi the conuition Scheuule iegulai appointments Peifoim a physical exam but uo not oiuei lab tests
Somatization anu conveision uisoiuei aie nevei intentional. If a question says patient is looking foi gain oi uiu something puiposely, these two aie not the iight answei.
5B/:.'0-B/ 2-0B'2.'F Patient expeiiences neuiologic symptoms that cannot be explaineu by meuical oi neuiological uisoiuei Patients aie often not oveily conceineu about the impaiiment - know as "la belle inuiffeience" Theie aie often psychological factois associateu with symptoms, such as going limp when someone yells at them 12*#,+*%,: Foimation of a stiong ielationship with the patient Psychotheiapy
O9+B<3B/2'-(0-0: The patient falsely believes they have a specific uisease even when they aie iuleu out with negative woikups anuoi lab tests 12*#,+*%,: Regulai visits to 0NE piimaiy uoctoi Avoiu testspioceuuies Pioviue psychotheiapy SSRI's may be useful in some cases
K(<,-,-B)0 6-0B'2.'0 These patients have intentionally feigneu theii symptoms These patients often see many uoctois anu visit many uiffeient hospitals They often have moie meuical knowleuge than the aveiage peison (often healthcaie woikeis) E,'0)0)$*% .)%$;.+;: puiposely fakeu but not foi obvious gain @,#)(A+;)(A .)%$;.+;: puiposely fakeu foi an obvious gain, such as meuication, insuiance, etc.
veiy uemanuing of tieatment
A factitious oiuei "by pioxy", is maue when signs anu symptoms aie fakeu by anothei peison (ex. Nothei makes up symptoms in hei chilu - known as Nunchhausen's by pioxy) )=%;55#='*%N' '/%.2&+*: A factitious uisoiuei mainly with physical symptoms Nunchhausen's by pioxy: Someone claims non-existent symptoms (NC in theii chilu) Notivation is usually to assume the iole of caietakei
!"#$%&'"': By exclusion of a ieal meuical conuition Biffeientiate between malingeiing anu factitious uisoiueis 12*#,+*%,: veiy uifficult, patients often veiy uefensive when it is suggesteu that they aie faking
53-D23BB2 (/2 #2BD.0<./, @09<3-(,'9
#),-0* Seen in u.u2%-u.uS% of chiluien 0nset befoie Syi of age Is S-Sx moie common in boys Bevelop seveie pioblems in communication Bave noimal heaiing Significant pioblems in foiming social ielationships Aie comfoitable peifoiming iepetitive behaviois 0ften peifoim self-uestiuctive behaviois Bave subnoimal intelligence (<7u IQ) in appioximately 2S of all patients Some have unusual specific abilities Piognosis is not goou, only 2% aie able to woik anu live inuepenuently, but most iemain seveiely impaiieu in auulthoou 12*#,+*%,V)#%#$*+*%,: Behavioial theiapy to inciease socialcommunicative skills, ueciease behavioial pioblems, anu impiove theii self-caie It is often moie beneficial foi the paients, because they have much uifficulty iaising a chilu with autism.
#0+.'1.' 2-0B'2.' This uisoiuei is fiist seen at S-S yeais of age Noie common in boys They have significant pioblems foiming social ielationships Little oi no uelay in cognitive oi language uevelopment Piognosis is much bettei heie than it is in Aspeigei
53-D23BB2 6.+'.00-B/ Piesents uiffeiently uepenuing on the age gioup Pieschooleis may be aggiessive anuoi hypeiactive, while auolescents aie iiiitable oi show antisocial behavioi Impoitant to note that they may also show the same symptoms that auults uo when expeiiencing a majoi uepiessive uisoiuei 12*#,+*%,: Family theiapy may be iequiieu because this is often a cause of chiluhoou uepiession 0se of antiuepiessants is veiy contioveisial in chiluien anu teens uue to theii iisk of suiciue in this age gioup
A.+('(,-B/ #/V-.,9 Chilu is too attacheu to paients oi othei figuies in theii life Chilu has excessive woiiy that these figuies will be sepaiateu fiom them -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Somatic symptoms uuiing times of sepeiation Tiouble sleeping 12*#,+*%,: Besensitization Imipiamine may be useu in some cases
?++B0-,-B/(D 6.;-(/, 6-0B'2.'J5B/2)<, 6-0B'2.' W00&'","&%#7 !*6"#%,: Patients aie aigumentative anu tempeiamental (moie so with people close to them) 0ften have no fiienus anu peifoim pooily in school 3&%.=;, !"'&2.*2: Patient is a bully to otheis Shows physical ciuelty to animals violates anu uestioys othei people's piopeity, steals.
Bas no iemoise foi theii actions Family histoiy often shows negligence, anu abuse of uiugs anuoi alcholol This may leau to conuuct uisoiuei (but not always) 12*#,+*%,: Foi both oppositional uefiant uisoiuei anu conuuct uisoiuei, cieate an atmospheiesetting with stiict iules anu consequences foi not obeying these iules
#,,./,-B/ 6.;-<-, O9+.'(<,-:-,9 6-0B'2.' Chaiacteiizeu by oveiactivity, a limiteu attention span, pooi self-contiol, impulsiveness, emotional lability, high sensitivity to stimuli, sleep pioblems !"#$%&'"': 0nset must be befoie 7yi of age % 6 symptoms fiom both hypeiactivity anuoi inattention sub-categoiies 12*#,+*%,: CNS stimulants aie B0C Nethylpheniuate in chiluien >6yi of age 0thei types of CNS stimulants also given Note the auveise effects of CNS stimulants can be the inability to gain weight anu the inhibition of giowth
!B)'.,,.80 6-0B'2.' Chaiacteiizeu by involuntaiy tics, iepetitive movements, anu vocalizations Biagnosis N0ST incluue both a motoi tic anu a vocal tick that is piesent foi %1 yi The common steieotype of Touiette's involves uncontiollable sweaiing, which is known as copiolalia 12*#,+*%,: Baluol is veiy effective, but is not useu in miluei cases Psychotheiapy is effective in uealing with the social aspects of this uisoiuei, but it uoes not impiove the tics
#/B'.V-( L.':B0( 0ften stait uuiing auolescence Theie is a piofounu uistuibance in bouy image anu in a peison's self-woith
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Patients aie below the iueal weight foi theii age anu height They often have mealtime iituals such as cutting theii foou into tiny pieces anuoi ie-aiianging it on the plate Amenoiihea occuis seconuaiy to the weight loss, anu is iequiieu foi the uiagnosis of anoiexia 12*#,+*%,: Bospitalization may be iequiieu to iestoie the patient's weight to a safe level, as well as coiiect any electiolyte imbalances The most seveie auveise ieaction is caiuiac uysfunction The mainstay of tieatment is psychotheiapy Piognosis is pooi if pieoccupations with foou anu weight uo not impiove
4)D-*-( L.':B0( Noie common than anoiexia Chaiacteiizeu by binge eating (with a peiceiveu lack of contiol) 0ften accompanieu by puiging (laxative use anuoi vomiting) 0ften have a noimal appeaiance anu noimal weight 0ften have cuts on the hanus fiom shoving them uown the thioat to inuuce vomiting Bental eiosions seen uue to aciuic uestiuction fiom constant vomiting Tieatment is same as that foi anoiexia
6-00B<-(,-:. 6-0B'2.' \*)D,-+D. +.'0B/(D-,9 2-0B'2.'^ A patient possesses uiffeient peisonalities that can each take contiol at any given time Chiluhoou tiauma is veiy common when this conuition is piesent Tieatment is focuseu on the giauual integiation of these peisonalities 7/$ .)&&+;+(0 .)%$;.+;% 01,0 %1$*#. -+ 0,B+( )(0$ '$(%).+;,0)$(< !"''&;"#,"G* @+%*'"#: Peison foigets plenty of peisonal infoimation !"''&;"#,"G* C=$=*: A synuiome wheie someone tiavels to anothei place with the inability to iemembei the past anu confusion about theii piesent iuentity
#2W)0,*./, 6-0B'2.' A stiessful life event leaus to the inability to ueal emotionally anuoi behavioially !"#$%&'"': Symptoms piesent within S months of the stiessful event anu must uisappeai within 6 months of the uisappeaiance of the stiessoi Biffeientiate fiom a beieavement uisoiuei Always aggiessively look at whethei theie is a uepiessive uisoiuei anuoi anxiety uisoiuei, which must be tieateu
>*+)D0.Y5B/,'BD 6-0B'2.'0
Patients aie unable to iesist the uiive to peifoim actions that may be haimful to otheis anu themselves Theie is a feeling of anxiety befoie peifoiming the impulsive action anu a sense of giatification afteiwaius
>/,.'*-,,./,Y7V+DB0-:. 6-0B'2.' Patient shows aggiessive behavioi that is way out of piopoition to the stiessoi Nust not be associateu with uiug use Tieat with SSRI's ANB a moou stabilizei such as Lithium
PD.+,B*(/-( An inuiviuual who iepeateuly steals to ielieve anxiety Peison uoes not steal because they neeu the object 0ften, the peison ietuins the object aftei stealing it
@9'B*(/-( Inuiviuual puiposely sets fiies Theie is no peisonal gain in pyiomania, noi is theie any angei in ielation to uoing this (if theie is, this shifts the uiagnosis to conuuctantisocial uisoiuei)
!'-<3B,-DDB*(/-( Patient impulsively pulls out theii haii This iesults in &4'*2G#47* haii loss
6')10 B; #N)0.
#D<B3BD Alcohol is a commonly abuseu uiug Patients uevelop uiffeient levels of uepenuence !#'$1$# .+>+(.+('+ is the fiequent use of alcohol that iesults in toleiance, leauing to psychological anu physical uepenuence. !#'$1$# ,-*%+ is uiagnoseu when its use iesults in failuie to peifoim noimally in society (loss of job, social impaiiment, legal pioblems) !"#$%&'"': Lab tests aie not iequiieu foi uiagnosis The CAuE questionnaiie is the most accuiate uiagnosis 12*#,+*%,: The most effective management of an alcoholic is always alcoholics anonymous )#%#$*+*%,: Foi outpatient management, the fiist thing is to pievent fuithei intake of alcohol If patient is intoxicateu pievent them fiom opeiating machineiy (uiiving) If patient is agitateu seuate Aumit to hospital if patient iequiies fuithei help
The following table piesents the most commonly abuseu uiugs A$4A!#L57 A-JAV B; -/,BV-<(,-B/ !'.(,*./, B; -/,BV-<(,-B/ A-JAV B; E-,32'(E(D !'.(,*./, B; E-,32'(E(D Alcohol Lack of inhibition Talkative If seveie give mechanical ventilation Tiemoi Seizuies Beliiium Long-acting benzouiazepines . Amphetamines Cocaine Agitation Nyuiiasis, Euphoiia, Bypeiactivity, StiokeNI
anuoi Benzouiazepine s memoiy oi concentiation , Lack of inhibition hypeiactivity , Tiemoi, Insomnia, Seizuie, Anxiety. baibituiates as substitution
@('(+3-D-(0
Involve iecuiient, sexually aiousing pieoccupations that aie focuseu on humiliation anuoi suffeiing anu the use of nonliving objects anu nonconsenting paitneis. 0ccuis foi >6 months Causes social impaiiment Tieatment foi all is psychotheiapy anu aveisive conuitioning Seveie cases may iequiie anti-anuiogens oi SSRI's to ieuuce patient's sex uiive
1/0*': K'B,,.)'-0*: Touching oi iubbing against a non-consenting paitnei 7V3-N-,-B/-0*: Recuiient uige to expose themselves to stiangeis @.2B+3-D-(: 0iges oi aiousal towaiu piepubescent chiluien (is the most common paiaphilia) MB9.)'-0*: 0iges to obseive an unsuspecting peison who is having sex oi taking off theii clothes K.,-03-0*: The use of nonliving objects associateu with the human bouy (shoes aie common) %(0B<3-0*: Recuiient uige oi behavioi involving being humiliateu A(2-0*: Causing suffeiing to a victim is exciting to the patient
AD..+
LB'*(D AD..+ Theie aie two types of sleep: 1. Non-REN (NREN), which has foui stages 2. REN - iapiu eye movement
The stages of noimal sleep A,(1.0 53('(<,.'-0,-<0 L?LY"7% This stage consists of eaily, slow-wave sleep A,(1. a Consists of $-waves anu '-waves A,(1. R Sleep spinules aie piesent A,(1. jCf (-waves aie piesent uuiing these stages "7% Bieaming occuis heie (this stage is affecteu by elicit uiugs anu ET0B)
AD..+ 6-0B'2.'0 >/0B*/-( Patient is unable to fall asleep oi stay asleep Recuiient ovei moie than a 1-month peiiou Nay be associateu with peiious of stiess, anxiety, oi uiug use 12*#,+*%,: A sleep scheuule is impoitant to iegulai inteinal sleep patteins Exeicise Antihistamines 2-week peiiou of benzouiazepines (caieful to avoiu uepenuence)
O9+.'0B*/-( X,;'$#+>%=F Patient expeiiences acute attacks of REN sleep They suuuenly collapse with a complete loss of muscle tone (cataplexy) 12*#,+*%,: CNS stimulants
9#++> !>(+,< Apneic peiious that occui uuiing sleep Nost commonly is obstiuctive (commonly uue to excess weight) 12*#,+*%,: Weight loss Continuous positive aiiway piessuie (CPAP) If patient uoesn't get ielief fiom these then shoulu unueigo suigeiy since sleep apnea is a life-thieatening conuition
8)'B/)'B),( 9=(.;$2+ (Cential Alveolai Bypoventilation) A synuiome with somnolence, obesity, anu eiythiocytosis Patient giauually uevelops hypeicapnea, hypoxemia, anu eiythiocytosis This is causeu by the weight of excess auipose tissue piessing on the lungs 12*#,+*%,: Weight loss
@('(0B*/-(0 S"$5, 1*22&2'8 Chilu aiises uuiing NREN sleep, is not awaie they aie awake, scieams in teiioi, then falls back asleep. They uo not iemembei the occuiience when they awaken
S"$5,+#2*': 0ccui uuiing REN sleep Relateu to emotional events such as tiageuy, scaiy movie, etc Patient iemembeis the uieam
-7**0 M#79"%$: 0ccuis uuiing NREN sleep Patient gets out of beu anu wanueis about Patient has no iecollection of the event
)#]&2 O"'9 C#;,&2'8 Biabetes Smoking Bypeitension (BTN) Bypeicholesteiolemia Family histoiy Age )"%&2 O"'9 C#;,&2'8 0besity Lack of estiogen (this is why it occuis in men moie than women) The #1 pieventable RF is smoking
A,(ND. #/1-/( Chest pain that occuis with activity Causeu by atheioscleiosis, wheieby the supply of u2 iequiieu by the heait is not met -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Chest pain that may iauiate to the left aim, jaw, anu back. Relieveu by iest anu nitioglyceiin EKu will show ST-segment uepiession anu T-wave inveision !"#$%&'"': Naue by clinical piesentation anu baseu on symptoms
!'.(,*./, B; #/1-/( Acute Sublingual nitioglyceiin (acts in 1-2 min) Nay take nitio up to S times eveiy S-S minutes Lack of ielief may inuicate infaiction in piogiess Chionic Pievention Long-acting nitiates foi piophylaxis #-blockeis ! myocaiuial u2 consumption when stiesseu Aspiiin to pievent PLT aggiegation in atheioscleiotic plaque Smoking cessation !LBL "BBL thiough uiet
Enuovasculai Inteivention Peicutaneous tiansluminal coionaiy angioplasty Inuicateu when theie's a failuie in meuical management Stent placement can ieuuce ie- stenosis by 2u%-Su% uPIIb-IIIa antagonists fuithei ieuuce stenosis iate Suigeiy Coionaiy aiteiy bypass giaft Inuicateu when meuical tieatment fails
$/0,(ND. #/1-/( Symptoms aie similai to angina but occui moie fiequently anu without any ielation to exeitionactivity, occuiiing at iest 0nstable angina = ischemia 0nstable angina anu non-ST-elevation NI aie a closely ielateu EKu uuiing ischemia usually shows ST-segment uepiession oi T-wave inveision LABS aie (+) foi caiuiac enzymes
12*#,+*%,: Baseu on the likelihoou that it will piogiess to a potentially fatal outcome (ie. Risk of iecuiient unstable angina, infaiction, oi ueath Su uays aftei piesentation).
@'-/T*.,(D80 #/1-/( Is causeu by a coionaiy aiteiy vasospasm EKu shows ST-segment elevation ST elevation is tiansient anu caiuiac enzymes aie usually negative, which helps uiffeientiate fiom an NI Tieatment is vasouilatois (nitioglyceiin oi CCB's) Patient shoulu unueigo catheteiization because vasospasm often occuis at the site of an atheioscleiotic lesion in the coionaiy aiteiies.
A! 7D.:(,-B/ %9B<('2-(D >/;('<,-B/ \A!7%>^ Infaiction usually seconuaiy to acute thiombosis in an atheioscleiotic vessel
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Ciushing substeinal pain that is not ielieveu by iest Biaphoiesis Nauseavomiting Tachycaiuia oi biauycaiuia Byspnea
piioiity ! aspiiin (pioven to ! moitality) #2 piioiity ! #-blockei (pioven to ! moitality) Statins to lowei cholesteiol (goal is to get LBL <1uu post-infaict) u2 + moiphine (pain contiol) Nitio to ieuuce pieloau anu afteiloau ACEI's aie excellent late anu long-teim theiapy (! afteiloau anu pievent iemoueling) Consult about smoking cessation
O.(', 4DB<Q0F E);%0D.+A;++ !F -#$'B ! noimal sinus ihythm with PR inteival % u.2ms 9+'$(.D.+A;++f 0=>+ C KS+'B+(-,'1L -#$'B ! PR inteival elongates fiom beat to beat until a PR is uioppeu 9+'$(.D.+A;++f 0=>+ T K@$-)0bL -#$'B ! PR inteival fixeu but theie aie iegulai non-conuucteu P-waves leauing to uioppeu beats 71);.D.+A;++ -#$'B ! no ielationship between P waves anu QRS complexes. Piesents with junctional escape ihythms oi ventiiculai escape ihythm
#,'-(D K-N'-DD(,-B/ The most common chionic aiihythmia Fiom ischemia, atiial uilatation, suigical histoiy, pulmonaiy uiseases, toxic synuiomes Classically, the pulse is iiiegulaily iiiegulai
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Chest uiscomfoit
Palpitations Tachycaiuia, Bypotension + syncope 12*#,+*%,: Contiol iate with #-blockeis, CCB's, anu uigoxin (not acutely) If fibiillations last >24hi then shoulu anticoagulate with waifaiin foi at least S weeks befoie caiuioveision (pievents embolisms) If you cannot conveit to noimal sinus ihythm, the patient will iequiie long- teim anticoagulation. 1 st line is waifaiin, 2 nu line is aspiiin Caiuioveision to conveit to noimal ihythm: 1 st line ! Iv piocainamiue, sotalol, amiouaione Electiical ! shock of 1uu-2uu} followeu by S6u} #,'-(D KD),,.' Less stable than Afib The iate is slowei than that of atiial fibiillation (appioximately 2Su- SSubpm) ventiiculai iate in atiial fluttei is at iisk of going too fast, thus atiial fluttei is consiueieu to be moie uangeious (meuically slowing this iate can cause a paiauoxical inciease in ventiiculai iates) Classic ihythm is an atiial fluttei iate of Suubpm with a 2:1 block iesulting in a ventiiculai iate of 1Subpm Signs anu symptoms similai to those of atiial fibiillation Complications incluue syncope, embolization, ischemia, heait failuie Classic EKu finuing is a "sawtooth" pattein:
12*#,+*%,: If patient is stable, slow the ventiiculai iate with CCB's oi #-blockeis (avoiu piocainamiue because it can iesult in incieaseu ventiiculai iate as the atiial iate slows uown) If caiuioveision is going to take place be suie to anticoagulate foi S weeks If patient is unstable must caiuioveit ! stait at only Su} because is easiei to conveit to noimal sinus ihythm than atiial fibiillation
%)D,-;B<(D #,'-(D !(<39<('2-( \%K#!^ An iiiegulaily iiiegulai ihythm wheie theie aie multiple concuiient pacemakeis in the atiia. Commonly founu in pts with C0PB EKu shows tachycaiuia with % S uistinct P waves
12*#,+*%,: veiapamil Tieat any unueilying conuition
A)+'(:./,'-<)D(' !(<39<('2-( Nany tachyaiihythmias oiiginating above the ventiicle Pacemakei may be in atiium oi Av junction, having multiple pacemakeis active at any one time Biffeientiating fiom ventiiculai aiihythmia may be uifficult if theie is also the piesence of a bunule bianch block 12*#,+*%,: veiy uepenuent on etiology Nay neeu to coiiect electiolyte imbalance Nay neeu to coiiect ventiiculai iate |uigoxin, CCB, #-blockeis, auenosine (bieaks 9u% of SvT)j If unstable iequiies caiuioveision Caiotiu massage if patient has paioxysmal SvT
M./,'-<)D(' !(<39<('2-( vTach is uefineu as % S consecutive piematuie ventiiculai contiactions If sustaineu, the tachycaiuic peiious last a minimum of Sus. Sustaineu tachycaiuia iequiies immeuiate caiuioveision uue to iisk of going into ventiiculai fibiillation
12*#,+*%,: If hypotensive oi no pulse existent uo emeigency uefibiillation (2uu, then Suu, then S6u}) If patient is asymptomatic anu not hypotensive, the fiist line tieatment is amiouaione oi liuocaine because it can conveit ihythm back to noimal
M./,'-<)D(' K-N'-DD(,-B/ Eiiatic ventiiculai ihythm is a fatal conuition. Bas no ihyme oi ihythm
12*#,+*%,: 1 st line - Emeigent caiuioveision is the piimaiy theiapy (2uu-Suu-S6u}), which conveits to noimal ihythm almost 9S% of the time Chest compiessions iaiely woik 2 nu line - Amiouaione oi liuocaine If tieatment isn't given in a timely mattei, patient expeiiences failuie of caiuiac output anu this piogiesses to ueath.
5B/1.0,-:. O.(', K(-D)'.
!*6"%","&%: - CBF occuis when the caiuiac output is insufficient to met systemic uemanus - Nay be iight-siueu, left-siueu, oi both 3#='*': - valvulai uiseases - NI - Bypeitension - PE - Anemia - Caiuiomyopathy - Euocaiuitis - Thyiotoxicosis
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 O+&0D%).+.: signs anu symptoms aie uue to ! C0 anu " caiuiac piessuies - Paioxysmal noctuinal uyspnea - Exeitional uyspnea - 0ithopnea - Caiuiomegaly - SS gallop - Renal hypopeifusion (leaus to souium ietention anu woiseneu CBF) M)A10D%).+.: signs anu symptoms aie uue to pooling upstieam of the iight heait - " }vP - Euema - Bepatic congestion - Atiial fibiillation (incieases iisk of embolization) - Fatigue - Cyanosis - Weight loss Biagnose with echocaiuiogiam 12*#,+*%,: C %0 #)(+ ;+A)2+( ! ACEI, #-blockeis, fuiosemiue anu spiionolactone, anu uigoxin If patient cannot toleiate ACEI, tiy hyuialazine + isosoibiue uinitiate
!:34% 1,?+ -++( >;$?+( 0$ .+';+,%+ 2$;0,#)0= )( :VE "D-#$'B+;% 1,?+ -++( 0$ .+';+,%+ 2$;0,#)0= - Bon't stait #-blockeis uuiing active failuie because they can exaceibate the conuition - Stait #-blockeis once patient is fully uiuieseu anu is on stable uoses of othei meuications 9>);$($#,'0$(+ >;$?+( 0$ .+';+,%+ 2$;0,#)0= )( '#,%% 4F :VE O$$>% ,#2$%0 ,#/,=% *%+. 0$ 2,)(0,)( .;= /+)A10 )( :VE >,0)+(0% R)A$Q)( )2>;$?+% %=2>0$2% -*0 R539XG7 .+';+,%+ 2$;0,#)0= J+ /,;= $& A)?)(A O$$> .)*;+0)' /)01$*0 %>);$($#,'0$(+ -+',*%+ 01)% ',( ',*%+ ,( *(%,&+ 1=>$B,#+2), 01,0 >$0+(0),0+% 01+ +&&+'0 $& .)A$Q)( KC %0 %)A( $& .)A$Q)( 0$Q)')0= )% , 9F7 /)01 !F -#$'B ,(. -#*;;= =+##$/ ?)%)$(L
5('2-B*9B+(,3-.0
6-D(,.2 O9+.','B+3-< ".0,'-<,-:. 5()0. Ischmia, infections, metabolic conuitions, uiugs uenetic myosin uisoiuei Amyloiuosis, scleioueima, hemochiomotosis, glycogen stoiage uisease, saicoiuosis A-1/0 d A9*+,B*0 Right anu left siueu heait failuie, SS gallop, %=%0$#)' .=%&*('0)$( Exeitional syncope, angina, LvB, .),%0$#)' .=%&*('0)$( Pulmonaiy BTN, S4 gallop, ! QRS uysfunction @'B1/B0-0 Su% Syi suivival iate S% annual moitality iate Su% S-yi suivival !'.(,*./, Stop offenuing agents, tx is similai to CBF tieatment #-blockeis anu uiuietics Biuietics anu coiiection of unueilying cause Biagnosis foi each is echocaiuiogiaphy
E5/'";#7 C"%."%$'8 - Nuimui anu iales (seen in all cases) - Peiipheial euema, gallops, caiotiu pulse finuings (possibly seen)
)=2+=2': Systolic: - Nost commonly seen in aoitic stenosis, mitial ieguigitation, NvP, anu B0CN Biastolic: - Nost commonly seen with aoitic ieguigitation anu mitial stenosis.
All iight-siueu muimuis >L5"7#A7 in intensity with inhalation All left-siueu muimuis 675"7#A7 in intensity with exhalation
B&;#,"&% #%. O#."#,"&% &6 +=2+=2'8 valvulai Lesion Best heaiu at Aoitic Stenosis 2 nu iight inteicostal space anu iauiates to the caiotius Pulmonic valve 2 nu left inteicostal space Aoitic ieguigitationtiicuspiuvSB Left lowei steinal boiuei Nitial ieguigitation Apex (left S th inteicostal space)
)=2+=2 "%,*%'",/8 IvI ! only heaiu with special maneuveis (valsalva) IIvI anu IIIvI ! majoiity of muimuis IvvI ! thiill piesent vvI ! can be heaiu with stethoscope paitially off of the chest vIvI ! can be heaiu without a stethoscope !"#$%&'"': - Best initial uiagnostic test foi valvulai lesions is echocaiuiogiam - The most accuiate test is left heait catheteiization 12*#,+*%,: M+A*;A)0,(0 #+%)$(% ! best tieateu with vasouilatoi theiapy (ACEI, ARB) 90+($0)' #+%)$(% ! best tieateu with anatomic iepaii (mitial stenosis iequiies balloon valvuloplasty, seveie aoitic stenosis iequiies suigical ieplacement)
#B',-< A,./B0-0 - Nost commonly piesents with chest pain - Syncope anu CBF aie less commonly piesent with aoitic stenosis - Patient is often oluei anu has a histoiy of hypeitension
E2&$%&'"': - If coionaiy uisease is piesent then S-Syi is avg suivival - If syncope is piesent then 2-S yi avg suivival - If CBF piesent then 1.S-2yi avg suivival A tiick to know what type of theiapy you shoulu use: If the valsalva maneuvei impioves the muimui, use uiuietics. If amyl nitiate impioves the muimui, ACEI is inuicateu.
!"#$%&'"': - TTE is the best initial uiagnosis - TEE is moie accuiate - Left heait catheteiization is the most accuiate - EKu anu CXR will show LvB 12*#,+*%,: - Biuietics aie the best initial theiapy but uo not altei the long-teim piognosis, anu special attention must be paiu since ovei-uiuiesis is a possibility - Tieatment of choice is valve ieplacement
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 - Biastolic ueciescenuo muimui heait best at the left steinal boiuei !"#$%&'"': - TTE is best initial uiagnostic test - TEE is moie accuiate - Left heait catheteiization is most accuiate Tieatment: - ACEI's - ARB's - Nifeuipine
If ejection fiaction uiops below SS% oi the Lv enu-uiastolic uiametei goes above SSmm, suigeiy shoulu be uone even if the patient is asymptomatic.
%-,'(D A,./B0-0F - NCC of mitial stenosis is iheumatic fevei - Seen in immigiants anu piegnant patients (incieaseu plasma vol in piegnancy)
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': - Bysphagia (laige left atiium compiesses esophagus) - Boaiseness (piessuie on iecuiient laiyngeal neive) - Atiial fibiillation E5/'";#7 IK#+8 - Biastolic iumble aftei an opening snap !"#$%&'"': - TTE is best initial uiagnostic test - TEE is moie accuiate - Left heait cath is most accuiate - EKu anuoi CXR showing left atiial hypeitiophy 12*#,+*%,: - Best initial theiapy is uiuietics, howevei they uo not altei piogiession of the uisease - Balloon valvuloplasty is the most effective theiapy (all piegnant women must have this pioceuuie uone)
%-,'(D ".1)'1-,(,-B/ - Causeu by BTN, ischemic heait uisease, anu any conuition that may leau to uilation of the heait - The most common complain is uyspnea on exeition
E5/'";#7 *K#+ 6"%."%$'8 - Bolosystolic muimui that obscuies both S1 anu S2 - Best heaiu at the apex, iauiates to the axilla !"#$%&'"': - TTE is best initial test - TEE is moie accuiate
Tieatment: - ACEI - ARB's - Nifeuipine - If Lv ejection fiaction uiops below 6u% oi Lv enu systolic uiametei is above 4Smm, then suigeiy shoulu be uone
@.'-<('2-(D 6-0.(0.
@.'-<('2-,-0 - Pleuiitic chest pain - Relieveu by leaning foiwaiu - Pain often uesciibeu as shaip anu biief
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 - Fiiction iub is commonly founu - No othei peitinent physical finuings !"#$%&'"': - Best initial test is the EKu - Biffuse ST-segment elevation - PR-segment uepiession is pathognomonic but is not always piesent 12*#,+*%,: - Best initial theiapy is NSAIB's - Patient shoulu ietuin in 1-2 uays, if the pain is gone they aie cuieu - If pain peisists aftei 2 uays of NSAIB tieatment, pieunisone oially is tieatment
@.'-<('2-(D !(*+B/(2. - Piesents with S0B, hypotension, }vB + cleai lungs - Pulsus paiauoxus is piesent (uecieaseu BP >1ummBg on inspiiation) - Electiical alteinans is piesent (alteiation of QRS complex on EKu
!"#$%&'"': - Echo is the most accuiate uiagnostic test - Eailiest finuing is usually collapse of the iight atiium anu ventiicle - EKu shows low voltage anu electiical alteinans - Right heait catheteiization will show equalization of all piessuies in the heait uuiing uiastole 12*#,+*%,: - Best initial theiapy is a peiicaiuiocentesis - Nost effective long-teim theiapy is peiicaiuial winuow placement
5B/0,'-<,-:. @.'-<('2-,-0 - Piesents with S0B - Euema - }vB - Ascites - Bepatosplenomegaly R%"Z=* 6*#,=2*' &6 ;&%',2";,"G* 0*2";#2.","'8 - A peiicaiuial knock, which is an extia uiastolic sounu fiom the heait hitting the calcifieu peiicaiuium !"#$%&'"': - CXR showing calcification - Low voltage EKu - Thickeneu peiicaiuium on CT 12*#,+*%,: - Biuietics aie the best initial theiapy - Peiicaiuial stiipping is the most effective theiapy
Chapter 8
Endocrine
@-,)-,('9 6-0B'2.'0
@'BD(<,-/B*( Piolactin-secieting tumoi Always think of this when theie is visual uistuibances
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Nen: Impotence Becieaseu libiuo uynecomastia Nost often men also piesent with heauache anu visual uistuibacnes Women: Amenoiihea ualactoiihea Both in the absence of piegnancy !"#$%&'"': Rule out piegnancy Rule out uiugs such as: Netoclopiomiue, Phenothiazines, anuoi TCA NRI to confiim piesence of tumoi 12*#,+*%,: 1 st line tieatment is a uopamine agonist such as biomociiptine (most piolactinomas iesponu to BA agonists) If meuical theiapy uoesn't woik, suigical iemoval is uone
#<'B*.1(D9 Excess piouuction of uB uue to a uB-piouucing auenoma in the pituitaiy
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Enlaigement of the heau, hanus, feet, nose, anu jaw Nay be enlaigement of the sweat that can cause intense sweating }oint abnoimalities (excess giowth of aiticulai caitilage) Amenoiihea Caiuiomegaly anu hypeitension Colonic polyps Biabetes also common because insulin is antagonizeu by uB !"#$%&'"': Best initial test is IuF (confiims uiagnosis of aciomegaly) Nost accuiate test is auministiation of glucose (noimally shoulu suppiess uB, if it suppiesses uB then this excluues aciomegaly) NRI uone aftei theie is a ieason foi uoing so 12*#,+*%,: Tiansphenoiual iemoval BA agonist to inhibit uB ielease 0ctieotiue has some meiit in pieventing uB ielease Pegvisomant ! a uB ieceptoi antagonist
6-(N.,.0
!9+. a 6% Autoimmune uestiuction of pancieatic #-cells, leaus to insulin ueficiency
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Polyuiia, polyphagia, polyuipsia Weight loss BKA ! emeigency !"#$%&'"': Ranuom plasma glucose >2uu with symptoms 0R Two measuiement of fasting glucose >12S 2hi oial glucose toleiant test >2uu with oi without symptoms 12*#,+*%,: Insulin ieplacement 3&+07";#,"&%': BKA -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+' &6 !_@8 Bypeiglycemia >2Su Bypeikalemia (uue to tianscellulai shift out of the cell in exchange foi B+) Low pB Elevateu levels of acetone, acetoacetate, anu #-hyuioxybutyiic aciu Incieaseu anion gap RH! 0;+,02+(0< 1 st ! Iv fluius 2 nu ! potassium ieplacement(hypei becomes hypo as BKA is tieateu), insulin ieplacement S iu ! auuition of glucose to insulin uiip when pt becomes noimoglycemic (keep giving insulin until ketones aie gone) ** insulin is given oiiginally to shut uown ketogenesis, not ueciease glucose, thus keep giving insulin until ketones aie gone uespite noimal glucose.
!9+. R 6% A peiipheial insulin iesistance 0sually auult onset (changing with the obesity epiuemic) Family histoiy often plays a stiong iole Ketosis is N0T associateu with BN2
Biagnosis: same as type 1 12*#,+*%,: FIRST tieatment is always uiet anu lifestyle mouifications 0ial hypoglycemics foi milumoueiate uisease 1 st line ! metfoimin (biguaniue), its N0A is blocking gluconeogenesis 2 nu line ! sulfonyluiea (glybuiiue), N0A is " #-cell insulin secietion S iu line ! Thiazoliuineuiones (pioglitazone), N0A is incieasing tissue sensitivity to insulin If oial uiugs uon't woik, patient may iequiie insulin Lifelong cases most usually will iequiie insulin tieatment ACEI's impoitant because they slow uown the piogiession of uiabetic nephiopathy
)&%",&2"%$ !) :",5 ?4@P;8 BbA1c allows us to get a measuie of the aveiage glucose level ovei the past S months Tight glucose contiol is uiiectly iesponsible foi uecieasing complications anu moitality in both types of insulin An BbA1c <7 oi 8 is iecommenueu (this # is always uecieasing)
3&+07";#,"&%' &6 !)Q8 ?/0*2&'+&7#2 ?/0*2$7/";*+"; S&%9*,&,"; 3&+#T??S_U8 0ften piecipitateu by stiess, seconuaiy to hypovolemia ulucose can become >1uuumguL Theie is no aciuosis (as in type 1 BN)
12*#,"%$ ??S_8 Iv fluius aie most impoitant, iehyuiation is often all that is neeueu. Nay iequiie upwaius of 1uL of fluius Without tieatment, moitality iate climbs ovei Su%
5B*+D-<(,-B/0 B; 6-(N.,.0 V=>+;0+(%)$( ! Contiol is essential in BN patients because it causes long-teim complications of the heait, eye, kiuney, anu biain. uoal is to keep it <1Su9u O)>). @,(,A+2+(0 ! uoals aie: LBL <1uu, if patient has CAB + BN, the goal is <7u. M+0)($>,01= ! Biabetics iequiie a yeaily eye exam to uetect piolifeiative ietinopathies. If piesent, lasei coagulation shoulu be peifoimeu. X+>1;$>,01= ! If any foim of piotein is piesent in the uiine give the BN pt ACEI's. These pievent nephiopathies anu ACEI's aie 1 st line uiugs in BN with BTN X+*;$>,01= ! Yeaily foot exams aie impoitant. If neuiopathy is piesent theie is no neeu to uelay tieatment with gabapentin oi piegabalin. 3;+'0)#+ R=%&*('0)$( ! Ask patient about this, siluenafil oi taualafil woik well but uo not give if they aie also on nitiates N,%0;$>,;+%)% ! Noie common in long-teim uiabetics, theie is impaiieu stietch- ieceptois anu thus impaiieu motility. Patient will have bloating, constipation, fullness, anu uiaiihea. uive metoclopiamiue oi eiythiomycin (inciease gastiic motility)
6-(N.,.0 !9+. a !9+. R ?/0., }uvenilechiluhoou Auult (incieasingly common in youth touay)
4B29 !9+. Thin 0bese 6P#s Fiequent Raie !'.(,*./, Insulin 1 st - lifestyle 2 nu - oial hypoglyclemic agents
#2'./(D 6-0B'2.'0
5)03-/180 A9/2'B*. Theie aie S souices of Cushing's uisease, they aie listeu in this table along with peitinent infoimation @-,)-,('9 !)*B' 7<,B+-< #5!O @'B2)<,-B/ #2'./(D #2./B*( #5!O Bigh Bigh Low O-13Y2B0. 2.V(*.,3(0B/. Suppiession No suppiession No suppiession A+.<-;-< ,.0, NRI, petiosal vein sampling Scan the chest anu abuomen Scan the auienals !'.(,*./, Removal Removal Removal
Theie is a common piesentation of all patients with hypeicoitisolism: E,0 ;+.)%0;)-*0)$(: Tiuncal obesity, buffalo hump, thin aimslegs, "moon facies" 90;),+ ,(. +,%= -;*)%)(A< Bue to a loss of collagen(coitisol thins the skin) V7X: Bue to fluiu anu souium ietention V);%*)0)%2: fiom incieaseu auienal anuiogen levels @*%'#+ /,%0)(A
!"#$%&'"': 1. 1mg oveinight uexamethasone suppiession test: noimally a peison will suppiess the 8am level of coitisol if given uexa at 11pm the pievious night. A noimal test (suppiession) will iule out hypeicoitisolism of all kinus. ** a test may be elevateu uue to othei factois such as uepiession, alcoholism, oi excessive stiess
2. 24-hi uiine coitisol: this test auus specificity to the oveinight uexamethasone test, if the oveinight test was abnoimal (failing to suppiess ACTB), then this test confiims hypeicoitisolism. ** these tests aie to uiagnose the piesence of Cushing's synuiome, the location is still unknown at this point.
!"#$%&'"%$ ,5* 7&;#,"&%: Looking at the ACTB can help iuentify the location If ACTB is high ! souice of pioblem is the pituitaiy oi ectopic ACTB piouuction If ACTB is low ! souice is the auienal
12*#,+*%,: Removal of whatevei is causing the pioblem, iuentifieu by NRI oi abuominal scan (uepenuing on the location of the pioblem)
#22-0B/80 6-0.(0. \(2'./(D -/0);;-<-./<9^ Can be piimaiy (Auuison's) oi seconuaiy (! ACTB piouuction fiom pituitaiy)
!..)%$(G% .)%+,%+< NC is autoimmune uisoiuei Wateihouse-Fiiueiichsen may be cause, which is hemoiihagic neciosis of the auienal meuulla uuiing the couise of meningococcemia -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Fatigue Anoiexia Byponatiemia + hypeikalemia Bypotension Nauseavomiting Constipation Bypeipigmentation (only in piimaiy case)
!"#$%&'"': " ACTB anu ! coitisol (in iesponse to ACTB) Bypeipigmentation If cause is seconuaiy, then coitisol will " in iesponse to ACTB 12*#,+*%,: Foi acute Auuison's give fluius + hyuiocoitisone Foi stable patient give pieunisone If patients uo not iesponu to above tieatments, give fluuiocoitisone (highest # of mineialocoiticoius)
#2'./(D 5B',-<(D O9+.';)/<,-B/ C V=>+;,#.$%0+;$()%2 K:$((G% 9=(.;$2+L< Nost commonly uue to an auenoma oi hypeiplasia of the zona glomeiulosa of the auienal glanu -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Bypeitension "Na+ "Cl- !K+ ! ienin !"#$%&'"': " aluosteione ! ienin CT showing auienal lesion 12*#,+*%,: If auenoma ! suigical iesection If hypeiplasia ! spiionolactone
T V=>+;,#.$%0+;$()%2< Incieaseu ienin piouuction 2 to uecieaseu ienal bloouflow(CBF, shock, ienal aiteiy stenosis) !"#$%&'"': " ienin (this is useu to uiffeientiate between 1 anu 2 causes 12*#,+*%,: Tieat unueilying cause Tieat BTN
@3.B<'B*B<9,B*( E#,"*%, 02*'*%,' :",58 Episouic BTN Beauache Palpitations Tachycaiuia Biaphoiesis !"#$%&'"': Best initial tests ! high plasma anu uiinaiy catecholamineplasma-fiee metanephiine anu vNA levels Nost accuiate tests ! CT oi NRI of auienal glanus 12*#,+*%,: 1 st - phenoxybenzamine to contiol BP 2 nu - piopianolol (only aftei $-blockaue with phenoxybenzamine) S iu - suigical iesection
Nale uonaual Bisoiueis 6-0.(0. 53('(<,.'-0,-<0 Tieatment Klinfeltei's Synuiome XXY inheiitance with vaiiable expiessivity Biagnosis usually at pubeity when no viiilization Tall with small testes anu gynocomastia Becieaseu testosteione " LBFSB (no feeuback) Bx with buccal smeai showing baii bouy Testosteione Supplements XXY synuiome Nilu mental ietaiuation, acne, violent, antisocial behavioi Biagnose with kaiyotype analysis None Testiculai feminization synuiome Befect in BBT ieceptoi Female exteinal genitalia with steiile, unuescenueu testes Patient appeais female but is steiile with blinu vagina TestosteioneestiogenLB aie all elevateu No tx Remove testes S-$-ieuuctase ueficiency Ambiguous genitalia until pubeity At pubeity a buist of testosteione oveicomes the lack of BBT (masculinizing exteinal genitalia) Testosteione anu estiogen aie noimal Biagnosis is by genetic testing Testosteione Congenital auienal hypeiplasia A uefect in the steioiu synthesis pathway causes viiilization of females oi failuie to viiilize in males 21-$-hyuioxylase ueficiency causes 9S% of all CAB cases seveie uisease piesents in infancy with ambiguous genitalia anu excess salt loss less seveie ! minimal viiilization anu salt loss Boimone ieplacement Piauei-Willi synuiome pateinal impiinting shoit limbs, floppy baby hypeiphagia ( obesity ! incieases eaily ueath likelihoou) mental ietaiuation classically have almonu-shapeu eyes with stiabismus uiagnosis is genetic analysis None Kallmann's synuiome AB hypogonauism with anosmia Becieaseu piouuction anu secietion of unRB by hypothalamus Biagnosis maue by finuing uecieaseu ciiculating LB anu FSB Pulsatile unRB
!39'B-2 6-0B'2.'0
The clinical uiffeiences between hypeithyioiuism anu hypothyioiuism BYP0TBYR0IBISN BYPERTBYR0IBISN Weight uain Loss Intoleiance Colu Beat Baii Couise Fine Skin Biy Noist Nental Bepiesseu Anxious Beait Biauycaiuia Tachycaiuia Nuscle Weak Weak Reflexes Biminisheu Fatigue Yes Yes Nenstiual Changes Yes Yes
O9+B,39'B-2-0* Nost commonly fiom 'buinout' Bashimoto's thiyoiuitis. Patient is fatigueu Poveity of movement uaining weight
!"#$%&'"': " TSB ! T4 12*#,+*%,: Thyioxine T4(conveiteu in the tissue to TS as neeueu)
N;,?+G% R)%+,%+< Bas many finuings that aie unique to this type of hypeithyioiuism: Exophthalmos anu pioptosis Beimopathy (ieuness anu thickeneu skin below the knee) 0nycolysis (sepeiation of the nail fiom the nailbeu) RAI0 is elevateu 12*#,+*%,: PT0 oi methimazole is given acutely to biing the glanu unuei contiol Aftei glanu is contiolleu, use iauioactive iouine ablation Piopianolol useu to tieat sympathetic symptoms
9)#+(0 71=;$).)0)%< An autoimmune piocess with a non-tenuei glanu anu hypeithyioiuism No eye, nail, oi skin finuing RAI0 test is noimal ulanu is not in a state of hypeifunctioning, iathei it is "leaking" Antibouies to thyioiu peioxiuase anu antithyioglobulin antibouies may be piesent 12*#,+*%,: Theie is no tieatment
9*-,'*0+ 71=;$).)0)%F A conuition of viial etiology ulanu is tenuei !"#$%&'"': TSB low T4 incieaseu RAI0 low 12*#,+*%,: Aspiiin to ielieve the pain
8)0*)0,;= !.+($2,< Raie conuition Is the only hypeithyioiu uisoiuei with an elevateu TSB !"#$%&'"': NRI of biain 12*#,+*%,: Removal of auenoma
7VB1./B)0 !39'B-2 OB'*B/.0 #N)0.F Will be an elevation in T4 (uue to taking thyioiu hoimone) The TSB will be suppiesseu uue to negative feeuback Thyioiu glanu will atiophy
71=;$). 90$;2: This is an emeigency situation wheie theie is seveie ielease of thyioiu hoimones fiom the thyioiu glanu Causes symptoms of extieme sympathetic stimulation (tiemoi, tachycaiuia, uiaphoiesis, etc) 12*#,+*%,: 1 st ! give iouine to block the uptake of iouine into the glanu 2 nu ! give PT0 oi methimazole to block thyioxine piouuction S iu ! uexamethasone to block the peiipheial conveiion of T4! TS 4 th ! block sympathetic effects with piopianolol
@=Q+.+2, :$2,: An emeigency hypothyioiu conuition Nay be spontaneous oi ppte by colu conuitions, infections, seuative uiugs, iespiiatoiy failuie -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Bypoventilation Bypotension
Stupoi Coma Seizuies 12*#,+*%,: Levothyioxine Coitisone Intubate
!39'B-2 %(D-1/(/<-.0 All solitaiy uominant nouules shoulu be uiagnoseu by FNA Excision if malignancy is suspecteu Bot nouules (a nouule that takes up moie iauioactive iouine) aie less likely to be malignant Colu nouules (nouules that take up less iauioactive iouine) aie moie likely to be malignant E#0"77#2/ ;#%;*28 Nost common type of thyioiu Best piognosis (8S% S-yi suivival iate) Psammoma bouies & oiphan-annie bouiesgiounu-glass nuclei C&77";=7#2 ;#%;*2: uoou piognosis Common metastasis to bone anu lungs )*.=77#2/ ;#%;*28 Piognosis is inteimeuiate Is a cancei of the paiafolliculai "C" cells that aie ueiiveu fiom cells of the S th
bianchial pouch Secietes calcitonin @%#07#',"; ;#%;*2: Teiiible piognosis Bas a u% S-yi suivival iate
%)D,-+D. 7/2B<'-/. L.B+D(0-(F Type 1 (Weimei's) S P's: Pituitaiy, Pancieas, Paiathyioiu Type 2 (Sipple's) Pheociomocytoma, Neuullaiy Thyioiu CA, Paiathyioiu Type 2b (Type S) Pheociomocytoma, Neuullaiy Thyioiu CA, Nucocutaneous neuiomas(esp in uI)
Chapter 9
Infectious Disease
Answeiing questions in the infectious uisease section aie usually pietty stiaight foiwaiu. Being able to coiiectly answei these questions comes uown to unueistanuing the following: 1. Common conuitions anu theii associateu oiganisms 2. Common conuitions anu the best antibiotics to use S. 0iganisms anu theii giam stain chaiacteiistics 4. Common scenaiios anu theii commonly associateu oiganisms
Foi gieatest chances of success with these questions, the following tables shoulu be memoiizeu.
N;,2 90,)( :1,;,'0+;)%0)'% ?"G#L>A% 5O#"#5!7">A!>5A A!#>L>LG 5O#"#5!7">A!>5A uiam (+) oiganisms Blue in coloi uiam (-) oiganisms Reu in coloi uiam (+) cocci (paiis) S. Pneumonia uiam (+) cocci (chains) Stieptococcus uiam (+) cocci (clusteis) Staphylococcus uiam (-) uiplococci Neisseiia uiam (-) ious Bemophilus uiam (-) ious with mucoiu capsule Klebsiella Pseuuohyphae on stain Canuiua Aciu Fast 0iganisms Nycobacteiium, Nocaiuia Silvei Staining Pneumocystis Caiinii Spiiochete Boiielia, TieponemaLeptospiia(uaikfielu)
:$22$( %)0*,0)$(% ,(. 01+); ,%%$'),0+. $;A,()%2% A>!$#!>?L #AA?5>#!76 ?"G#L>A%A Cellulitis fiom a uog oi cat bite Pasteuiella Nultociua Buin wounu infection with a bluegieen coloi Pseuuomonas Baby Paialyzeu aftei eating honey Clostiiuium Botulinum Biaiihea aftei taking antibiotics Clostiiuium Bifficile Piickeu by thoin while gaiuening Spoiothiix Schenckii uastioenteiitis in young chilu Rotaviius Biaiihea aftei tiaveling to Nexico E. Coli Aplastic ciisis in Sickle Cell patient Paivoviius B19 Foou poisoning aftei eating ieheat iice B. Ceieus Foou poisoning aftei eating iaw seafoou vibiio Paiahemolyticus Pneumonia in Southwest 0SA Cocciuioiues Immitis Pneumonia aftei exploiing caves Bistoplasma Capsulatum Pneumonia aftei exposuie to biiu uioppings in 0hio Bistoplasma Capsulatum Pneumonia aftei exposuie to exotic biius Chlamyuia Psittaci Pneumonia in a patient with silicosis Tubeiculosis Biaiihea aftei hiking oi uiinking fiom a stieam uiaiuia Lamblia B12 ueficiency Biphyllobothiium Latum Fevei anu muscle pains aftei eating iaw meat Tiichinella Spiialis Pneumonia aftei being neai an aii conuitionei oi watei towei Legionella Pneumophilia Slaughteihouse woikei with a fevei Biucellosis Fungal ballhemoptysis aftei TB oi cavitaiy lung uisease Aspeigillus
V)A1D=)+#. '$(.)0)$(%Y)##(+%%+% ,(. 01+); 2$%0 #)B+#= $;A,()%2 ,(. 0;+,02+(0% 5?L6>!>?LJ>HHL7AA ?"G#L>A% 47A! !"7#!%7L! Cellulitis Staph, Stiep Antistaphylococcus penicillin 0TI E. Coli TNP-SNX, Nitiofuiantoin (in piegnancy) Enuocaiuitis Staph, Stiep Antistaphylococcus, Aminoglycosiue Sepsis uiam (-) oiganisms S iu geneiation cephalospoiin's Septic Aithiitis Staph Auieus Antistaphylococcus PCN, vancomycin (seveie) Neningitis (neonatal) uioup B Stiep, E. Coli, oi Listeiia Ampicillin + Aminoglycosiue Neningitis (chilu - auult) Neisseiia Neningitiuis S iu geneiation cephalospoiin 0steomyelitis Staph Auieus, Salmonella (Sickle cell patient) Antistaphylococcus PCN, vancomycin Pneumonia Stiep Pneumonia, B. Influenza S iu geneiation cephalospoiin Pneumonia (atypical) Nycoplasma, Chlamyuia Boxycycline, Nacioliue Bionchitis B. Influenza Amoxicillin, Eiythiomycin
>*+B',(/, -/;B'*(,-B/ '.1('2-/1 O>M
V$/ $&0+( %1$*#. 01+ :R\ '$*(0 -+ '1+'B+.Z Q 6 months !0 /1,0 >$)(0 )% 8:8 , /$;;= )( V4FY!).% >,0)+(0Z When CB4 is <2uu S1,0 )% 01+ 2$%0 '$22$( $>>$;0*()%0)' >(+*2$(), )( !4R9Z PCP V$/ 0$ >;+?+(0 8:8 )(&+'0)$(Z Piophylax with TNP-SNX when CB4 & 2uu !0 /1,0 :R\ #+?+# %1$*#. >;$>1=#,Q)% ,A,)(%0 @='$-,'0+;)*2 !?)*2 :$2>#+Q -+ %0,;0+.Z When CB4 is <Su S1)'1 0=>+ $& ',('+; ,;+ V4FY!).% >,0)+(0% ,0 )(';+,%+. ;)%B &$;Z Kaposi's saicoma 91$*#. #)?+ ?,'')(+% -+ A)?+( .$ 01+%+ >,0)+(0%Z N0 S1)'1 )% 01+ $(#= #)?+ ?,'')(+ 0$ -+ A)?+(Z NNR S1)'1 0=>+ $& -#$$. .)%+,%+ )% )(';+,%+. )( 01)% >,0)+(0 >$>*#,0)$(Z NBL S1,0 )% 01+ 2$%0 #)B+#= ',*%+ $& >(+*2$(), )( V4F >,0)+(0Z Stiep Pneumo S1,0 )% 01+ 2$%0 #)B+#= ',*%+ $& 5>>$;0*()%0)' >(+*2$(), )( V4FZ PCP (be able to iecognize if the question is asking most common cause oi most common oppoitunistic cause) S1)'1 $;A,()%2 ',( ',*%+ '1;$()' .),;;1+, )( !4R9 >,0)+(0%Z Ciyptospoiiuium
Chapter 10
Allergies
O9+.'0./0-,-:-,9 ".(<,-B/0 Type 1 - Anaphylactic (Piefoimeu IgE antibouies) Type 2 - Cytotoxic (piefoimeu Igu anu IgN antibouies) Type S - Immune complex-meuiateu (antigen-antibouy complexes uepositeu in vessels anu cause an inflammatoiy iesponse) Type 4 - BelayeuCell-meuiateu (sensitizeu T lymphocytes ielease inflammatoiy meuiatois)
#/(+39D(V-0
Is a typ1 hypeisensitivity ieaction Bue to piefoimeu IgE antibouies that cause the immeuiate ielease of vasoactive amines such as histamines anu leukotiienes. Commonly seen aftei bee stings anu ingestion of meuications such as penicillin anu sulfa uiugs 8;+%+(0,0)$(: Symptoms uevelop acutely anu aie often veiy uiamatic Bifficulty bieathing Bypotension + tachycaiuia 0iticaiia Angioeuema
7;+,02+(0Y@,(,A+2+(0< Secuie aiiway uive subcutaneous epinephiine If these aien't available give coiticosteioius uive antihistamines foi cutaneous ieactions
#/1-B.2.*(
Is most commonly causeu by a ueficiency of C1 esteiase inhibitoi 8;+%+(0,0)$(: Biffuse swelling of the eyelius, lips, anu aiiway 0sually occuis aftei milu facial tiauma oi ingestion of ceitain meuications (often ace inhibitois) Theie is usually a family histoiy C4 levels aie low 7;+,02+(0Y@,(,A+2+(0: Secuie aiiway uive subcutaneous epinephiine Nanage exactly like anaphylaxis
#DD.'1-< "3-/-,-0
An alleigic ieaction that is veiy common Recuiiing nasal stuffiness, itching, ihinoiihea, anu sneezing 7;+,02+(0Y@,(,A+2+(0: The main tieatment shoulu be avoiuance of the alleigen Keep aii clean Close winuows anu keep aii-conuitioning iunning uuiing summei months Non-seuating antihistamines such as loiatauine aie veiy effective anu can be useu continually Nasal saline spiaysnetti pot aie effective at washing out the nasal cavity
@'-*('9 >**)/B2.;-<-./<-.0
>1# 6.;-<-./<9 Is the most common piimaiy immunoueficiency, anu it is often asymptomatic Causes iecuiient iespiiatoiy anu uI infections Someone ieceiving bloou piouucts may uevelop anaphylaxis, which shoulu make you think of an IgA ueficiency Nevei give these patients immunoglobulin's 12*#,+*%,: Nanage anu tieat infections as they aiise
4'),B/80 #1(**(1DBN)D-/.*-( Is an x-linkeu uisoiuei affecting males Patients piesent with infections staiting aiounu 6 months of age Recuiient sinopulmonaiy infections uue to Stiep oi Bemophilus oiganisms aie classic 12*#,+*%,V)#%#$*+*%,: Infusion of Iv Ig's
5B**B/ M('-(ND. >**)/B2.;-<-./<9 Is a conuition that piesents in both men anu women 0sually only piesents when they aie auults Patient piesents with iecuiient sinopulmonaiy infections Nay get spiue-like abuominal uisoiueis (malabsoibtion, uiaiihea, steatoiihea) !"#$%&'"': Igu levels aie low 12*#,+*%,: Infusions of IvIu is iequiieu since Igu levels aie low
A.:.'. 5B*N-/.2 >**)/B2.;-<-./<9 An AR oi x-linkeu uisoiuei Commonly causeu by auenosine ueaminase ueficiency Theie is a B anu T cell uefect, thus patient has seveie infections eaily in life These aie the so calleu "bubble babies", anu iequiie isolation to pievent life- thieatening infections
I-0QB,,Y#D2'-<3 A9/2'B*. An x-linkeu iecessive uisoiuei affecting only males Theie is a classic tiiau of eczema, iecuiiing infections, anu thiombocytopenia
53.2-(QYO-1(03- A9/2'B*. Bue to a uefect in miciotubule polymeiization uiant gianules in neutiophils 0culocutaneous albinism Recuiiing infections
53'B/-< G'(/)DB*(,B)0 6-0.(0. 0sually an x-linkeu iecessive uisoiuei affecting males Theie is a uefect in NABPB oxiuase, causing iecuiiing infections uue to catalase (+) oiganisms (Staph, Pseuuomonas,etc) Biagnostic test involves nitioblue tetiazolium uye (noimally gets ieuuceu by gianulocytes) - measuies iespiiatoiy buist, which is lacking in these patients
Chapter 11
Pulmonary
O9+BV.*-(
Theie aie S causes of hypoxemia: 1. Bypoventilation 2. Biffusion Impaiiment S. vQ mismatch 4. ! Fiu2 S. Shunt
Beie is an algoiithm figuiing out the cause of hypoxemia
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Tachycaiuia, uyspnea Clubbing anu cyanosis Ciackles anu iales
12*#,+*%,: Tieatment iequiies tieating the cuiient hypoxemia anu the tieatment of unueilying uisoiueis " Pau2 u2 by nasal cannula, oi CPAP, oi intubation if necessaiy If theie is a shunt, the hypoxemia will not impiove by incieasing the FI02
5?@680
1. Emphysema 2. Chionic Bionchitis S. Asthma 4. Bionchiectasis
7*+390.*( Is aii space uilation with alveolai wall uestiuction The most common cause of emphysema is smoking If a young patient gets this, consiuei an alpha-1-antitiypsin ueficiency
32>1=%+2, W X$0)'+ O*(A V=>+;)(&#,0)$(
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Baiiel chest Bypeiventilation Puiseu lip bieathing Known as the "pink puffeis" !"#$%&'"': Clinical uiagnosis + CXR showing hypeiinflation of the lungs 12*#,+*%,: Acute episoues iequiie:
u2 anu an ABu CXR Albuteiol (inhaleu) Steioius foi acute uesatuiations ABvISE PATIENT T0 ST0P SN0KINu Chionic management of C0PB: Ipiatiopium inhalei Albuteiol inhalei Yeaily influenza vaccination Pneumococcal vaccine F0TBER SN0KINu CESSATI0N ABvISINu Long-teim u2 theiapy if Pu2 is <SS% oi the u2 satuiation is <88%
53'B/-< 4'B/<3-,-0 Piesents as a piouuctive cough on most uays foi % S months in a iow foi % 2yis Known as the "blue bloatei" -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Similai to emphysema howevei hypoxia is moie seveie RvB + pulmonaiy BTN Neck vein uistention Bepatomegaly !"#$%&'"': Biagnosis is laigely clinical Can confiim with a lung biopsy that shows an incieaseu Reiu inuex, which is a glanuulai layei that is >Su% of the total thickness of the bionchial wall. 12*#,+*%,: u2 Bionchouilatois
#0,3*( Piesents with S0B anu expiiatoiy wheezing Seveie cases may piesent with the use of accessoiy muscles Causeu by bionchial hypeiiesponsiveness that is ieveisible -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Expiiatoiy wheezing anu uyspnea 0nset is often physical activity Conuition is ieveisible with bionchouilatois such as albuteiol !"#$%&'"': Bighly clinical Check foi a FEv inciease of moie than 1u% Complication incluues status asthmaticus, which is iefiactoiy attacks that last foi uays anu aie fatal 12*#,+*%,: Tieatment with #2-agonists such as albuteiol Long-teim contiol involves auuition of inhaleu steioiu (if patient isn't expeiiencing enough contiol with albuteiol) If albuteiol + steioius aie not enough, auuition of a long-acting #-agonist such as salmuteiol may help Last iesoit in long-teim management (iefiactoiy to these pievious tieatments) is oial steioius
4'B/<3-.<,(0-0 Bue to an anatomic uefect that causes peimanent uilation of the bionchioles Patient expeiiences iecuiiing lung infections that piouuce massive amounts of sputum Patient often has uigital clubbing as well !"#$%&'"': The most accuiate uiagnostic test is the high-iesolution CT scan, which will show thickeneu bionchial walls anu uilateu aiiways CXR will show the classic "tiam-tiack maikings" 12*#,+*%,: Nust tieat infections as they aiise because theie is no cuiative theiapy Antibiotic theiapy foi iecuiiing infections Chest physiotheiapy can be helpful in ieleasing anu eliminating sputum Long-teim "cuie" is a lung-tiansplant
>/,.'0,-,-(D K-N'B0-0 Bue to chionic insult to the lung tissue by things such as asbestos, chionic infections, oiganic uusts Biagnosis maue by a CXR, which shows a "honeycomb" pattein of the lung 12*#,+*%,: u2, PEEP, steioius if theie is collagen vasculai uisease
@('./<39*(D 6-0.(0. Paienchymal uiseases aie causeu by things such as infections (TB), inflammation (saicoiuosis), uiugs, toxicchionic inhalation of offenuing agents (asbestos), anu it may be iuiopathic Patient piesents with a uiy cough, S0B, anu chionic hypoxia -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': "velcio" iales Clubbing !"#$%&'"': CXR oi high-iesolution CT Lung biopsy PFT (all measuiements aie uecieaseu piopoitionately) 12*#,+*%,: If inflammatoiy, steioius can help Theie aie no uefinitive cuies foi othei foims of paienchymal uisease
7V,'(+)D*B/('9 6-0.(0. Anything that affects the musculatuie iesponsible foi aiuing in bieathing can cause pioblems Nultiple scleiosis, ALS, uuillain-Baiie, spinal coiu tiauma Anything that piesses on the uiaphiagm can also cause tiouble, such as piegnancy anu obesity Nanagementtieatment is suppoitive only
@D.)'(D 7;;)0-B/ Fluiu in the pleuial space -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Becieaseu bieath sounus Bullness to peicussion Becieaseu tactile fiemitus
!"#$%&'"': The best initial uiagnostic test is a CXR (lateial uecubiuus shows fiee flowing fluius) Nost accuiate test is thoiacentesis (can show which type of fluiu it is)
12*#,+*%,: Small effusions usually iesoib spontaneously Biuietics can be useu if causing iespiiatoiy pioblems If effusion is laige, inseit a chest tube foi uiaining
@)D*B/('9 7*NBD-0*
Patient piesents with a suuuen onset of shoitness of bieath Lungs aie cleai The iisk factois foi PE aie usually telltale in the questions: 1. Immobility (Long aiiplane iiue) 2. Tiauma (Bioken bone) S. Suigeiy (Especially ieplacement of joints in the leg) 4. Nalignancies S. Thiombophilias
!"#$%&'"': A CXR shoulu be uone anu is usually noimal. Nay show a weuge-shapeu infaict (laige PE), atelectasis is a common finuing EKu often shows non-specific ST-T wave elevations Best test to confiim uiagnosis of PE is the spiial-CT anu shoulu be uone if the xiay is abnoimal If the xiay is noimal but you aie still suspicious, a vQ scan shoulu be peifoimeu (the less noimal the xiay the less accuiate the vQ scan will be) Bopplei exam is only 7u% sensitive, thus many PE's aie misseu with this test. The benefit of the Bopplei is that if it B0ES uetect a PE, it is 1uu% accuiate B-uimei is a highly sensitive test but it has low specificity. This is the best test to use if the patient has a low piobability of having a PE anu you want a single test to iule out a PE
@)D*B/('9 O9+.',./0-B/
Pulmonaiy hypeitension is uefineu as hypeitension that is % that of the systemic piessuie. Noimally it shoulu be appioximately 18 that of the systemic piessuie Active pulmonaiy hypeitension means it is piimaiily a uisease of the lung Passive pulmonaiy hypeitension means it is seconuaiy to a conuition of the heait E2"+#2/ !"'*#'*: Iuiopathic, which occuis commonly in young women Inteistitial iestiictive uiseases 0bstiuctive pulmonaiy uiseases -*;&%.#2/ !"'*#'*: Seen in heait uisease Commonly seen in patients with BIvAIBS
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Tiicuspiu ieguigitation Louu P2 Right ventiiculai heave Raynauu's phenomenon !"#$%&'"': Best initial test is the TTE, which will show RvB anu an enlaigeu iight atiium Nost accuiate test is iight heait catheteiization with incieaseu pulmonaiy aiteiy piessuie EKu will likely show iight-axis ueviation
12*#,+*%,: u2 Piostaglanuins Enuothelin inhibitois that pievent giowth of the vasculatuie of the pulmonaiy system
!)N.'<)DB0-0
1 TB affects the lowei lobes anu is usually asymptomatic It occuis in specific gioups such as immigiants, BIv+ patients, homeless patients, anu alcoholics. -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Night sweats Fevei Cough Sputum Weight loss !"#$%&'"': CXR is the best initial uiagnostic test Bo an aciu-fast stain of the sputum to confiim uiagnosis 12*#,+*%,: Tieatment with 4 anti-TB meuications shoulu be staiteu with six months of theiapy being the stanuaiu of caie Isoniaziu (6 months), Rifampin (6 months), Pyiizinamiue (2 months), anu Ethambutol (2 months) Bo LFT's because these meuications can cause livei toxicity (stop all meuications if tiansaminase levels ieach Sx the uppei limit of noimal) A+.<-;-< !BV-<-,-.0 <()0.2 N9 !4 2')10: Isoniaziu ! peiipheial neuiopathy, auu B6 Rifampin ! ieuoiange coloieu bouy secietions Pyiazinamiue ! hypeiuiicemia Ethambutol ! optic neuiitis
!3. @@6 ,.0, A scieening test foi those in iisk gioups. 7+%0)(A ';)0+;), )% ,% &$##$/%< Smm: close contacts, BIv+, steioiu useis 1umm: foi those who aie in the "high-iisk" gioups mentioneu above 1Smm: those with no incieaseu iisk If PPB is positive, uo the following: 1. CXR 2. If CXR is abnoimal, uo a sputum stain S. If sputum stain is positive, stait 4-uiug theiapy
5(/<.'0 B; ,3. H)/1
Lung canceis account foi the most cancei ueaths anu aie the 2 nu most commonly uiagnoseu cancei XRAY is N0T a goou scieening tool because by the time they aie seen metastasis has occuiieu Common signs anu symptoms: Cough, hemoptysis, hoaiseness, weight loss, fatigue, iecuiient pneumonia 71+ &$##$/)(A 0,-#+ .+2$(%0;,0+% 01+ '$22$( '1,;,'0+;)%0)'% $& .)&&+;+(0 0=>+% $& #*(A ',('+;% 5#L57" ![@7 5O#"#5!7">A!>5A Auenocaicinoma Is the most common lung cancei in non- smokeis (>+;)>1+;= ,(. %*->#+*;,) CEA (+), anu is useu to follow tieatment Bionchoalveolai caicinoma A subtype of auenocaicinoma that is not ielateu to smoking Piesents in the >+;)>1+;= of the lung Laige Cell caicinoma In >+;)>1+;= Is highly anaplastic anu has a pooi piognosis Squamous cell caicinoma Aiises fiom -;$('1*% ,(. )% , '+(0;,# hilai mass Stiongly linkeu to smoking PTBiP ielease causes hypeicalcemia Small cell caicinoma :+(0;,# 1)#,; location Stiong link to smoking Secietion of ABB anu ACTB causes multiple enuociine pioblems Tieat with iauiation + chemotheiapy Nay cause Lambeit-Eaton synuiome Bionchial caicinoiu tumoi 9+';+0+% %+;$0$()( Causes iecuiient uiaiihea, flushing of the skin, asthmatic wheezing Nanage with a S-BT antagonist Lymphoangio-leiomyomatosis Is a %2$$01D2*%'#+ neoplasm Nost commonly seen in menstiuating women Piesents classically with pneumothoiax Tieat with eithei piogesteione oi a lung tiansplant
Tieat small cell caicinoma with a combination of iauiation anu chemotheiapy
Tieat all othei types with local iesection + iauiation (non-metastatic), anu iauiation + chemo if metastatic
A)+.'-B' A)D<)0 !)*B' Also known as "Pancoast tumoi", which causes the following: 1. V$;(+;G% %=(.;$2+ - Ptosis, Anhyuiosis, Nyosis because it uamages the sympathetic ceivical ganglion in the lowei neck, ANB 2. 9*>+;)$; F+(, :,?, 9=(.;$2+ - obstiuction of the SvC causes facial swelling, cyanosis, anu uilation of veins of the heau anu neck
Chapter 12
GI
70B+3(1.(D 6-0B'2.'0
The only two esophageal uisoiueis that iequiie an enuoscopy aie 5#L57" anu 4(''.,,80 .0B+3(1)0, both which iequiie a biopsy to know the uiagnosis.
6[A@O#G>#
#<3(D(0-( Bysphagia to both solius anu liquius in a young non-smokei. Nay be foou ieguigitation, anu aspiiation of pieviously eaten foou. Involves a failuie of the gastioesophageal sphinctei to ielax, no mucosal abnoimalities
!"#$%&'"': Best initial test is the baiium swallow Nost accuiate test is an esophageal manometiy
12*#,+*%,: Best Initial tieatment is pneumatic uilation, if iepeateuly unsuccessful uo suigeiy. If patient iefuses suigeiy, we can give them an injection of botulinum toxin.
70B+3(1.(D 5(/<.'
Piesents w the following: 1. Bysphagia: fiist to solius then to liquius 2. Nay have heme (+) stool anuoi anemia S. 0ften pts aie >Suyi anu aie smokeisalcohol uiinkeis.
!"#$%&'"':
Best initial test is an enuoscopy If enuoscopy is not an option, uo a baiium swallow
12*#,+*%,:
Best initial theiapy is a suigical iesection (if no local oi uistant metastasis) Follow suigeiy w chemo-baseu SF0
"-/10 (/2 E.N0
Also known as peptic stiictuies. Can be causeu by iepetitive exposuie of the esophagus to acius, iesulting in scaiiing anu stiictuie foimation. Pievious use of scleiosing agents foi vaiiceal bleeuing can also cause stiictuies(this is why banuing is the supeiioi pioceuuie).
!"#$%&'"': Best initial uiagnostic test is a baiium stuuy
Following aie the uiff kinus of stiictuies:
1. 8#*22+;DF)(%$( %=(.;$2+: is a pioximal stiictuie founu in association with iion ueficiency anemia. Is moie common in miuule-ageu women anu is associateu with squamous cell esophageal cancei
Best initial theiapy is iion ieplacement
2. 9'1,0bB)G% ;)(A%< is a uistal iing of the esophagus that piesents w inteimittent symptoms of uysphagia
Best initial theiapy is pneumatic uilation
S. 8+>0)' %0;)'0*;+< iesults fiom aciu ieflux. Tieat with pneumatic uilation
]./Q.'80 6-:.',-<)D)*
Look for pt w/ dysphagia w/ horribly bad breath. There is food rotting in the back of the esophagus from dilation of the posterior pharyngeal constrictor muscles.
Diagnosis:
Best initial test is a baiium stuuy Best initial theiapy is suigical iesection
A+(0,-< 6-0B'2.'0 Biffuse esophageal spasm anu "nutciackei esophagus" aie essentially same uisease. Look foi case of seveie chest pain, often wo iisk factois foi Ischemic heait uisease. Nay occui aftei uiinking a colu beveiage. Pain is always piesent, but uysphagia isn't always piesent. All caiuiac tests aie noimal
!"#$%&'"': Nost accuiate uiagnostic test is manometiy Baiium stuuies may show a coiksciew pattein, but only uuiing an episoue of spasm
12*#,+*%,: Calcium channel blockeis anu nitiates aie the best tieatment options
70B+3(1-,-0
Esophagitis presents with odynophagia as the food rubs against the esophagus.
!"#$%&'"': IF patient is BIv (-), uo an enuoscopy fiist IF patient is BIv (+), has a CB4 count <1uu give fluconazole.. only uo enuoscopy if the patient uoesn't iesponse to fluconazle.
5(/2-2( 70B+3(1-,-0 Causes 9u% of esophagitis in BIv (+) patients The othei common cause is pill esophagitis, wheie ceitain pills can cause esophagitis in the patient.
12*#,+*%,: Bave pt sit upiight when taking the pills Bave patient uiink moie watei anu iemain upiight foi Su minutes aftei swallowing. .
%(DDB'9YI.-00 ,.(' Is an upper GI bleed with violent retching and vomiting of any cause. Theie may be hematemesis oi black stool on exam oi in the histoiy
12*#,+*%,: Nost cases iesolve spontaneously, if bleeuing peisists, injection of epinephiine can be useu to stop the bleeuing.
G7"6
Patient presents with a history of epigastric pain that is associated with substernal chest pain and possibly a metallic taste in the mouth.
Signs and Symptoms (on top of the classic presenting ones)
Soie thioat Netallic oi bittei taste Boaiseness Chionic cough Wheezing
N0TE: As many as 2u% of people who have a chionic cough aie suffeiing as a iesult of uERB !"#$%&'"': PPI aumin is both uiagnostic anu theiapeutic. Fuithei testing such as 24hi pB monitoiing shoulu only be uone if theie is no iesponse to PPIs anu the uiagnosis still is not cleai
12*#,+*%,:Nilu uisease shoulu be contiolleu w lifestyle mouifications such as: Weight Loss Sleeping in an upiight position, oi at least somewhat angleu in beu Smoking cessation Limiting alcohol, caffeine, chocolate, anu peppeimint ingestion Avoiuance of foou anu uiink within 2-S houis of going to beu
If those uon't woik then PPIs aie the next best theiapy foi uERB. They shoulu contiol 9u-9S% of cases.
If theie is no impiovement then a tiial of B2-blockeis shoulu be tiieu (many auveise effects with these)
4(''.,, 70B+3(1)0 Is a metaplasia fiom squamous to columnai cells
!"#$%&'"': Peifoim enuoscopy when theie is weight loss, anemia, anuoi bloou in the stool, anu in anyone who has chionic symptoms of ieflux uisease foi moie than Syis.
K>L6>LG ?L 7L6?A5?@[ %#L#G7%7L! Baiiett esophagus PPI anu iepeat enuoscopy eveiy 2-S yeais Low-giaue uysplasia PPI anu iepeat enuoscopy in S-6 months Bigh-giaue uysplasia Bistal esophagectomy
7+-1(0,'-< @(-/ Any pt >4Syi w peisistent epigastiic pain anuoi uiscomfoit shoulu ieceive an uppei enuoscopy. This is essential to excluue the possibility of gastiic cancei
Non-Ulcer Dyspepsia:
Is the NCC of epigastiic uiscomfoit Can only be concluueu aftei enuoscopy has excluueu an ulcei uisease, gastiic cancei, anu gastiitis
12*#,+*%,: Consists of symptomatic theiapy w B2 blockeis, liquiu antacius, oi PPIs.
@.+,-< $D<.' 6-0.(0. Bue to hypeisecietion of aciu Can be eithei uuouenal ulcei(B0) oi gastiic ulcei(u0) uiseases B. Pyloii is the NCC of ulceis, 2 nu NCC is NSAIBs, heau tiauma, buins, intubation, Ciohn's uisease, anu ZES. 0sually, foou impioves the pain of a uuouenal ulcei anu makes the pain of a gastiic ulcei woise If the pt is above 4S anu has epigastiic pain, you must scope to excluue gastiic cancei.
G(0,'-,-0
Not due to hypersecretion of acid, as in PUD. Can be associated with H.Pylori, if this is present treat w/ PPI and 2 antibiotics. uastiitis can also be "atiophic" fiom peinicious anemia anu is often associateu with a ueficiency of vitamin B12
7+%0)(A &$; Vh 8=#$;)< )&', #;;=2#,* ,*',8 Enuoscopy with biopsy (if this is uone no fuithei testing is iequiieu) -*2&7&$/ is veiy sensitive but not specific, if the seiology is negative, this excluues B. Pyloii. A positive test can't uistinguish between new anu pievious infection.
F2*#,5 ,*',"%$ #%. ',&&7 #%,"$*% ,*',"%$8 These aie not stanuaiu oi ioutinely useu. They can howevei uistinguish between new anu olu uisease.
12*#,"%$ ?\ E/7&2"8 Tieat this bacteiia with PPI anu claiithiomycin + amoxicillin. 0NLY tieat if its associateu with gastiitis oi ulcei uisease.
Theie is no neeu foi ioutine post-tieatment testing of B Pyloii. theie is no benefit in tieating B. Pyloii that is associateu with non-ulcei uyspepsia.
1. Repeat tieatment with 2 new antibiotics anu PPI : 0se metioniuazole + tetiacycline insteau 2. If iepeat tieatment fails, evaluate foi ZES (uastiinoma).
A,'.00 $D<.' @'B+39D(V-0:
Routine prophylactic use of a PPI or H2 blocker or sucralfate should only be used if one of the following is present:
1. Beau tiauma 2. Intubation anu mechanical ventilation
S. Buins 4. Coagulopathy anu steioiu use in combo
**NSAIB oi steioiu use alone is not an inuication foi ioutine stiess ulcei piophylaxis
]BDD-/1.'Y7DD-0B/ A9/2'B*.\]7A^ B' G(0,'-/B*(
ZES is diagnosed by finding an elevated gastrin level and an elevated gastric acid output.
**remember that everyone on a H2 blocker or PPI has an elevated gastrin level.
M5*% ,& ,*', ,5* $#',2"% #%. $#',2"; #;". &=,0=,X
When any of the following aie piesent: 1. laige ulcei >1cm 2. multiple ulceis S. uistal location neai the ligament of Tieitz 4. iecuiient oi peisistent uespite B. Pyloii tieatment
*if the gastrin and acid output level are both elevated, then localization of the gastrinoma is next.
!"#$%&'"'8 Nost accuiate is an enuoscopic ultiasounu Nucleai somatostatin scan is also veiy sensitive because ZES patients have a high numbei of somatostatin ieceptois
12*#,+*%,8 Local uisease iequiies suigical iesection Netastatic uisease iequiies the patient be on lifelong PPIs
>/;D(**(,B'9 4BE.D 6-0.(0.\>46^
Both Crohns and ulcerative colitis can present with fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in stool, and weight loss.
0C pies most often with abuominal pain anu bloouy uiaiihea
12*#,+*%,: Best initial tieatment foi both is mesalamine Steioius aie useful in acute cases Suigeiy is iequiieu if theie is no ielief fiom these tieatment moualities
6>#""O7#
Infectious Diarrhea
The presence of blood indicates a pathogenic invader, which may include any of the following:
Campylobacter - Is the MCC of food poisoning.
Salmonella - Transmitted by chicken and eggs
Vibrio Parahemolyticus Associated with infected seafood
E. Coli There are many different types, which include:
E. Coli 0157:H7 ! MC associated with haemolytic uremic syndrome(via effects of verotoxin). Look for undercooked beef in the history. Vibrio vulnificus: Look for shellfish in a person w/ liver disease Shigella: Secretes Shiga toxin, which is also associated with reactive arthritis Yersinia: Rodents are natural reservoirs, transmission via veggies, milk-derived products, and meat Amebic: Perform three ova & stool parasite exams or serologic testing. Treat with metronidazole
Diagnosis:
Best initial test ! fecal leukocytes
Most accurate test ! stool culture
Treatment:
Mild disease! Keep the patient hydrated, this usually resolves on its own
Severe disease ! Fluoroquinolones are the treatment of choice. Severe disease is defined as presence of any of the following (Blood, fever, abdominal pain, hypotension and tachycardia)
Non-Bloody Diarrhea:
Non-bloody diarrhea may still be d/t the above pathogens, which can all present with non-bloody diarrhea. NO BLOOD in diarrhea will exclude all of the following, which never have blood:
1. Viruses ! Rotavirus, Norwalk virus (Norovirus) 2. Giardia ! Camping/hiking. Look for bloating/flatus/steatorrhea, stool ELISA is diagnostic test of choice, treatment involves metronidazole. 3. Staph Aureus ! Presents with vomiting in addition to diarrhea. This resolves spontaneously 4. Bacillus Cereus ! Is associated with eating refried rice. This resolves spontaneously 5. Cryptosporidiosis! HIV (+) patient with a CD4 count <100. Diagnosis with acid-fast stain. There is no proven treatment except to raise the CD4 count w/ antiretroviral therapy. 6. Scombroid! Histamine fish poisoning, has fastest onset of poisoning, which is around 10 min after eating infected tuna, mackerel, or mahi-mahi. Patient has vomiting, diarrhea, wheezing, and flushing. Treatment involves giving the patients antihistamines such as diphenhydramine.
Antibiotics Associated Diarrhea (C. Difficile)
Develops several days to weeks after use of antibiotics such as Clindamycin, which is the most common cause. There can be both blood and fecal leukocytes with C.Difficile- related colitis.
Diagnosis:
Best initial test is a stool toxin assay.
Treatment:
The best initial therapy is metronidazole
Chronic Diarrhea
The most common cause of chronic diarrhea is lactose intolerance
Diagnosis:
Removal of milk products will both allow for diagnosis and treatment
MALABSORBTION
Diarrhea caused by malabsorption is always associated with weight loss Fat malabsorption is associated with steatorrhea, which leads to oily/greasy stools that float on the water in the toilet and are foul smelling
The common causes of fat malabsorption are as follows:
Hypocalcemia from vitamin D deficiency, which may lead to osteoporosis Oxalate overabsorption and oxalate kidney stones Easy bruising and elevated PT/INR due to vitamin K malabsorbtion Vitamin B12 malabsorption from either destruction of terminal ileum or loss of pancreatic enzymes that are necessary for B12 absorption
Diagnosis:
The best initial test is the sudan stain The most sensitive is a 72-hr fecal fat test
Celiac Disease
Presents with iron malabsorption and microcytic anemia
Diagnosis:
Best initial diagnostic test is checking for antigliadin, antiendomyseal, and antitissue transglutaminase antibodies The most accurate test is a small bowel biopsy
*bowel wall biopsy is always necessary even w/ antibody confirmation, in order to exclude bowel wall lymphomas.
Treatment:
Elimination of oats, wheat, barley from the diet
Tropical Sprue
Patient will have a history of being in a tropical location, and presents the same way as celiac disease.
Diagnosis:
Small bowel biopsy is the best test to perform
Treatment: Tetracycline or TMP-SMX for 3-6 months
Whipples Disease
A GI infection presenting with arthralgias, rash, diarrhea, and anemia
Diagnosis:
The most accurate test is a small bowel biopsy that shows PAS (+) organisms Can also do a PCR of the stool looking for T. Whippelii
Treatment:
Penicillin, Tetracycline, or TMP-SMX for 12 months
Chronic Pancreatitis
History of alcoholism is usually present Lipase and amylase levels are likely normal since these wont drop until the pancrease is calcified and fibrosed. Fat soluble vitamins are not absorbed
Diagnosis:
The best initial test is an abdominal XRAY or a CT without contrast The most accurate testis secretin stimulation testing (normal person releases large amount of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic fluid).
Treatment:
Involves the administration of pancreatic enzymes by mouth.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Syndrome where the patient experiences an alteration in bowel habits (constipation alternating with diarrhea) Pain is usually relieved after a bowel movement
Diagnosis:
Testing may include colonoscopy, xrays, blood tests, but all are negative
Treatment:
The best initial treatment is fiber supplementation, which helps by bulking the stool and relieving pain If fiber doesnt work, can add antispasmotic agents to try and relax the bowel If these fail to work, TCAs can be tried
COLON CANCER
Hamartomas and hyperplastic polyps are benign Dysplastic polyps are malignant
** The most important thing to know for colon cancer screening is when and what to do for the patient
The best method of screening for colon cancer is performing a colonoscopy every 10yrs
One family member with colon cancer requires colonoscopy starting at 40yr or 10yr before age of family member who had cancer.
Three family member, two generations, one premature(<50) require a colonoscopy every 1-2yr starting at 25yrs. This is a lynch syndrome or HNPCC
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis(FAP)
Start screening sigmoidsocopies at age 12 Perform colectomy if polyps are found
Gardners syndrome
This presents with benign bone tumors known as osteomas, as well as other soft tissue tumors. There is no additional screening indicated for Gardners syndrome
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
This presents with a patient who has melanotic spots on the There are hamartomatous polyps throughout the small bowel and colon There is a lifetime risk of colon cancer is 10%. No extra screening recommended
Juvenile Polyposis
There are multiple extra hamartomas in the bowel. No increased risk of colon cancer from hamartomas No extra screening recommended If dysplastic polyps are found, perform repeat colonoscopy in 3-5 years
GENERAL POPULATION SINGLE FAMILY MEMBER WITH COLON CANCER THREE FAMILY MEMBERS WITH CANCER FAP GARDNERS, PEUTZ- JEGHERS, JP Start at 50, then q10yr Start at 40yr or 10yr earlier than when diagnosed Colonoscopy q1-2yr at 25yr Sigmoidoscopy q102 yr starting at 12yr No xtra screening recommended
DIVERTICULAR DISEASE
Includes Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
Diverticulosis
Incredibly common in older Americans and it most commonly caused by a low-fiber, high-fat diet
Signs and Symptoms:
LLQ abdominal pain Lower GI bleed
Diagnosis:
The most accurate test is a colonoscopy Best diagnostic test is an abdominal CT scan
Treatment:
High-fiber diet low in saturated fats
Diverticulitis
Is a complication of diverticulosis and presents with:
LLQ abdominal pain Tenderness Fever Elevated white cell count in blood
Treatment:
Involves the use of antibiotics. Metronidazole and ciprofloxacin most commonly used.
Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Red blood ! lower GI bleed, rarely a very acute upper GI bleed can be red blood
Black stool ! upper GI bleed (Proximal to Ligament of Trietz). Black stool usually is 100ml or more blood.
Heme (+) brown stool ! can occur from as little as 5-10ml of blood loss
Coffee ground emesis ! needs very little gastric, esophageal, or duodenal blood loss, as little as 5-10ml.
**The most important thing to do in acute GI bleeding is to determine if there is hemodynamic instability
Treatment for GI bleeds:
IV fluids if it is a large bleed Correction of anemia or other lab abnormalities
Variceal Bleeding
Look for alcoholic with hematemesis and/or liver disease Other clues are the presentation of splenomegaly, low platelets, and spider angiomas or gynecomastia
Diagnosis:
Endoscopy
Treatment:
First thing to do is add octreotide which decreases portal hypertension 2 nd thing to do is an upper GI to band the variceals If banding fails, a shunt between the portal vein and the hepatic vein should be done
Sources of Bleeding
Upper GI:
Ulcer disease Esophagitis Gastritis Duodenitis Varices Cancer
Lower GI:
Angiodysplasia Diverticular disease Polyps Ischemic colitis IBD Cancer
Diagnosing sources of bleeding:
Technetium bleeding scan (tagged red cells) detects source of bleed Angiography is an excellent preoperative test because it localizes the site of resection Capsule endoscopy should be done when the other methods fail. This is a small camera that is swallowed and allows for visualization of the small intestine
Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
Presents with a sudden onset of severe abdominal pain with a normal appearing exam (ie. The pain is out of proportion to the findings on exam)
Diagnosis:
The most accurate test is an angiography
Treatment:
Surgical resection of ischemic bowel
Other GI Conditions
Constipation
Initial management of constipation is hydration and fiber supplements
There is usually no clear etiology, for clinical purpose must know possible causes and be able to treat underlying reason.
1. Dehydration: look for signs of dehydration, BUN:Cr of >20:1 2. CCBs 3. Narcotic medication use/sedatives 4. Hypothyroidism: TSH, T4 5. Diabetes 6. Ferrous sulphate iron replacement 7. Anticholinergic medications
Dumping syndrome
This is a rare disorder related to prior gastric surgery (Often for ulcer disease) This is a disorder where stomach contents are quickly passed through to the intestine, and it then draws fluid into the GI, causing an initial HYPERglycemia follow by a reactive HYPOglycemia
Longstanding DM impairs neural supply of bowel, there is impairment of normal motility. Patient will present with bloating and constipation as well as diarrhea
Diagnosis:
Clinical + history of diabetes
Treatment:
Erythromycin (increases motilin in the gut, thus increasing motility) and metoclopramide.
Acute Pancreatitis
Presents (classically) as severe midepigastric pain and tenderness that is associated with alcoholism and/or gallstones
Diagnosis:
Lipase (more specific) and amylase
Treatment:
Keep patient NPO Give IV fluids Give pain medications
ACUTE HEPATITIS:
All pts present in a very similar way:
1. Jaundice 2. Fatigue 3. Weight loss 4. Dark urine from bilirubin in the urine
*Hepatitis B and C are more likely to pres with serum-sickness phenomenom like joint pain, urticaria, and fever.
No definitive treatment is available for any form of acute hepatitis.
Diagnosis:
Conjugated bilirubin levels (will be elevated) Viral Hepatitis gives elevated ALT level Drug-induced hepatitis is associated with increased levels of AST In pregnancy, if a patient gets hepatitis E this can be fatal Most accurate tests for hep A, C, D, and E, the confirmatory test is serology IgM levels acutely rise, and IgG levels rise in the recovery phase. Surface antigens, core antibody, e-antigen, or surface antibodies are only associated w/ hepatitis B.
Hepatitis B testing:
The first test to become abnormal in acute hep B infection is the surface antigen. Elevation in ALT, e-antigen, and symptoms all occur after the appearance of hepatitis B surface antigen. Chronic hep B gives the same serologic pattern as acute hep B, but it is based on persistence of the surface antigen beyond six months.
*Tests for active viral replication: hep B DNA polymerase = e-antigen = hep B PCR for DNA, all equal the same thing.
Hepatitis C testing:
Best initial test is hep C antibody, this wont tell the level of activity of the virus Most accurate test Hep C PCR for RNA, also is the most accurate way of testing response to therapy Liver biopsy is the most accurate for finding out the severity of the disease
Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis
Chronic hep B: The pt w/ surface antigen, e-antigen, and DNA polymerase or PCR for DNA is the pt most likely to benefit from antiviral therapy. Look for >6mnth of positive serology
Treat chronic hep B w/ following single agents: 1. Lamivudine 2. Adefovir 3. Entecavir 4. Telbivudine 5. Interferon (has the most adverse effects)
Chronic hep C: Combine interferon with ribavirin (MC adverse effect is anemia)
Vaccination:
Hep A and B vaccination is now universally done in children.
For adults the strongest indication for both types are the following:
1. Chronic liver disease 2. Household contacts 3. MSM (men who have sex with men) 4. Blood product recipients on a chronic basis 5. Injection drug users
Specific indications:
HEP A ! travelers HEP B ! health care workers and pts on dialysis.
*there is no vaccine or postexposure prophylaxis for hep C
CIRRHOSIS
No matter what the cause may be, it will have a number of features:
1. Edema due to low oncotic pressure (treat with spironolactone + diuretics) 2. Gynecomastia 3. Palmar erythema 4. Splenomegaly 5. Thrombocytopenia due to splenic sequestration 6. Encephalopathy, which should be treated with lactulose 7. Ascites - Treat with spironolactone 8. Esphageal varices - Propranolol will prevent bleeding, perform banding if bleed continues.
Ascites:
Perform paracentesis for all pts with ascites if a new ascites, pain, fever, or tenderness are present.
Diagnosis:
Test the fluid albumin level SAAG > 1.1 is consistent with portal hypertension from cirrhosis
CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE (Cause of cirrhosis)
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Is a diagnosis of exlusion. Must exclude all other causes of cirrhosis and look for a history of longstanding alcohol abuse. Treat as described above for cirrhosis
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
Presents most commonly in a middle-aged woman complaining of itching. Xanthalasmas may be found on exam. Also look for a history of other autoimmune disorders
Diagnosis:
The best initial test is elevated alkaline phosphatase + normal bilirubin level The most accurate test is presence of antimitochondrial antibody
Best initial test is serum study showing elevated serum iron and ferritin with a low TIBC. Iron saturation will be grossly elevated The most accurate test is a MRI or liver biopsy
Treatment:
Phlebotomy
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Most often presentation is a young woman who has another autoimmune disease
Diagnosis:
Best initial test is ANA and anti-smooth muscle antibodies The most accurate test is a biopsy of the liver
Treatment:
Prednisone
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
Strong association with obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia
Diagnosis:
Best initial test is liver studies that show ALT>AST The most accurate test is a liver biopsy that shows fatty infiltration
Treatment:
Management of the underlying condition
Chapter 13
Nephrology
"./(D !)N)D(' (/2 >/,.'0,-,-(D 6-0B'2.'0
6')1 >/2)<.2 >/,.'0,-,-(D L.+3'-,-0 Classic uiugs causing inteistitial nephiitis incluue PCN, NSAIBs, Sulfonamiues, anu uiuietics. -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Rash Bematuiia 0liguiia Fevei Eosinophilia Eosinophiliuiia is iaie but is pathognomonic foi hypeisensitivity Alleigic Inteistitial Nephiitis !"#$%&'"': Biagnosis is mainly clinical, iemoval of offenuing agent + impiovement helps to confiim uiagnosis Tieatment: Removal of offenuing agent Steioius can help
#<),. "./(D K(-D)'. Piesents with " azotemia " B0N & Cieatinine Causeu by eithei pieienal, ienal, oi postienal azotemia 8;+;+(,# E,)#*;+: Bypopeifusion will leau to ienal failuie volume uepletion, sepsis, heatstioke, buins, hypotension 4(0;)(%)' M+(,# E,)#*;+F ATN is the most common cause Renal ischemia also a possibility
8$%0;+(,# E,)#*;+F Is uue to obstiuction seconuaiy to eithei BPB, ienal calculi, anuoi blauueipelvic tumois
12*#,+*%,: Iv fluius to maintain uiine output Biuietics to pievent fluiu oveiloau Close monitoiing of electiolyte abnoimalities Bialyze with seveie electiolyte abnoimalities, uniesponsive metabolic aciuosis, uiemia, anu toxic ingestion
#<),. !)N)D(' L.<'B0-0 Fiom eithei hypopeifusion that leaus to tissue ueath oi fiom insult uue to vaiious toxic injuiies Is the most common cause of acute ienal failuie 12*#,+*%,: Remove cause uive Iv fluius to maintain uiinaiy output Closely monitoi electiolytes uive uiuietics as neeueu to pievent fluiu oveiloau
"./(D !)N)D. K)/<,-B/(D 6-0B'2.'0 1. Renal Tubulai Aciuosis 2. Biabetes Insipiuus S. Synuiome of Inappiopiiate Antiuiuietic Boimone
M+(,# 7*-*#,; !').$%)%: Type Chaiacteiistic 0iinaiy pB Type I A uefect of the uistal tubule (B+ giauient) >S.S Type II Pioximal tubule fails to iesoib BC0S >S.S eaily then <S.S as the aciuosis woisens Type Iv ! Aluosteione (leauing to hypei K+ anu hypei Cl-
Fiom ! secietion seen in BN, inteistitial nephiitis, ACEI's, hepaiin, anu NSAIB use.
Nay also be uue to aluosteione iesistance fiom sickle cell oi uiinaiy obstiuction <S.S
R),-+0+% 4(%)>).*%: Theie is cential anu nephiogenic types of BI, both: ! secietion of ABB if it is cential uiabetes insipiuus, anu an ABB iesistance if it is nephiogenic -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+' &6 4&,5: Polyuiia Polyuypsia Noctuiia 0iine osmolality & 2uu anu seium osmolality % Suu 5./,'(D 6>F Is eithei iuiopathic (Piimaiy) oi causeu by insult to biain (Seconuaiy) Tieat this with BBAvP nasal spiay L.+3'B1./-< 6>: Is an x-linkeu uisease anu may be seconuaiy to sickle cell, pyelonephiitis, nephiosis, amyloiuosis, multiple myeloma uiugs Tieat by incieasing watei intake anu iestiicting souium intake
!"#$%&'"': With BBAvP auministiation, cential BI will have a fast ueciease in uiine output, while nephiogenic BI will have no change in uiine volume With BBAvP auministiation, cential BI shows an acute inciease in uiine osmolality, wheie nephiogenic BI shows no change in osmolality Tieat cential BI with BBAvP oi vasopiessin Tieat nephiogenic BI by coiiecting the unueilying cause (electiolyte imbalances).
9=(.;$2+ $& 4(,>>;$>;),0+ !(0).)*;+0)' V$;2$(+ K94!RVL< Theie aie many possible causes of SIABB: 3S- ."'*#'*: tiauma, tumois, hyuiocephalus E=7+&%#2/ ."'*#'*': pneumonia, Small cell caicinoma of lung, abscess, C0PB I%.&;2"%* ."'*#'*: hypothyioiuism, Conn's synuiome !2=$': NSAIBs, chemotheiapy, uiuietics, phenothiazine, oial hypoglycemics
!"#$%&'"': piesence of hyponatiemia with a uiine osmolality of >Suummolkg 12*#,+*%,: this conuition is usually self-limiting, iesistant cases may iequiie uemeclocycline which inuuces nephiogenic BI
:1;$()' M+(,# E,)#*;+< Always associateu with ienal azotemia 35#2#;,*2"J*. 4/8 Azotemia Aciuosis Bypeikalemia Bypocalcemia uue to lack of vitamin B piouuction Anemia (lack of eiythiopoietin piouuction) Bypeitension uue to RAAS pathway activation
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Nausea anu vomiting Anoiexia Bementia Convulsions Coma PLT uysfunction (leaus to bleeuing) !"#$%&'"': Renal ultiasounu showing small kiuneys if failuie is chionic Piesence of anemia uue to lack of EP0 piouuction 12*#,+*%,: Restiict both watei anu salt Pievent fluiu oveiloau with uiuietics If theie aie seveie electiolyte uistuibances oi aciu-base pioblems go into uialysis
GDB*.')D(' 6-0.(0.0
L.+3'-,-< (/2 L.+3'B,-< A9/2'B*.0F L.+3'B,-<F !*6"%*. 4/ ! hypeipioteinuiia, hypopioteinemia, hypeilipiuemia, euema Pioteinuiia >S.Sguay Patient has geneializeu euema Bypeicoagulation ! albumin Bypeilipiuemia !"#$%&'"': J+%0 )()0),# 0+%0 is a uiinalysis showing significantly incieaseu levels of piotein Next best step is a spot-uiine test foi a piotein: cieatinine >S.S:1 24-hi uiine piotein collection >S.Sg @$%0 ,''*;,0+ 0+%0 ! Renal biopsy ![@7 ?K L7@O"?!>5 6>A7#A7 5?%%?L 5O#"#5!7">A!>5AJ!c Ninimal Change Bisease This is seen in young chiluien. Tieat with pieunisone Focal Segmental ulomeiuloscleiosis Similai in piesentation to NCB but occuis in auults. Nost commonly iuiopathic. Commonly piesents in young hypeitensive males. Tieat with pieunisone anu cyclophosphamiue Nembianous ulomeiulonephiitis Is the most common 1 cause of nephiitic synuiome in auults. A slowly piogiessive uisoiuei. Nany causes: BBv, BCv, syphilis, ceitain uiugs, malignancies, SLE. Tieat with pieunisone + cyclophosphamiue. Su% of cases piogiess to enu-stage ienal failuie Nembianopiolifeiative ulomeiulonephiitis Type 1 is slowly piogiessive while Type 2 is aggiessive. Autoantibouy against CS conveitase (!CS levels) Tieat with pieunisone, plasmaphaiesis.
12*#,+*%,: Piotein anu salt iestiiction BNu-CoA ieuuctase inhibitoi foi hypeilipiuemia
L.+3'-,-<: This happens when theie is uiffuse glomeiulai inflammation -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Theie is an acute-onset of hematuiia 0liguiia Bypeitension Euema !uFR " Bun:Ci ![@7 ?K L7@O">!>5 6>A7#A7 5?%%?L 5O#"#5!7">A!>5AJ!c Post-stieptococcal ulomeiulonephiitis An acute conuition. Classically occuis aftei Stiep Pyogenes infection. Immunofluoiescence shows coaise gianulai Igu oi CS ueposits. Labs show incieaseu ieu cells anu casts, ! seium CS, " AS0 titei. Rapiuly Piogiessive ulomeiulonephiitis (Ciescentic) A nephiitic conuition that piogiesses iapiuly to ienal failuie. uooupastuie's uisease is in this categoiy. Immunofluoiescence shows smooth anu lineai Igu ueposits. Tieat with pieunisone anu plasmaphaiesis. Beigei's Bisease (IgA nephiopathy) Nost common type of nephiopathy. IgA ueposits in mesangium. Piesents with iecuiient hematuiia + low-giaue pioteinuiia. 0sually haimless, howevei 1 in 4 may piogiess to ienal failuie. Tieat with pieunisone Benoch-Schonlein Puipuia Always in chiluien, is an IgA nephiopathy. Piesents with abuominal pain, uI bleeu, vomiting, anu hematuiia. Classically finu palpable puipuia on
buttocks anu legs Is a self-limiting uisease that iequiies no steioius. Nultiple Nyeloma Theie is an incieaseu light-chain piouuction. Finu Bence-}ones piotein in uiine. Bypeicalcemia seen. Patient becomes succeptible to encapsulateu bacteiia because theie is a uefect in noimal antibouy piouuction. Tieatment must be on the unueilying myeloma.
A90,.*-< GDB*.')DB/.+3'B+(,3-.0F 6>A7#A7 5O#"#5!7">A!>5 L7@O"?@#!O[ Biabetes Nellitus Is the NCC of ESRB. Eaily manifestation is micioalbuminuiia (give ACEI's, stiict glycemic contiol).
BIv NC seen when BIv is acquiieu by Iv uiug use. Piesents as focal segmental glomeiulonephiitis. Eaily tieatment with antiietioviial Renal Amyloiuosis Biagnose with biiefiingence on congo ieu stain. Tieat with a tiansplant
H$@$A Type 1 No ienal involvement Type 2 Is a mesangial uisease with focal segmental glomeiulai pattein. Tieatment isn't typically iequiieu Type S Is a focal piolifeiative uisease. Tieat aggiessively with pieunisone anu cyclophosphamiue Type 4 Biffuse piolifeiative uisease. Combination of both nephiitic anu nephiitic uisease. Wiie-loop abnoimality on LN Tieat with pieunisone anu cyclophosphamiue Type S Is a membianous uisease that is inuistinguishable fiom othei piimaiy membianous uiseases. Tieat with pieunisone
"./(D #',.'9 A,./B0-0
Piesents with suuuen onset of hypeitension along with hypokalemia Abuominal biuit heaiu with stethoscope Can be causeu by plaque, fibiomusculai uysplasia !"#$%&'"': J+%0 )()0),# 0+%0 is a ienal ultiasounu with Bopplei If small kiuneys aie then seen, uo an NRA The 2$%0 ,''*;,0+ 0+%0 is a ienal angiogiam 12*#,+*%,: Angioplasty anu stenting
?N0,')<,-B/ B; ,3. $'-/('9 !'(<,
BPB anu stones aie the NCC in auults Theie is an incieaseu iisk of stasis thus incieasing the iisks of 0TI's Piesent with uiinaiy colic, intense pain that iauiates fiom the back aiounu to the pelvis anu the gioin L.+3'BD-,3-(0-0: 3#7;"=+ E/2&05&'05#,*: 8S% of stones aie calcium pyiophosphate Aie iauiopaque anu associateu with hypeicalcemia Su% of time it's associateu with hypeicalciuiia Tieat calcium stones with hyuiation anu loop uiuietics (L00PS eliminate calcium) @++&%"=+ )#%$*'"=+ E5&'05#,* T-,2=G",*U8 2 nu NCC of stones Aie iauiopaque 0sually causeu by uiease (+) Pioteus oi Staph Sapiophyticus Nay foim laige staghoin calculi Tieatment involves taking caie of the unueilying infection
R2"; @;". -,&%*': 0ften seconuaiy to gout oi conuitions that cause incieaseu cell tuinovei, such as myelopiolifeiative uisease Tieat by alkalinizing the uiine anuoi tieating any unueilying conuitions
P-2/.9 !)*B'0
The most common ienal malignancy is './(D <.DD <('<-/B*(, which occuis NC in males fiom Su-7uyi of age Piesents with hematuiia, flank pain, fevei, palpable mass, anu seconuaiy polycythemia Tieatment involves inteileukin anu iesection The most common chiluhoou ienal malignancy is I-D*80 ,)*B', which occuis NC between 2-4yi olu Piesents with a palpable flank mass Pait of WAuR complex (Wilms, Aniiiuia, u0 malfoimation, Retaiuation - mental anu motoi) 12*#,+*%,: Removal of kiuney plus chemotheiapy anuoi iauiation
!"#$%&'"': The most ieliable test foi iion ueficiency anemia is seium feiiitin, which will be uecieaseu. If a patient has iion-ueficiency anemia anu uoes not iesponu to tieatment, uo hemoglobin electiophoiesis to look foi an $ oi # thalassemia
O!J9 &$; %*%>+'0+. ,(+2),%<
1. Iion stuuies (most imp) 2. CBC w peiipheial smeai (paying attention to NCv, NCBC) S. B12folate(B12 = neuiopathies, folate = no neuiopathies) 4. RBW (newei smallei RBCs cause change in RBW) S. Reticulocyte count (ueteimines whethei site of pioblem is bone maiiow synthesis of new RBCs) 6. LBB, biliiubin, haptoglobin (all ueteimine whethei hemolysis is in play) 7. TSB with T4 (see whethei hypothyioiuism is cause of fatigue) 8. CXRbloou cultuie0A foi suspecteu sickle cell uisease
!"#$%&'"': Best uiagnostic test foi iion-ueficiency anemia is iion stuuies The most accuiate test is a bone maiiow biopsy
12*#,+*%,: 0ial feiious sulfate supplement
#/.*-( B; 53'B/-< 6-0.(0.
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'F Same signs anu symptoms with the auuition of a histoiy of chionic inflammatoiy uisoiuei oi autoimmune uisoiuei
!"#$%&'"': Best uiagnostic test is iion stuuies (will come back noimal)
12*#,+*%,: Coiiect the unueilying uisease
!3(D(00.*-( -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Small NCv Piesence of taiget cells veiy othei symptoms
!"#$%&'"': Best initial test is an iion stuuy The most accuiate test is hemoglobin electiophoiesis Beta-thalassemia has elevateu BgA2 anu BgF Alpha-thalassemia has noimal levels
Theie is no tieatment foi these conuitions
A-2.'BND(0,-< #/.*-(
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Patient has a histoiy of alcohol abuse, exposuie to leau, oi the use of isoniaziu (INB)
!"#$%&'"': Best initial test is iion stuuies The most accuiate test is the Piussian blue stain
Tieatment: Ninoi cases iequiie only pyiiuoxine ieplacement Seveie cases iequiie the iemoval of exposuie to toxin
%(<'B<9,-< #/.*-(
Piesents similaiy to miciocytic anemia with fatigue, palloi, light-heaueuness, but is causeu by a ueficiency of eithei vitamin B12 oi folic aciu
M-,(*-/ 4aR 6.;-<-./<9F -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Paiasthesias Peiipheial neuiopathies Bementia is the least common occuiience
!"#$%&'"': CBC with peiipheial smeai, paying special attention to neutiophils Neutiophils aie laige anu hypeisegmenteu B12 ueficiency can also cause glossitis anu uiaiihea
12*#,+*%,: Replace eithei folate oi vitamin B12
L?!7: Appiox Su% of B12 ueficiencies show noimal B12 levels because tianscobalamine is an acute phase ieactant which elevates with any foim of stiess. Thus is you suspect B12 ueficiency anu levels aie noimal, get a methylmalonic aciu level.
Aftei finuing low B12 oi elevevateu methylmalonic aciu, the -+%0 '$(&);2,0$;= 0+%0 "' antipaiietal cell antibouies oi anti-intiinsic factoi antibouies (both confiim peinicious anemia as the cause of B12 uef).
12*#,+*%,8 Replace B12 oi folate
** Folate ueficiency is most commonly causeu by a pooi uiet, classically uesciibeu as a "tea anu toast uiet". Folate stoies ueplete within S months, thus with pooi uiets this can be seen quickly. Tieat this with uiet mouifications anu immeuiate folate ieplacement.
Sickle Cell Anemia
Patient piesents with extieme pain in the chest, back, anu thighs When a patient piesents with a sickle cell ciisis, give immeuiate oxygen, noimal saline, anu analgesics. If patient piesents with these symptoms + fevei, give Iv antibiotics as well
S1+( 0$ .$ +Q'1,(A+ 0;,(%&*%)$( )( %)'B#+ '+## >0Z 1. Piesence of visual uistuibances uue to ietinal infaict. 2. Pulmonaiy infaict leauing to pleuiitic pain anu abnoimal xiay. S. Piiapism uue to infaict of piosthetic plexus of veins. 4. Stioke
S1,0 ',*%+% %*..+( .;$>% )( 1+2,0$';)0 )( %)'B#+ '+## >0Z Eithei uue to a folate ueficiency oi paivo B19 viius, which causes an aplastic ciisis - All Sickle cell pts shoulu be on folate supplements, thus if that's the case it is uue to paivo B19 - Bo a PCR foi BNA of paivo B19
All foims of hemolytic anemia piesent with a suuuen onset of weakness anu fatigue that is associateu with anemia.
Aie piematuie uestiuction of ieu bloou cells Bone maiiow iesponus appiopiiately by incieasing eiythiopoiesis anu thus theie is an inciease in ieticulocyte count If bone maiiow uoesn't woik piopeily, anemia will ensue
?*+&7/'"' :"77 '5&: ,5* 6&77&:"%$:
1. Incieaseu inuiiect biliiubin (uets ieleaseu with RBC uestiuction) 2. Incieaseu ieticulocyte count (Beteimines bones maiiow's ability to make new RBCs) S. Incieaseu LBB 4. Becieaseu haptoglobin (oiueieu to uistinguish between anemia anu hemolytic anemia)
Causeu by sickle cell uisease, hemoglobin uisease, thalassemias Nembiane uefects such as heieuitaiy spheiocytosis, paioxysmal noctuinal hemoglobinopathy Enzyme uefects such as u6PB ueficiency anu pyiuvate kinase ueficiency
Autoimmune Hemolysis
Patient often has a histoiy of autoimmune uiseases, canceis, oi meuication use
!"#$%&'"'8 Nost accuiate test is Coomb's test Look foi an incieaseu LBB anu incieaseu ieticulocyte count Look at the peiipheial smeai foi spheiocytes
12*#,+*%,: The best initial theiapy is pieunisone With no iesponse to pieunisone, IvIu can stop acute episoues With iecuiiing episoues of hemolysis, a splenectomy is most effective
*N0TE: waim antibouies aie the cause heie, which aie always Igu. 5(#= 4AN ;+%>$(.% 0$ %0+;$).% ,(. %>#+(+'0$2=h
5BD2Y>/2)<.2 O.*BD90-0 \5BD2 (11D),-/-/0) Coomb's test is negative Theie is often a mycoplasma oi EBv infection Theie is no iesponse to steioius, splenectomy, oi IvIu
O.*BD90-0 2). ,B -/,'-/0-< 2.;.<,0
GD)<B0.YqY@3B0+3(,. 2.392'B1./(0. 2.;-<-./<9 Piesents with a seveie anu acute onset of hemolysis Is an x-linkeu uisoiuei, thus seen in males Nost commonly theie is a histoiy of sulfa uiugs, piimaquine, oi uapsone use Ingestion of fava beans is classically askeu on boaiu exams
!"#$%&'"'8 The best initial test is the peripheral smear that shows Heinz bodies and bite cells The most accurate diagnostic test is a glucose-6-phosphate level. The problem with this test is that it will only show up after 2 months, and is not a good test early on in an acute haemolytic episode
12*#,+*%,: Avoiuance of oxiuative stiess
@9'):(,. P-/(0. 6.;-<-./<9 Piesents the same way as u6PB ueficiency, but the cause is unknown
12*#,+*%,< Plasma exchange until symptoms subsiue Without tieatment this is fatal
@('BV90*(D LB<,)'/(D 3.*B1DBN-/)'-( \@LO^
Piesents with iecuiiing episoues of uaik uiine, mostly seen in the moining.
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Pancytopenia Recuiiing episoues of uaik uiine in the moining Poital vein thiombosis is a complication that leaus to ueath Nay piogiess to cause aplastic anemia anuoi ANL
!"#$%&'"'8 The most accuiate test is the piesence of uecay acceleiating factoi antibouy
12*#,+*%,8 Pieunisone oi othei steioius
Methemoglobinemia
Bloou lockeu in the oxiuizeu state cannot pick up anu tianspoit oxygen. Patient will piesent with shoitness of bieath with no ieason
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': S0B with no known cause (Theie will be cleai lungs on exam with a noimal CXR) Bloou (if seen) will have a biownish appeaiance, which inuicates it is lockeu in the oxiuizeu state.
!"#$%&'"': Look foi exposuie to uiugs like nitioglyceiin, amyl nitiate, oi nitiopiussiue CXR anu PE show no ieason foi S0B Look foi a histoiy of anesthetic use
Tieatment: uive methylene blue
Transfusion Reactions
1. #4? -/<B*+(,-N-D-,9 ! piesents with acute symptoms of hemolysis while the tiansfusion is happening. Ex: uuiing a tiansfusion, a patient becomes hypotensive anu tachycaiuic. She has back anu chest pain, anu theie is uaik uiine. LBB anu biliiubin aie elevateu, anu haptoglobin aie low. 2. !'(/0;)0-B/ '.D(,.2 (<),. D)/1 -/W)'9\D.)QB(11D),-/(,-B/ 'V/^ ! piesents with acute S0B fiom antibouies in the uonoi bloou against iecipient white cells. S. >1# 6.;-<-./<9 ! piesents with anaphylaxis. In futuie use uonation fiom IgA ueficient uonoi oi washeu ieu cells. 4. K.N'-D. /B/3.*BD9,-< 'V/ ! iesults in a small iise in tempeiatuie anu neeus no theiapy, the ieaction is against the uonoi's white cell antigens. Pievent by using filteieu bloou tiansfusion in futuie. S. %-/B' NDBB2 1'B)+ -/<B*+(,-N-D-,9 ! iesults in uelayeu jaunuice, no theiapy neeueu.
Leukemia
Acute leukemias present with signs of pancytopenia, such as fatigue, bleeding, and infections from non-functional white blood cells.
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
A0ER R0BS Nostly occuiiing in auults (up to 8u%)
!"#$%&'"': The best initial test is peiipheial smeai showing blasts
Tieatment: Best initial theiapy foi ANL is 4.,;*-)')( (oi uaunoiubicin) anu '=0$%)(+ ,;,-)($%).+
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
The most common malignancy in chiluien Is the leukemia most iesponsive to theiapy Is a neoplasm of eaily lymphocytic B cell piecuisois Bistology ieveals pieuominance of lymphocytes Pooi piognosis when age < 2 oi > 9, WBC's >1u^S, oi CNS involvement
!"#$%&'"'8 The best initial test is peiipheial smeai showing blasts
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Elevated white cells that are predominantly neutrophils Splenomegaly is frequent. Untreated CML has the highest risk of transformation into acute leukemia of all forms of myeloproliferative disorders. #00B<-(,.2 E-,3 @3-D(2.D+3-( 53'B*B0B*.
!"#$%&'"'8 Best initial test is H.)QB<9,. (DQ(D-/. +3B0+3(,(0. 0<B'. \H#@ 0<B'.). An elevateu PNN count with low LAP scoie is CNL. Reactive high white counts fiom infection give an elevateu LAP scoie, LAP is up in noimal cells, not CNL. The most accuiate test is finuing the Philauelphia Chiomosome
12*#,+*%,8 Best initial tieatment is Imatinib (uleevec) Bone maiiow tiansplant is the only cuie foi CNL, but is nevei the best initial theiapy, because Imatinib leaus to 9u% hematologic iemission with no majoi auveise effects.
53'B/-< H9*+3B<9,-< H.)Q.*-(\5HH^ Seen in people oluei then Suyi of age
!"#$%&'"': Best initial test is the peiipheial smeai showing 'smuuge cells'
12*#,+*%,8 At stages u anu 1, theie is no tieatment iequiieu At auvanceu stages give fluuaiabine oi chloiambucil
Hairy Cell Leukemia
Seen in miuule-ageu people anu piesents with massive splenomegaly anu pancytopenia
!"#$%&'"': The Nost accuiate test is the taitiate iesistant aciu phosphatase(TRAP) smeai showing haiiy cells
12*#,+*%,: The best initial theiapy foi Baiiy Cell leukemia is clauiibine oi 2-CBA
Myelofibrosis
Piesents similaily to haiiy cell leukemia except theie will be a noimal TRAP level The key uiagnostic featuie is the "teai-uiop" shapeu cells on peiipheial smeai Theie is no specific theiapy foi myelofibiosis
Polycythemia Vera (Erythrocytosis)
This piesents with heauache, bluiieu vision, uizziness, anu fatigue. All uue to thickeneu bloou
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Eveiything above Piuiitis following hot showeis oi baths uue to histamine ielease Splenomegaly
!"#$%&'"': veiy high hematociit with a low NCv uet an ABu to iule out oi in hypoxia as a cause of eiythiocytosis
12*#,+*%,: The best initial theiapy is phlebotomy Byuioxyuiea can be given to lowei the cell count uive uaily aspiiin
PLASMA CELL DISORDERS
Multiple Myeloma
This conuition piesents most commonly with bone pain uue to fiactuies occuiiing fiom noimal use
!"#$%&'"'8 The most specific test is a bone maiiow biopsy Skeletal suivey to uetect puncheu out osteolytic lesions Seium piotein electiophoiesis(SPEP) to look foi elevateu monoclonal antibouy (usually Igu) 0iine piotein electiophoiesis(0PEP) to uetects Bence-}ones pioteins Peiipheial smeai showing "iouleaux" foimation of bloou cells. Elevateu calcium levels uue to osteolytic lesions Beta 2 micioglobulin level is a piognostic inuicatoi B0N anu Cieatinine to uetect ienal insufficiency
12*#,+*%,: Steioius anu Nelphalan The most effective theiapy is bone maiiow tiansplant Tieat all unueilying co-moibiuities
Waldenstroms Macroglobulinemia
This is a hypeiviscosity of the bloou uue to oveipiouuction of IgN
!"#$%&'"': The best initial test is the seium viscosity (incieaseu significantly) anu SPEP foi IgN levels Theie will be no specific finuing on the CBC
12*#,+*%,: Plasmaphaiesis is the best initial theiapy Can also give fluuaiabine oi chloiambucil
Aplastic Anemia
Piesents as pancytopenia with no iuentifiable etiology. If pt is < Su anu has a match, best theiapy is BN tiansplantation. If BN tiansplant isn't an option (>Su), give antithymocyte globulin anu cyclospoiine.
LYMPHOMAS
Present with enlarged lymph nodes that are most commonly seen in the cervical area
Hodgkins disease occurs in a bimodal age distribution (young and old), and is characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells
Reed-Sternberg Cell
Non-Bougkin's uisease is commonly seen in BIv patients
!"#$%&'"': The best initial uiagnostic test foi both types of lymphomas is lymph noue biopsy
0nce excisional biopsy shows abnoimal aichitectuie, fuithei testing to ueteimine stage of the lymphoma neeus to be uone.
1. Stage 1 ! single lymph noue gioup 2. Stage 2 ! 2 LN gioups on one siue of uiaphiagm S. Stage S! LN involvement on both siues of uiaphiagm 4. Stage 4! wiuespieau uisease
?! #%. S?B 02*'*%, :",5 ',#$*' #' 6&77&:'8
BB - 8u-9u% pies w stage 1 anu 2 NBL - 8u-9u% pies w stages S anu 4
?&: ,& ',#$*: CXR, CT with contiast (Chestabuomenpelvisheau), anu BN biopsy.
12*#,+*%,:
1. O$',#)b+. .)%+,%+ (stage 1,2) without "B" symptoms is tieateu pieuominantly with iauiation. 2. @$;+ ,.?,('+. %0,A+% S,4 is tieateu with chemotheiapy.
2. NBL: CB0P (cyclophosphamiue, hyuioxyauiiamycin, oncovin|vinciistinej, anu pieunisone)
* Also test foi anti-CB2u antigen anu if piesent, auu Rituximab, which auus efficacy to CB0P.
J 9e@875@9<
Aie systemic symptoms such as:
FEvER NIuBT SWEATS WEIuBT L0SS
COAGULATION DISORDERS
MB/ I-DD.N'(/280 2-0.(0. \MI6^
Is uue to platelet uysfunction, not a lowei numbei of platelets
Bleeding from PLT dysfunction, superficial bleeds from skin and mucosal surfaces, such as gingival, gums, and vagina. Epistaxis common Bleeuing often woiseneu with use of aspiiin PLT count is noimal
!"#$%&'"'8 J+%0 )()0),# 0+%0 is platelet function test The 2$%0 ,''*;,0+ 0+%0 is a iistocetin cofactoi assay anu a vWF level (If vWF is noimal, iistocetin tells you if it is woiking piopeily)
12*#,+*%,': Fiist line tieatment is uesmopiessin oi BBAvP, which causes the ielease of subenuothelial stoies of vWF anu co-factoi vIII If uesmopiessin uoesn't woik, give factoi vIII ieplacement
ITP is a uiagnosis of exclusion that piesents with platelet-type bleeuing anu a platelet count of < Su,uuu
!"#$%&'"': Peifoim a sonogiam to assess the size of the spleen Check foi anti-platelet antibouies Bone maiiow biopsy looking foi megakaiyocytes Antibouies to glycopiotein IIbIIIa ieceptois
12*#,+*%,8 With milu ITP (platelets of ~ 2u,uuu) give pieunisone With seveie ITP (platelets of < 2u,uuu) give Iv immunoglobulins, which is the fastest way to inciease the platelet count NEvER tiansfuse platelets because this exaceibates the conuition
Uremia-Induced PLT dysfunction
This piesents as platelet-type bleeuing in a patient with ienal failuie, wheie ienal failuie causes uiemia, which pievents the uegianulation of platelets anu thus stops them fiom woiking
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Platelet type bleeuing
!"#$%&'"': Ristocetin anu vWF levels (noimal) Check platelet levels (They will be noimal) Look foi ienal failuie (This is the key to uiagnosing)
12*#,+*%,: Besmopiessin
O.+('-/Y>/2)<.2 !3'B*NB<9,B+./-( \O>!^
A conuition wheie platelets uiop at least Su% a few uays aftei the use of hepaiin
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': The most common clinical manifestation is thiombosis, wheie venous thiombosis is the most common type
!"#$%&'"': The best initial uiagnostic test is platelet factoi 4 antibouies 0thei impoitant test is hepaiin-inuuceu anti-platelet antibouies
12*#,+*%,: The best initial theiapy is to stop hepaiin anu use uiiect thiombin inhibitoi such as "aigatioban" oi "lepiiuuin".
Chapter 15
Rheumatology
"3.)*(,B-2 #',3'-,-0
An autoimmune uisease piesents most commonly in females > Su.
}oint pain anu moining stiffness that is symmetiical anu in multiple joints of the hanus. Lasts longei than 1hi in the moining with symptomatic episoues going on foi at least 6 weeks. 0ften a piouiome of fatigue anu malaise, but this isn't enough foi a cleai ux.
Noining stiffness lasting moie than 1hi Wiist anu fingei involvement Swelling of at least S joints Symmetiic involvement Rheumatoiu nouules Xiay abn's showing eiosions (+) iheumatoiu factoi
Rheumatoiu aithiitis is a gioup of physical finuings, joint pioblems, anu lab tests. Theie is no single uiagnostic ciiteiia to confiim the uiagnosis, noi is theie one single theiapy to contiol anu tieat the uisease.
!"#$%&'"'8 The single most accuiate lab test is the anticitiullinateu cyclic peptiue (anti- CCP) Noimocytic, noimochiomic anemia is veiy chaiacteiistic of iheumatoiu aithiitis
a&"%, C"%."%$': NCP swelling anu pain Boutonieiie uefoimity: flexion of PIP w hypeiextension of the BIP Swan neck uefoimity Bakei's cyst
C1C2 ceivical spine subluxation Knee: although knee is commonly involveu, multiple small joints aie involveu moie commonly ovei time.
12*#,+*%,: NSAIBs anu Bisease mouifying anti-iheumatic uiugs(BNARBS) Steioius can be useu acutely to help contiol the uisease while BNARBs take effect, but they aie only useu as a biiuge to BNARB theiapy, not useu long- teim
A.'B/.1(,-:. A+B/29DB(',3'B+(,3-.0 1. Ankylosing sponuylitis 2. Reactive aithiitis (Reiteis synuiome) S. Psoiiatic aithiitis 4. }uvenile RA
71)% A;$*> $& )(&#,22,0$;= '$(.)0)$(% ,## 01+ &$##$/)(A '1,;,'0+;)%0)'%< Negative foi RF Pieuilection foi the spine SI joint involvement Associateu with BLA B27
#/Q9DB0-/1 A+B/29D-,-0\#A^ AS piesents in a young male (<4u) w spine oi back stiffness. Peiipheial joint involvement is less common Pain is woise at night anu ielieveu by leaning foiwaiu, which can leau to kyphosis anu uiminisheu chest expansion. Raie finuings incluue: uveitis anu aoititis.
!"#$%&'"': The best initial test is an xiay The most accuiate test is an NRI
".(<,-:. #',3'-,-0\;B'*.'D9 ".-,.'80 09/2'B*.^F Piesents with asymmetiic aithiitis anu a histoiy of uiethiitis oi uI infection. Patient may have constitutional symptoms such as fevei, malaise, anu weight loss.
!"#$%&'"': Clinical uiagnosis baseu on the piesence of the classic tiiau of uiethiitis, conjunctivitis, anu aithiitis
Tieatment: NSAIBs
@0B'-(,-< #',3'-,-0F Piesents as joint involvement with a histoiy of psoiiasis. Rheumatoiu factoi (-) SI joint is involveu.
_*/ 6*#,=2*' &6 ,5"' ."'*#'* #2*8 Pitting of the nails Involvement of the uistal inteiphalangeal joints "Sausage-shapeu" uigits
12*#,+*%,8 Initial tieatment shoulu be with NSAIBs If this isn't woiking, auu biological agents such as Infliximab If these uon't woik, tiy methotiexate
w):./-D. "# \(Q( (2)D, B/0., A,-DD80 2-0.(0.^ Theie is no specific uiagnostic test. aO@ "' ;5#2#;,*2"J*. 4/ ,5* 6&77&:"%$8 Feiiitin levels aie high WBC count is elevateu RF (-) anu ANA (-)
Tieatment: NSAIBs If uniesponsive to NSAIBs, give methotiexate
I3-++D.80 6-0.(0. Causes uiaiihea anu fat malabsoibtion, anu is most commonly piesenteu with joint pain The most specific test foi uiagnosis is a biopsy of the bowel
12*#,+*%,F TNPSNX
?0,.B(',3'-,-0 0steoaithiitis is the most common joint abnoimality anu is associateu with excessive joint usage anu incieaseu age
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Noining stiffness lasting < Su minutes }oint ciepitus seen Affects the uistal inteiphalangeal joint (wheieas RA uoes not) Bebeiuen's noues aie seen as BIP osteophytes Bouchaiu's noues aie seen as PIP osteophytes
!"#$%&'"'8 The best initial uiagnostic test is an xiay of the joint
12*#,+*%,8 NSAIBs ulucosamine sulphate anu chonuioitin sulphate aie useu to slow joint ueteiioiation.
AH7 Classically, a iash + joint pain + fatigue = Lupus Theie aie 11 ciiteiia foi L0P0S, 4 must be piesent to make the uiagnosis. AP>L - Nalai Rash - Photosensitivity iash - 0ial ulceis iash - Biscoiu iash #',3'(D1-(0 Piesent in 9u% of pts 4DBB2 Leukopenia, thiombocytopenia, hemolysis. Any bloou involvement counts as 1 ciiteiia. "./(D vaiies fiom benign pioteinuiia to ESRB. 5.'.N'(D Behavioi changes, stioke, seizuie, meningitis A.'B0-,-0 Peiicaiuitis, pleuiitic chest pain, pulmonaiy BTN, pneumonia, myocaiuitis. A.'BDB19 - ANA (9S% sensitive) - BS-BNA (6u% sensitive) Each of the seiologic abn's count as 1 ciiteiia. If peison has joint pain, iash, anu both ANA anu BS BNA, the pt has 4 ciiteiia.
!"#$%&'"'8 The best initial uiagnostic test is the ANA The most specific test is the anti-us BNA oi anti-Smith antibouy
V$/ 0$ &$##$/ 01+ %+?+;)0= $& , #*>*% &#,;+D*>Z 1. Complement levels will uiop in flaie-up 2. anti-us BNA will iise in flaie up
12*#,+*%,V)#%#$*+*%,8 Foi acute flaie-ups give pieunisone anu othei glucocoiticoius uive NSAIBs foi joint pain If theie is no iesponse to those meuications, antimalaiials anu hyuiochloioquine will woik Foi seveie uisease that iecuis give cyclophosphamiue anu azthiopiine
6')1Y-/2)<.2 H)+)0 The most likely causes of uiug-inuuceu lupus aie hyuialazine, piocainamiue, anu isoniaziu
!"#$%&'"': Theie will be anti-histone antibouies Theie is nevei ienal oi CNS involvement Theie aie noimal levels of complement anu anti-us BNA antibouies
AWB'1./80 09/2'B*. Seen most commonly in women (9x gieatei in women than men)
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Biy eyes, uiy mouth Theie is a sensation of sanu unuei the eyes Bysgeusia is common Commonly a loss of teeth uue to the lack of auequate saliva
!"#$%&'"': The most accuiate test is a lip biopsy The Schiimei test is will show inauequate laciimation Commonly see "anti-Ro oi anti-La antibouies
12*#,+*%,: Pilocaipine to inciease Ach anu thus inciease laciimation anu salivaiy secietions
A<D.'B2.'*( Patient has tight skin, heaitbuin, anu Raynauu's phenomenon
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': 9B)( &)(.)(A% incluue a tight, fibious thickening that causes tight anu immobile fingeis as well as a tight face I$)(0 8,)( that is milu anu symmetiical M,=(,*.G% 81+($2+($(, may iesult in ulceiations
O*(A%: fibiosis anu pulmonaiy BTN(the leauing causes of ueath in this uisease)
N4: Wiue mouth colonic uiveiticula anu esophageal uysmotility, leauing to ieflux anu Baiiett's esophagush 1S% of pts get piimaiy biliaiy ciiihosis
V+,;t: Restiictive caiuiomyopathy
M+(,#: may leau to malignant BTN.
Diagnosis:
Theie is not a single best uiagnostic test Though not specific, ANA is seen in 9S% of cases
12*#,+*%,: Theie is no tieatment that slows the piogiession oi tieats this conuition If theie is ienal involvement give ACEIs If theie is pulmonaiy hypeitension, give Bosentan anu piostacyclin analogs Foi Raynauu's give calcium channel blockeis
7B0-/B+3-D-< K(0<--,-0 Is similai in piesentation to scleioueima but theie is no Raynauu's, noi is theie any of the othei systemic finuings
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Thickeneu skin similai to scleioueima Naikeu eosinophilia gives the appeaiance of peau u'oiange
12*#,+*%,: Nanage this conuition with coiticosteioius
@BD9*9B0-,-0\@%^ (/2 6.'*(,B*9B0-,-0\6%^
In both conditions, the patient cannot get up from a seated position without using the arms. There can also be muscle pain and tenderness.
K-N'B*9(D1-( A pain synuiome seen mostly in females that piesents with aching muscles, stiffness, tiiggei points foi pain, anu sleep that isn't iefieshing
Signs anu Symptoms: Nuscle aches Nuscle stiffness Bepiession anuoi anxiety Extieme sensitivity anu pain to tiiggei points on the bouy
!"#$%&'"'8
Noimal bloou tests anu no objective eviuence of uisease
12*#,+*%,V)#%#$*+*%,8
Exeicise can help ielieve some pain anu stiffness TCA's can be given
@BD9*9(D1-( "3.)*(,-<( \@%"^
Seen most commonly in those > Suyi
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8
Patient oluei than Suyi with significant pain anu stiffness of the pioximal muscles (shoulueis, pelvic giiule) Stiffness is usually woise in the moining anu is usually moie localizeu to the muscles Patient may have fevei, malaise, anu weight loss
!"#$%&'"': CBC will likely show noimocytic anemia Nuscle biopsy anu labs aie all noimal
Lack of muscle atiophy
12*#,+*%,: Steioius
Following explains uiffeience between chionic fatigue, fibiomyalgia, anu PNR 53'B/-< ;(,-1). 09/2'B*. K-N'B*9(D1-( @BD9*9(D1-( '3.)*(,-<( Fatiguemalaise +++++ >6mnth ++ ++ Noniefieshing sleep +++++ ++ No Tiiggei points N0 YES N0 Bloou tests All noimal All noimal Inci ESR Tieatment None Pain ielief Pieunisone
M(<)D-,-0 Common featuies among uiffeient types of vasculitis incluue: Fatigue, malaise, wt loss Fevei Skin lesions such as palpable puipuia anu iash }oint pain Neuiopathy
!"#$%&'"'8 The best initial test is angiogiaphy of the abuominal vessels The most accuiate test is a biopsy of the muscles, suial neive, anu skin
12*#,+*%,: Pieunisone anu Cyclophosphamiue
I.1./.'80 G'(/)DB*(,B0-0 A disorder that like PAN can affect the majority of the body. Look for the addition of upper and lower respiratory findings and the presence of c-ANCA
Diagnosis:
The most accurate diagnostic test is a biopsy Upper and lower respiratory findings Presence of c-ANCA
Treatment:
Treatment involves Prednisone and Cyclophosphamide
53)'1YA,'()00 Can affect any oigan in the bouy, but the key to making its uiagnosis is piesence of ?,%'*#)0)%f +$%)($>1)#),f ,(. ,%012,h P-ANCA anu anti-myelopeioxiuase can be positive too, but these finuings aien't as unique as the piesence of eosinophilia. Nost accuiate test is biopsy
12*#,+*%,: Steioius
!.*+B'(D #',.'-,-0 A type of giant cell arteritis, related to PMR.
Signs and Symptoms:
Fever Malaise Fatigue Weight loss Headache Visual disturbances Jaw claudication
Diagnosis:
Elevation of ESR Clinical findings
Treatment:
Steroids
!(Q(9(0)80 #',.'-,-0 Seen in young asian females
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Bimishes pulses vasculitis commonly seen befoie loss of pulse Patient often gets TIA anuoi stioke causeu by the vasculai occlusion
!"#$%&'"': NRA oi aiteiiogiaphy
12*#,+*%,: Steioius
5'9B1DBN)D-/.*-( Is similai to to vasculitis synuiomes, the uiffeience is the association with hepatitis C anu kiuney involvement 12*#, with inteifeion anu iibaviiin
4.3<., 6-0.(0.
This condition presents in pts of Middle Eastern or Asian ancestry.
Signs and Symptoms: 0ial anu genital ulceis 0culai involvement that can leau to blinuness Skin lesions: "patheigy" which is hypeiieactivity to neeule sticks, iesulting in steiile skin abscesses.
!"#$%&'"'8 Theie is no specific test foi uiagnosis, we must use the featuies seen above
12*#,+*%,8 Pieunisone anu colchisine
>LKH#%76 w?>L!A
The key to uiagnosing inflameu joints is to look at the fluiu within the joint. It is the most accuiate uiagnostic test foi gout, pseuuogout, anu septic aithiitis
Look for a man with a sudden onset of severe pain in the toe at night. The toe will be red, swollen, and tender.
Things that precipitate a gouty reaction are:
Alcohol ingestion Thiazide diuretics Nicotinic acid Foods high in protein
!"#$%&'"': The best initial test is aspiiation of the joint fluiu The most accuiate test is light exam of the fluiu showing negatively biiefiingent neeule-shapeu ciystals
12*#,+*%,: The best initial theiapy foi an acute gouty attack is NSAIBs. uive colchisine within 24hi of the attack
Allopuiinol is best as piophylaxis anu pievention of futuie attacks, which woiks by ieuucing the levels of uiic aciu
@0.)2B1B), \5(D<-)* @9'B+3B0+3(,. 6.+B0-,-B/ 6-0.(0.^ Involves most commonly the wiist anu knees, but uoesn't involve the toes 0nset is much slowei than gout, anu uoesn't acutely attack the patient
!"#$%&'"': Aspiiation of joint fluiu shows positively biiefiingent ihomboiu-shapeu ciystals
12*#,+*%,: NSAIBs aie the best initial theiapy Can give colchisine, but is not as effective heie as it is in gout
A.+,-< #',3'-,-0 Any aithiitic oi piosthetic joint put patient at iisk of septic aithiitis With incieaseu joint abnoimality comes incieaseu iisk of sepsis
)&2* 2"'9 6#;,&2' 6&2 '*0,"; #2,52","'8 0steoaithiitis is moie of a iisk than having noimal joints RA is moie of a iisk than osteoaithiitis Piosthetic joints aie moie of a iisk than anything else.
Nost common causes of septic aithiitis: Staph auieus (4u%) Stiep (Su%) uiam-ve bacilli (2u%)
**Septic aithiitis iequiies consult w oithopaeuic suigeon.
!"#$%&'"'8 The best initial test is aithiocentesis showing > Su,uuu WBC The most accuiate test is a cultuie of the fluiu
12*#,+*%,8 Empiiic Iv antibiotics such as Ceftiiaxone anu vancomycin once suspecteu
@(1.,80 6-0.(0. B; 4B/. A conuition with pain, stiffness, aching, anu fiactuies associateu with softening of the bones.
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+': Stiffness Pain Fiactuies Bowing of the tibias
!"#$%&'"': The best initial test is foi the elevation of alkaline phosphatase The most accuiate test is xiay of the bones
12*#,+*%,: Best tieateu with bisphosphonates anu calcitonin
* In cases of Paget's, osteolytic lesions will be founu initially. These may be ieplaceu with osteoblastic lesions
** If you see osteolytic think Paget's oi osteopoiosis
*** If you see osteoblastic, think about metastatic piostate cancei in uiffeiential.
4(Q.'80 590, A posteiioi heiniation of the synovium of the knee
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Patient often has osteoaithiitis Palpation of the sac in the posteiium of the knee Swelling of the calf is common (excluue a BvT when you see this)
12*#,+*%,: NSAIBS aie mainstay of tieatment Seveie cases may iequiie steioiu injections
@D(/,(' K(0<--,-0 (/2 !('0(D !)//.D A9/2'B*.
E$##$/)(A 0,-#+ '$2>,;+% 01+ 0/$ '$(.)0)$(%< Plantai Fasciitis Taisal tunnel synuiome Pain on bottom of foot Pain on bottom of foot veiy seveie in moining, bettei w walking a few steps Noie painful w use; may have sole numbness Stietch the foot anu calf Avoiu boots anu high heels; may neeu steioiu injection Resolves spontaneously ovei time Nay neeu suigical ielease
Chapter 16
Neurology
A,'BQ.0 (/2 !>#
90;$B+%:
Stiokes occui foi gieatei % 24hi anu have peimanent iesiuual neuiological ueficits. Causeu by ischemia most commonly, anu hemoiihagic. Ischemic stiokes occui fiom emboli oi thiombosis, which occui moie acutely
74!:
Piesents the same as a stioke except it lasts <24hi. Commonly piesents with a loss of vision in only one eye (Amauiosis fugax), uue to emboli in the fiist bianch off of the caiotiu (0phthalmic aiteiy) TIA's aie always uue to emboli oi thiombosis, nevei hemoiihage
!"#$%&'"%$:
The best initial test is always a CT of the heau without contiast
12*#,+*%,:
If possible, give thiombolytics within Shis of the onset of symptoms anu the CT has iuleu out hemoiihage Aspiiin is the best initial theiapy foi those who come in too late foi thiombosis If patient is alieauy on aspiiin, can give uipyiiuamole (Clopiuogiel is an alteinative)
1. Seuimentaion iate 2. vBRL oi RPR S. ANA, usBNA 4. Piotein C, piotein S, factoi v leiuen mutation, antiphospholipiu synuiomes
* The youngei the patient, the moie likely the cause of stioke is a vasculitis oi hypeicoagulable state.
:$(0;$# V7Xf R@f ,(. 1=>+;#)>).+2), )( 01)% >0<
N$,#%<
BTN: <1Su8u BN: same tight glycemic contiol as gen pop'n Bypeilipiuemia: LBL<1uu
74!:
Same management as pei stioke, except thiombolytics aien't inuicateu because the auministiation of thiombolytics aie to iesolve symptoms, so if symptoms aie iesolveu they aien't necessaiy.
SEIZURES
Foi seizuie uisoiueis, the only cleai uiagnostic ciiteiia is foi a patient unueigoing status epilepticus.
15*2#0/ 6&2 ',#,=' "' #' 6&77&:'8 1. Benzouiazepine such as Ativan (Loiazepam) 2. If seizuie peisists, auu fosphenytoin S. If seizuie peisists, auu phenobaibitol 4. If seizuie peisists, give geneial anesthetic such as pentobaibital.
C=2,5*2 +#%#$*+*%,: If initial tests uon't give cleai cause, uo an EEu (shoulun't be uone fiist).
Neuiology consult iequiieu in any patient having oi who hau a seizuie.
B&%$D,*2+ ,2*#,+*%, &6 6"2',D,"+* '*"J=2*': If patient only hau 1 seizuie, chionic theiapy is not iequiieu unless theie is a stiong family histoiy, an abnoimal EEu, oi status epilepticus
352&%"; #%,"*0"7*0,"; ,5*2#0/8 Theie is no single agent consiueieu to be the best theiapy.
C %0 #)(+ 01+;,>)+% )('#*.+< valpioate, caibamazepine, phenytoin, anu levetiiacetam aie all equal in efficacy. Lamotiigine has same efficacy but can cause steven-johnson synuiome.
R /2 D-/. ,3.'(+-.0F uabapentin anu phenobaibitol
E$; ,-%+('+Y>+0)0 2,# %+)b*;+%: Ethosuxamiue is best.
@('Q-/0B/80 6-0.(0.
Is a gait uisoiuei with the following finuings: Cogwheel iigiuity Resting tiemoi Nask-like facies 0ithostasis Intact cognition anu memoiy
!"#$%&'"': Theie is no specific test to make the uiagnosis of PB, iathei the clinical finuings aie what is useu to make the uiagnosis
12*#,+*%,: @)#. %=2>0$2%F
In a patient < 6uyi of age ! Anticholineigics such as Benztiopine oi Byuioxyzine In a patient > 6uyi of age ! Amantauine (0luei patients commonly uevelop bau ieaction fiom anticholineigic meuications)
9+?+;+ %=2>0$2%F Leveuopacaibiuopa have the gieatest efficacy but has an "on-off" phenomenon with uneven long-teim effects anu moie siue effects Bopamine agonists such as Piamipiexole, Ropineiole, anu Cabeigoline aie less efficacious but have fewei siue effects
** If these meuication uon't woik, use C0NT inhibitois (Tolcapone, Entacapone) which inhibit metabolism of uopamine, which extenus the effect of uopamine-baseu meuication. Can also tiy NA0I's.
Nultiple Scleiosis piesents with abnoimalities of any pait of the CNS. The symptoms impiove anu iesolve, only to have anothei uefect uevelop months oi yeais latei.
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8
The most common abnoimality is optic neuiitis Theie is commonly fatigue, hypeiieflexia, spasticity, anu uepiession Theie is also commonly optic neuiitis
!"#$%&'"'F The best initial uiagnostic test is an NRI The most accuiate test is also the NRI If the NRI uoesn't give you the uiagnosis, uo a lumbai tap
12*#,+*%,: Steioius aie the best initial theiapy to iesolve an acute exaceibation ulatiiamei anu beta-inteifeion can both ueciease the piogiession of NS %)D,-+D. A<D.'B0-0F
uA>Lv
1. Scanning speech 2. Intention tiemoi S. Nystagmu s
Can give Amantauine to combat fatigue anu Baclofen to combat spasticity
DEMENTIA
#DT3.-*.'0 6-0.(0. Is a slow piogiessive loss of memoiy exclusively in pts > 6Syis of age !"#$%&'"'8 Anybouy with memoiy lost iequiies a CT of the heau, a TSB level, anu an RPRvBRL With Alzheimei's uisease you will only see uiffuse anu symmetiical atiophy
12*#,+*%, Anticholinesteiase inhibitois aie the stanuaiu theiapy of choice
K'B/,B,.*+B'(D 6.*./,-( \@-<Q 6-0.(0.^ Peisonality anu behavioui become abnoimal fiist, then memoiy loss afteiwaius. Beau CT oi NRI shows focal atiophy of fiontal anu tempoial lobes Tieat this like Alzheimei's, but uo not expect the same type of iesponse
5'.),T;.D2Yw(QBN 6-0.(0. \5w6^ Causeu by piions, which aie tiansmissible piotein paiticles. Nanifests as iapiuly piogiessive uementia anu piesence of myoclonus. This piesents in those youngei than the Alzheimei's patient EEu will be abnoimal Nost accuiate test is biain biopsy CSF: shows 14-S-S piotein, the piesence of this will spaie the patient a biain biopsy.
H.E9 4B29 6.*./,-(: Is Paikinson's uisease + uementia.
LB'*(D @'.00)'. O92'B<.+3(D)0: This conuition geneially piesents in oluei males, but it can affect women as well. It piesents as a peison with incontinence, with gait abnoimalities, anu with cognitive impaiiment
!"#$%&'"': Biagnosis shoulu incluue a heau CT anu a lumbai punctuie
12*#,+*%,: Shunt placement
O)/,-/1,B/80 6-0.(0.J53B'.( Piesents in young patients (usually in Su's) Theie is usually a family histoiy
-/+0,&+'8 Bementia Peisonality changes anu psychological uistuibance Choieic movements
!"#$%&'"': Specific genetic testing will show that inheiitance is autosomal uominant
Bo a CT oi NRI if BA has any of the following: Suuuen anuoi seveie 0nset aftei 4uyi Associateu with any neuiological finuings Nay be pieceeueu by an auia anuoi scotomata (Baik spots in visual fielu), anu abnoimal smells
12*#,+*%,8 The best initial aboitive theiapy is sumatiiptan oi eigotamine Piophylactic theiapy takes 4-6wks to woik, if patient gets foui oi moie BA pei month, piophylax with piopianolol. Alteinate piophylactics with CCBs, TCA's, oi SSRI.
5D)0,.': 1ux moie fiequent in men than women. Aie exclusively unilateial w ieuness anu teaiing of the eye anu ihinoiihea.
Tieatment: The best aboitive theiapy is 1uu% u2. This tieatment is unique to clustei BA's. Sumatiiptan can also be useu in same way as is in migiaines.
Piophylactic theiapy: theie is none because these BA's aie numeious but shoit anu intense, anu the "clustei" woulu be ovei by the time the piophylaxis kickeu in.
O# !9+. %>G"#>L7 5H$A!7" uenuei Nen 1ux moie than women Piesentation 0nilateial oi bilateial, auia 0nly unilateial, teaiingieuness of eye Aboitive Sumatiiptan Sumatiiptan, Special: 1uu%u2 Piophylactic Piopianolol none
* Sumatiiptan is similai to SBT, anu woiks by causing vasoconstiiction in ceiebial aiteiies.
!.*+B'(D #',.'-,-0 Patient will piesent with tenueiness ovei the tempoial aiea anu may also complain of jaw clauuication
!"#$%&'"': Fiist check the ESR The most accuiate test is a biopsy of the tempoial aiteiy
12*#,+*%,: uive steioius immeuiately, uo not uelay if this is suspecteu
@0.)2B,)*B' 5.'.N'- This piesents most commonly in a youngei woman with a heauache anu uouble vision, papilleuema CTNRI show up noimal vitamin A use is often the cause
!"#$%&'"': LP is the most accuiate test because it shows an elevateu opening piessuie
Tieatment: Involves weight loss Acetazolamiue can also be given
6-TT-/.00JM.',-1B All pts with veitigo will have a subjective sensation of the ioom spinning aiounu them. 0ften associateu with nausea anu vomiting All pts with veitigo will have nystagmus ueneially all patients wtih veitigo shoulu have NRI of the inteinal auuitoiy canal.
E$##$/)(A 0,-#+ %*22,;)b+% >;+% $& , (*2-+; $& ?+;0)A$D',*%)(A '$(.)0)$(%< 6-0.(0. 53('(<,.'-0,-<0 O.('-/1 HB00J !-//-,)0 4@M Changes w position N0 M.0,-N)D(' /.)'-,-0 veitigo occuis wo position change N0 H(N9'-/,3-,-0 Acute YES %./-.'.80 2-0.(0. Chionic YES #<B)0,-< /.)'B*( Ataxia YES @.'-D9*+3 ;-0,)D( Bx of tiaum YES
4@M veitigo alone w no loss of heaiing,no tinnitus, no ataxia. Positive uix-hallpike maneuvei Tieat with meclizine(antiveit)
M.0,-N)D(' L.)'B/-,-0 An iuiopathic inflammation of the vestibulai poition of CN8. No heaiing loss oi tinnitus because only vestibibulai poition is affecteu. Nost likely to be a viial cause Not ielateu to change in position Tieat with meclizine
H(N9'-/,3-,-0 Is inflammation of the cochleai poition of the innei eai. Theie is heaiing loss as well as tinnitus. Is acute anu self-limiteu Tieat with meclizine
%./-.'.80 6-0.(0. Same pies as labyiinthitis (veitigo, tinnitus, heaiing loss) but menieie's is chionic with iemitting anu ielapsing episoues. Tieat with salt iestiiction anu uiuietics.
#<B)0,-< L.)'B*( A tumoi of CN8 that can be ielateu to neuiofibiomatosis (von Recklinghaus's). Piesents with ataxia in auuition to heaiing loss, tinnitus, anu veitigo.
!"#$%&'"'8 NRI of inteinal auuitoiy canal
12*#,+*%,: Suigical iesection.
@.'-D9*+3(,-< K-0,)D( Beau tiauma oi any foim of baiotiaumas to the eai may iuptuie the tympanic membiane anu leau to a peiilymph fistula.
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Piesents with the following: 1. Bistoiy of chionic heavy ET0B use 2. Confusion with confabulation S. Ataxia 4. Nemoiy loss S. uaze palsy anuoi ophthalmoplegia 6. Nystagmus
!"#$%&'"': Bo a heau CT vitamin B12 level TSBT4 level RPRvBRL Piesence of memoiy loss
12*#,+*%,: 1 st give thiamine then give glucose.
5LA >LK75!>?LA
0ften when a CNS infection is suspecteu, a heau CT shoulu be peifoimeu befoie the LP.
This is the case in the following ciicumstances: A histoiy of CSN uisease Focal neuiological ueficits Piesence of papilleuema Seizuies Alteieu consciousness Significant uelay in ability to peifoim LP
** If these aie piesent, get bloou cultuies anu stait empiiic antibiotics befoie oiueiing CT.
:9E< uetting CSF is the most accuiate test foi bacteiia meningitis, but cannot wait foi cultuie to stait theiapy. uiam stain: only Su% sensitive, thus if (-) cannot excluue anything. Is highly specific though, so if (+) it is likely to be bacteiia meningitis. Ie. uoou spec bau sensitivity uiam (+) uiplococci: pneumococcus uiam (+) bacilli: listeiia uiam (-) uiplococci: neisseiia uiam (-) pleomoiphic, coccobacillaiy oiganisms: hemophilus
8;$0+)(: An elevateu piotein level in CSF is of maiginal uiagnostic benefit. Elevateu piotein is non-specific because any foim of CSN infection can elevate the CSF piotein. Bowevei, a noimal CSF piotein excluues bacteiial meningitis.
N#*'$%+: Levels below 6u% of seium levels is consistent w bacteiial meningitis
:+## '$*(0< This is best initial test foi the uiagnosis of meningitis. If thousanus of PNN's aie piesent stait Iv ceftiiaxone, vancomycin, anu steioius. Thousanu of PNN's is bacteiial meningitis until pioven otheiwise.
5'9+,B<B<<)0 (fungal meningitis)
Look foi BIv(+) patient with <1uuCB4 cells. This infection is slowei than bacteiial meningitis anu may not give seveie meningeal signs (neck stiffness, photophobia, anu high fevei, all at same time).
!"#$%&'"': The best initial test is the Inuia ink stain The most accuiate test is the ciyptococcal antigen
12*#,+*%,8 The best initial theiapy is Amphoteiicin
*follow Amphoteiicin with oial Fluconazole (continueu inuefinitely until the CB4 count iaises), once CB4 count >1uu, fluconazole can be uiscontinueu.
H9*. 6-0.(0. Patient usually lives in Connecticut aiea anu has a histoiy of camping, hiking, oi being in tall giass. The tick exposuie is iaiely iemembeieu by the patient.
!"#$%&'"': A cential cleaiing taiget iash is pathognomonic Theie is a histoiy of joint pain Bell's palsy
12*#,+*%,: 0ial uoxycycline If theie is caiuiac involvement tieat with Iv ceftiiaxone
"B<Q9 %B)/,(-/ A+B,,.2 K.:.' \"%AK) Look foi campeihikei with a iash that staiteu on wiists anu ankles anu moveu centially.
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Fevei, heauache, anu malaise always pieceue the iash
!"#$%&'"'8 0ial Boxycylcine is the most effective theiapy.
!4 %./-/1-,-0 This is an extiemely uifficult uiagnosis to pinpoint Look foi an immigiant with a histoiy of lung TB Piesents slowly ovei weeks to months (If acute then not TB meningitis)
!"#$%&'"'8 Bas a veiy high CSF piotein levels Aciu fast stain of CSF is not accuiate, neeu thiee high-volume centiifugeu samples if going to uo aciu-fast stain.
12*#,+*%,8 RIPE tieatment as with TB, only uiff is shoulu auu steioius anu extenu the length of theiapy foi meningitis when compaieu to the pulmonaiy uisease.
M-'(D %./-/1-,-0 viial meningitis is in geneial a uiagnosis of exclusion. Theie is lymphocytic pleocytosis in the CSF. Theie is no specific theiapy foi viial meningitis.
H-0,.'-( %./-/1-,-0 Look foi elueily, neonatal, anu BIv (+) patients anu those who have no spleen, aie on steioius, oi aie immunocompiimiseu with leukemia oi lymphoma.
* Auu Ampicillin to iegimen of vancomycin + ceftiiaxone when Listeiia is suspecteu. Such as if theie is lymphocytosis in the CSF.
L.-00.'-( %./-/1-,-2.0 Look foi patients who aie auolescents, in the militaiy, aie asplenic, oi who have teiminal complement ueficiency.
12*#,+*%, "' #' 6&77&:': 8,0)+(0 ! Respiiatoiy isolation :#$%+ '$(0,'0%! Stait piophylaxis with iifampin oi cipiofloxacin. Close contacts aie: householu membeis, people who shaie utensils, cups, kisses. M$*0)(+ '$(0,'0%! Routine school anu woik contacts uo not neeu to ieceive piophylaxis.
ENCEPHALITIS
Look foi a patient with a fevei anu alteieu mental status ovei a few houis. Almost all encephalitis in the 0S is fiom heipes, the patient uoes not have to iecall a past histoiy of heipes in oiuei to make this uiagnosis
E3F3M g :5XE6945X = Encephalitis
!"#$%&'"': The best uiagnostic test is a CT scan of the heau The most accuiate test is a PCR of the CSF
12*#,+*%,: The best initial theiapy is acyclovii Foi acyclovii-iesistant patients give foscainet
BRAIN ABSCESS
Pies with a fevei, heauache, anu focal neuiological ueficits CT finus a "iing" aka contiast enhanceu lesion Finuing a iing means eithei cancei oi infection.
Consiuei BIv status in context of biain abscess as follows:
BIv negative patient ! biain biopsy is the next step BIv positive patient ! Tieatment foi toxoplasmosis with pyiimethamine anu sulfauiazine foi 2wks anu iepeat the heau CT
@'B1'.00-:. %)D,-;B<(D H.)QB./<.+3(DB+(,39 (PNL) These biain lesions in BIv(+) patients aie not associateu with iing enhancement oi mass effect. Theie is no specific theiapy. Tieat the BIv anu iaise the CB4, when the BIv is impioveu, the lesions will uisappeai.
L.)'B<90,-<.'<B0-0 Look foi a patient fiom Nexico with a seizuie Beau CT shows multiple 1cm cystic lesions, ovei time lesions will calcify.
!"#$%&'"': Confiim with seiology
12*#,+*%,: When still active anu uncalcifieu, the lesions aie tieateu with Albenuazole, use steioius to pievent a ieaction to uying paiasites.
O.(2 !'()*( (/2 >/,'(<'(/-(D O.*B''3(1.
Any heau tiauma iesulting in a loss of consciousness oi alteieu mental status shoulu leau to CT of heau without contiast
5B/<)00-B/ 5B/,)0-B/ A)N2)'(D 3.*= 7+-2)'(D 3.*= Focal ueficit Nevei Raiely Yes oi no Yes oi no Beau CT Noimal Ecchymosis Ciescent shape Lens shapeu
1. :$('*%%)$(: None 2. :$(0*%)$(: Aumit patient, vast majoiity get no tieatment S. 9*-.*;,# ,(. 3>).*;,# V+2,0$2,%: Laige ones uiaineu, small ones left alone to ieabsoib on theii own. 4. O,;A+ )(0;,';,(),# 1+2$;;1,A+ /)01 2,%% +&&+'0: 1. Intubatehypeiventilate to ueciease ICP, 2. Beciease PCu2 to 2S-Su, which constiicts ceiebial bloou vessels, S. auministei Nannitol as an osmotic uiuietic to ueciease ICP, 4. Peifoim suigical evacuation.
A)N('(<3/B-2 O.*B''3(1.\A#O^ Look foi the following symptoms: Suuuen, seveie heauache Stiff neck Photophobia L0C in Su% of patients Focal neuiological ueficits in Su% of patients SAB is like suuuen onset of meningitis with a L0C but without fevei.
!"#$%&'"'8 The best initial test is a heau CT without contiast. It is 9S% sensitive, if conclusive, no neeu to uo an LP The most accuiate uiagnostic test is an LP, but not necessaiy if CT shows bloou.
12*#,+*%,8 Peifoim angiogiaphy to ueteimine site of bleeu Suigically clip oi embolize the site of bleeuing (If patient ie-bleeus theie is a Su% change of ueath). Inseit a vetiiculopeiotoneal shunt if hyuiocephalus uevelops Piesciibe nimouipine oially; which is a CCB that pievents stioke.
** When SAB occuis, an intense vasospasm can leau to non-hemoiihagic stioke(thus CCB useu).
SPINE DISORDERS Lumbosacial stiain Coiu compiession Epiuuial abscess Spinal stenosis Nontenuei Tenuei Tenuei anu fevei Pain on walking uownhill.
A9'-/1B*9.D-( Is a uefective fluiu cavity in the centei of the coiu fiom tiauma, tumois, oi congenital pioblem. Piesents with a loss of sensation of pain anu tenueiness in a cape-like uistiibution ovei the neck, shoulueis, anu uown both aims.
!"#$%&'"': NRI
12*#,+*%,: Suigical coiiection
5B'2 5B*+'.00-B/ Netastatic cancei piesses on the coiu, iesulting in pain anu tenueiness of the spine. Lumbosacial stiain uoesn't give tenueiness of the spine itself.
!"#$%&'"': The best initial test is an NRI The most accuiate uiagnostic test is a biopsy, only uone if uiagnosis is not cleai fiom the histoiy
Spinal Epidural Abscess
Piesents with back pain wth tenueiness anu fevei Scan spine with an NRI uive antibiotics against staphylococcus such as oxacillin oi nafcillin Laige abscesss iequiie suigical uiainage.
A+-/(D A,./B0-0 Piesents with leg pain on walking anu can look like peiipheial aiteiial uisease Pulses will be intact in spinal stenosis Pain woisens when patient leans backwaius anuoi walks in a uownwaiu uiiection, while it impioves when walking in an upwaiu uiiection Biagnose with an NRI anu tieat with suigical uecompiession
#/,.'-B' A+-/(D #',.'9 >/;('<,-B/ All sensation is lost except position anu vibiatoiy sense, which tiavel uown the posteiioi column of the spinal coiu No specific theiapy can coiiect this pioblem
4'BE/YA._)('2 A9/2'B*. This iesults fiom tiaumatic injuiy to the spine, such as that fiom a knife wounu. Patient loses ipsilateial position, vibiatoiy sense, contialateial pain anu tempeiatuie
** The most uigent management in coiu compiession is the auministiation of steioius as soon as possible anu to ielieve piessuie on the coiu. Imaging stuuies aie uone aftei auministiation of steioius.
AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS
Is an iuiopathic uisoiuei of both uppei anu lowei motoi neuions. Tieateu with iiluzole, a unique agent that blocks the accumulation of glutamate
6-(N.,.0 Biabetes is the most common cause of peiipheial neuiopathies Specific testing is not necessaiy in most cases.
12*#,+*%,: uabapentin oi Piegabalin aie useful in tieating neuiopathies. TCA's aie less effective anu have moie siue effects
5('+(D !)//.D A9/2'B*. Look foi pain anu weakness of fiist thiee uigits of hanu Symptoms may woisen with iepetitive use. Initial mgmt is a splint. Steioiu injections may be useu if splints pioviue no ielief If these uon't woik, can peifoim suigeiy to ielieve the pain
"(2-(D L.':. @(D09 Aka Saturday night palsy, results from falling asleep or passing out with pressure on arms underneath the body or outstretched, perhaps draped over back of a chair (classic presentation on exam question) Results in wrist drop, resolves on its own.
@.'B/.(D L.':. @(D09 Results fiom high boots piessing at the back of the knee. Results in foot uiop anu inability to eveit the foot. This palsy will iesolve on its own
5Lm +(D09 \4.DD80 +(D09^ Results in hemi-facial paialysis of both uppei anu lowei halves of face. Thought to be uue to a viius Theie may also be a loss of taste in anteiioi 2S of tongue, hypeiaccusis, anu the inability to close the eye at night.
12*#,+*%,: Steioius anu acyclovii oi valcyclovii shoulu be given
".;D.V 09*+(,3.,-< 290,'B+39 \<3'B/-< '.1-B/(D +(-/ 09/2'B*.^ 0ccuis in a patient with a pievious injuiy to the extiemity Light tough such as fiom a sheet touching the foot, iesults in extieme pain that is "buining" in quality
12*#,+*%,: NSAIBs uabapentin 0ccasionally a neive block may be uone if the pievious methous uon't woik Suigical sympathectomy may be necessaiy when iefiactoiy
".0,D.00 H.1 A9/2'B*. 0ncomfoitable feeling in the legs which patient tiies to "shake off", which biings only tempoiaiy ielief
12*#,+*%,: Piamipexole oi iopineiole.
G)-DD(-/Y4(''. 09/2'B*. Ascenuing paialysis, thought to be causeu by a viial infection. 0sually piesents weeks aftei a iespiiatoiy infection
)#%#$*+*%,V12*#,+*%,8 Fiist step is to take a peak inspiiatoiy piessuie, which can tell if the pt will unueigo iespiiatoiy failuie. Seconu step is to give IvIu's anuoi peifoim plasmaphaiesis.
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Classically piesents with weakness of the muscles of mastication, making it haiu to finish meals Bluiiy vision fiom uiplopia iesults fiom inability to focus the eyes on a single taiget. Classically the patient iepoits uiooping of the eyelius as the uay piogiesses.
!"#$%&'"': The best initial test is testing foi anti-acetylcholine ieceptoi antibouies(ACBR) The most accuiate test is ;7"%";#7 02*'*%,#,"&% #%. @3?O, which is moie sensitive anu specific that tensilon test.
12*#,+*%,: The best initial theiapy is @9'-2B0,-1*-/. oi L.B0,-1*-/. Thymectomy can be peifoimeu if pyiiuostigmine oi neostigmine uon't woik patients < 6u yi of age shoulu unueigo thymectomy. uive E2*.%"'&%* if thymectomy uoesn't woik, oi if theie aie no iesponses to pyiiuostigmine oi neostigmine, then pieunisone shoulu be staiteu. !b,01)$>;)(+ #%. '='#$%>$;)(+ aie useu to tiy to keep the patient off of long- teim steioius.
Chapter 17
Oncology
4'.(0, 5(/<.' A<'../-/1
Scieening mammogiaphy as follows: Stait at 4u Between 4u-Su anu eveiy 1-2yis At Su, stait uoing them eveiy yeai
S1+( , 2,22$A;,2 %1$/% ,( ,-($;2,#)0=Z 1 st thing is to uo a biopsy(shows CA anu piesence of esetiogen anuoi piogesteione ieceptois)
S1,0 )% 01+ %+(0)(+# ($.+s It is the fiist noue uetecteu in the opeiative fielu, uetecteu by uye. If this noue is fiee of CA, then axillaiy noue uissection is not necessaiy, if the noue is canceious, axillaiy lymph noue biopsy is iequiieu
J+%0 )()0),# 01+;,>= &$; -;+,%0 ',('+;s Lumpectomy with iauiation tieatment(equal to mouifieu iauical mastectomy) If theie is piesence of estiogen oi piogesteione ieceptoi (+), use tamoxifen oi ialoxifene Aujuvant chemotheiapy useu whenevei the axillaiy noues aie (+) 0R the cancei is >1cm in size.
V$;2$(,# 4(1)-)0)$( 71+;,>=F !(*BV-;./ anu '(DBV-;./. useu if eithei piogesteione oi esteiogen ieceptois aie positive. They SERNs (selective esteiogen ieceptoi mouulatois). #2:.'0. ".(<,-B/0: BvT, hot flashes,enuometiial CA. These aie uiffeient fiom ('B*(,(0. -/3-N-,B'0, which uo not leau to BvT, but cause osteopoiosis uue to antagonistic activity in the bone.
!.P*?,(0 :1+2$01+;,>=< >0 (++'B+'-(,. E3./C 1. Cancei is in the axilla 2. Cancei laigei than 1cm S. Noie efficacious when pt still menstiuation, because BR-ca wont be contiolleu with estiogen antagonists such as tamoxifen.
7M!976j6@!J: is a monoclonal antibouy against bieast CA antigen "BER-2NE0", useful in metastatic uisease, has mouest activity with few auveise ieactions
E2"+#2/ E2*G*%,#,"G* 15*2#0/: 0se Tamoxifen in any patient with multiple 1 st
uegiee ielatives (mom, sistei) with bieast CA
COLON CANCER
The most imp thing is scieening scheuule anu inuicatois..
Colon cancei is tieateu with suigical iesection of the colon anu chemotheiapy centeieu aiounu a S-F0 iegimen.
M$*0)(+ &$; %';++()(AF 1. Colonoscopy starting at 50, the every 10yrs. If single family member has it, get colonoscopy 10yrs earlier than the age at which that person was diagnosed. Three family members get colonoscopy at 25yr, then every 10yr. FAP do screening sigmoidoscopy at 12yr, then every 1-2yr. 2. ?<<)D, NDBB2 ,.0,-/1 staiting at Suyi, then eveiy yeai theieaftei. S. A-1*B-2B0<B+9 anu 2B)ND. <B/,'(0, N('-)* enema at Su, then q S-Syi.
LUNG CANCER
Remember that small cell carcinoma releases ectopic ACTH, Squamous cell carcinoma releases PTH-like hormone.
Theie is no scieening test foi lung cancei Excisional biopsy shoulu be uone on solitaiy lung nouules in pts who aie smokeis with nouule >1cm. Calcifications usually go against malignancy, but if theie is histoiy of smoking, a patient >Suyi, anu nouule >1cm, excision is waiianteu.
O*(A ',('+; 01+;,>=: The most imp issue in tieatment is whethei the uisease is localizeu enough to be suigically iesecteu. Suigeiy cannot be uone is any of the following aie piesent: 1. Bilateial uisease 2. Nets S. Nalignant pleuial effusion 4. Involvement of aoita, vena cava, oi heait S. Lesions within 1-2cm of caiina.
*** 92,##D'+## #*(A ',('+; is non-iesectable because >9S% of time is has one of these featuies.
CERVICAL CANCER
Stait pap smeais at 21, oi Syis aftei onset of sexual activity Bo pap smeais eveiy S yis until age 6S. Stop at 6S unless theie has been no pievious scieening. Auministei BPv quauiivalent vaccine to all women 1S-26yi
C&77&:"%$ =0 #% #4%&2+#7 0#0 '+*#2: 1. An abnoimal pap smeai with low-giaue oi high-giaue uysplasia shoulu be followeu by colposcopy anu biopsy. 2. A pap smeai showing atypical squamous cells of unueteimineu significance (ASC0S), uo BPv testing. If BPv (+), pioceeu to colposcopy, if BPv (-), uo iepeat pap in 6mnth S. 0nce pap smeai noimal, ietuin to ioutine testing
* Pap smeais lowei moitality in scieen populations, but still not as much as mammogiaphy because inciuence of ceivical CA is less than that of bieast cancei.
PROSTATE CANCER
No pioven scieening methou that loweis moitality iate. PSA anu BRE not pioven to lowei moitality. Bo not ioutinely offei these tests, howevei if pt asks foi them, you shoulu peifoim.
12*#,"%$ 02&',#,* ;#%;*2: 1. O$',#)b+.: Suigeiy anu eithei exteinal iauiation oi implanteu iauioactive pellets (neaily equal in efficacy)
2. @+0,%0,0)': Anuiogen blockaue is stanuaiu of caie, use flutamiue (testosteione ieceptoi blockei) ANB leupioliue oi goseielin (uNRB agonists).
* Theie is no goou chemotheiapy foi metastatic piostate cancei, tieatment is hoimonal in natuie. *Remembei the S-alpha-ieuuctase inhibitoi finasteiiue is useu foi BPB, not cancei
A man with piostate cancei piesents with seveie, suuuen back pain. NRI shows coiu compiession, anu he's staiteu on steioius. S1,0G% 01+ (+Q0 -+%0 %0+> )( 2A20Z KH$!#%>67 (to block tempoiaiy flaie up in anuiogen levels that accompanies uNRB agonist tieatment
OVARIAN CANCER
Key feats aie women >Su with incieasing abuominal giith at same time as weight loss.
!"#$%&',"; ,*',"%$: Theie's no ioutine scieening test CA12S is a maikei of piogiession anu iesponse to theiapy, not a uiagnostic test
12*#,+*%,: Treatment is surgical debulking followed by chemotherapy, even in cases of local metastatic disease. Ovarian ca is unique in that surgical resection is beneficial even when theres a large volume of tumor spread through the pelvis and abdomen. If possible, removing all visible tumors helps.
TESTICULAR CANCER
Presents with painless scrotal lump in a man <35yr. Is extiemely cuiable with a 9u-9S% Syi suivival iate. NEvER uo a biopsy of the testicle.
!"#$%&',"; 1*',"%$8 An inguinal orchiectomy of the affected testicle, never do biopsy. Measure AFP, LDH, and bHCG Stage with CT of abdomen and pelvis.
12*#,+*%,: 1. O$',# .)%+,%+: Rauiation 2. S).+%>;+,. .)%+,%+: Chemotheiapy, which is cuiative of even metastasis in testiculai cancei.
92$B)(A '+%%,0)$(: Scieen all anu auvise against smoking Nost effective methous aie use of oial meus such as Bupiopiion anu vaienicline. Less effective aie nicotine patch anu gum (which shoulu be tiieu fiist).
*With bupiopiion, patient shoulu slowly ueciease cigaiettes 2wks aftei staiting theiapy. 0se bupiopiion in conjunction with counselling anu nicotine ieplacement.
5%0+$>$;$%)%! Scieen all women with BEXA scan at 6Syi of age.
!!!! All men about 6Syi who weie evei smokeis shoulu be scieeneu once w an ultiasounu.
R@! No iecommenuation foi ioutine uiabetes scieening
V7X! All pts shoulu be scieeneu at eveiy visit.
V=>+;#)>).+2),! Nen >SS, Women >4S
Chaptei 18
Beimatology
6%)(A 7$>)',# 90+;$).% Potency Neuication 0se Low 1% hyuiocoitisone Face, genitalia, anu skin Noueiate u.1% tiiamcinolone BouyExtiemities, face, genitalia, anu skin folus Bigh Fluocinoniue Foi thick skin. Nevei on face veiy Bigh Bifloiasone Thick skin oi seveie bouy neeus
#</. An infection of the pilosebaceous glanu causeu by the bacteiia Piopionibacteiium acnes !:X3 -"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'8 Blackheaus (open comeuones) anu whiteheaus (closeu comeuones)
12*#,+*%,: Nilu uisease shoulu be manageu with topical antibiotics such as clinuamycin, eiythiomycin, in auuition to benzoyl peioxiue Noueiate uisease shoulu combine benzoyl peioxiue with ietinoius Seveie uisease shoulu be manageu with oial antibiotics anu oial ietinoic aciu ueiivatives
4(<,.'-(D >/;.<,-B/0 B; ,3. AQ-/
>*+.,-1B A supeificial skin infection limiteu to the epiueimis 42>+0)A$
Is often uesciibeu as being "honey-coloieu", "wheeping", oi "oozing" 0sually causeu by 90,>1=#$'$''*%, but may also be uue to 90;+> 8=$A+(+% 12*#,+*%,: Nupiiocin (A topical antibiotic) anuoi antistaphylococcal oial antibiotics
7'90-+.D(0 A skin infection of the epiueimis anu the ueimis, which is usually causeu by Stiep Pyogenes. This conuition is often uesciibeu as being biight ieu, angiy, anu swollen.
3;=%)>+#,% With eiysipelas may come fevei anu chills 12*#,+*%,: Penicillin u oi ampicillin if uiagnosis is Stieptococcus
5.DD)D-,-0 An infection causeu by Staphylococcus anu Stieptococcus that infects the ueimis anu the subcutaneous tissues. Nanageu with antistaph uiugs such as oxacillin anu nafcillin. :+##*#)0)%
KBDD-<)D-,-0 An infection of the haii follicle, may piogiess to a woise infection calleu a fuiuncle. 0sually causeu by staphylococcus, if acquiieu fiom a hot-tub it can be uue to Pseuuomonas, fungi, oi viius Look foi this aiounu the beaiu aiea wheie theie aie accumulations of pus-like mateiial. E$##)'*#)0)%
12*#,+*%,: Local caie anu topical mupiiocin Seveie cases that piogiess iequiie systemic antistaphylococcal antibiotics
L.<'B,-T-/1 K(0<--,-0 Is a seveie, life-thieatening skin infection. It begins as a cellulitis that uissects into the fascial planes of the skin. NCC by stiep anu Clostiiuium E2*'*%,#,"&%: Bigh fevei Extieme pain that is woise than it looks Bullae Ciepitus X+';$0)b)(A E,%'))0)% !"#$%&'"': CT oi NRI looking foi aii in the tissue anuoi neciosis Elevateu cieatine phosphokinase
)#%#$*+*%,V12*#,+*%,8 Suigical uebiiuement Combination beta lactambeta lactamase meuications If it is causeu by Stiep Pyogenes, give clinuamycin + PCN
A<('D., K.:.' Is causeu by Stiep Pyogenes, anu looks like a combination of a iash anu goosebumps 9',;#+0 E+?+;
-"$%' #%. -/+0,&+'F Rough skin Stiawbeiiy tongue Beefy-ieu phaiynx Rash is most intense in the axilla anu gioin (In the cieaseu aieas of skin) Besquamation of hanus anu feet occuis as iash iesolves Nay have fevei, chills, soie thioat, ceivical auenopathy ulomeiulonephiitis is a complication
12*#,+*%,: Penicillin
5B**B/ 6.'*(,BDB1-< 6-0B'2.'0
7<T.*( Is a supeificial, itchy, eiythematous lesion The iash uevelops aftei itching Commonly seen on the flexoi suifaces Biagosis is clinical 3'b+2, 12*#,+*%,F Avoiuance of iiiitants anu tiiggeis, keep skins moistuiizeu, antihistaminessteioius aie goou foi ielief fiom inflammation anu itching Theie aie many vaiiations of Eczema, incluuing: 1. !0$>)' R+;2,0)0)% - this is the classic wheie itching causes a iash 2. :$(0,'0 .+;2,0)0)% - an itchy iash at the site of contact, classically causeu by contact with nickel, chemicals, oi poison plants S. 9+-$;;1+)' .+;2,0)0)% - scaling anu flaking in aieas of sebaceous glanus
@0B'-(0-0 Piesents as pink plaques with silvei scaling 0ccuis on the extensoi suifaces such as the elbows anu knees Theie is often pitting of the fingeinails The classic finuing is known as "Auspitz Sign", which is pinpoint bleeuing when the scale is iemoveu This is uiagnoseu clinically 8%$;),0)' 8#,c*+ 12*#,+*%,: C %0 #)(+ is Topical steioius T (. #)(+ is 0vA light anu may be useu as an aujunctpiophylactic a ;. #)(+ is methotiexate anu clyclospoiin
$',-<('-( Is a conuition causeu by mast cell uegianulation anu histamine ielease Piesents with the classic "wheals" that aie intensely itchy "Beimogiaphism" is seen wheie you can wiite a woiu with youi fingei on the skin anu it will iemain Nost lesions aie IgE-meuiateu (thus a type 1 sensitivity) Biagnose this conuition by sciapings
6;0)',;), 12*#,+*%,: Avoiu tiiggeis uive antihistaminessteioius This can possibly affect the iespiiatoiy tiact which woulu then involve secuiing an aiiway
M-,-D-1B Theie is a loss of melanocytes in uisciete aieas of the skin Boiueis aie shaiply uemaicateu 0sually seen in uaikei patients Possibly autoimmune in natuie F)0)#)A$ 12*#,+*%,: Nini-giafting can iestoie pigment to aieas wheie it is lacking
#DN-/-0* Failuie of melanocytes to piouuce pigment, uue to a tyiosine ueficiency Patient has white skin, iiis tianslucency, uecieaseu ietinal pigment, nystagmus, anu stiabismus Avoiu sun exposuie anu use sunscieen all the time Theie is an incieaseu iisk of skin cancei uue to lack of piotection fiom the sun !#-)()%2
4D-0,.'-/1 6-0B'2.'0
@.*+3-1)0 M)D1('-0 A iaie autoimmune uisoiuei affecting people between 2u-4uyi of age Bullae slough off easily anu leave laige uenuueu aieas of skin, this is know as "Nikolsky's sign", this pieuisposes to an incieaseu iisk of infection Fatal conuition if not manageu piopeily 8+2>1)A*% F*#A,;)% !"#$%&'"': Immunofluoiescence of the suiiounuing epiueimal cells shows a "tombstone" fluoiescent pattein 12*#,+*%,: Bigh-uose oial steioius
4)DDB)0 @.*+3-1B-2 An autoimmune conuition that affects mostly the elueily Less seveie than pemphigus vulgaiis Piesents with haiu anu tense bullae that uo not iuptuie easily Piognosis is much bettei than that of pemphigus vulgaiis J*##$*% 8+2>1)A$). !"#$%&'"': Skin biopsy showing a lineai banu along the basement membiane on immunofluoiescence Incieaseu eosinophils founu in the ueimis 12*#,+*%,: 0ial steioius
7'9,3.*( %)D,-;B'*. Is a hypeisensitivity ieaction to uiugs, infections, oi systemic uisoiueis Piesents with uiffuse anu eiythematous taiget lesions that aie highly uiffeiing in shape 3;=01+2, @*#0)&$;2+ !"#$%&'"'F Is clinical but a histoiy of heipes infection makes this a likely uiagnosis
12*#,+*%,: Stop offenuing causes anu tieat if theie is a histoiy of heipes with acyclovii
@B'+39'-( 5),(/.( !('2( An autosomal uisoiuei of impaiieu heme synthesis uet blisteis on sun-exposeu aieas of the face anu hanus Biffeientiate this poiphyiia by the absence of abuominal pain 8$;>1=;), :*0,(+, 7,;., !"#$%&'"': Woou's lamp of uiine, wheie the uiine fluoiesces with an oiange-pink coloi uue to the incieaseu levels of uiopoiphyiins 12*#,+*%,: Sunscieens useu libeially Phlebotomy Chloioquine Avoiuance of alcohol
@('(0-,-< >/;.<,-B/0 B; ,3. AQ-/
A<(N-.0 Piesents as seveiely itchy papules anu buiiows that aie locateu along the webs of the fingeis Bighly contagious 9',-)+% )(&+'0)$( !"#$%&'"': Iuentify the Saicoptes Scabiei mite fiom a skin sciaping unuei the micioscope 12*#,+*%,: Peimethiin S% cieate to the entiie bouy foi those infecteu anu close contacts foi 8-1uhi, iepeateu in anothei week Wash all linens anu beuuing in hot watei the same uay as cieam application
@.2-<)DB0-0 5(+-,-0 \O.(2 H-<.^ Itching anu swelling of the scalp Common in school-ageu chiluien !"#$%&'"': Nicioscopic exam of the haii shaft will show lice attacheu to shaft 12*#,+*%,: Peimethiin shampoo oi gel to the scalp Repeat applications aie commonly iequiieu
@.2-<)DB0-0 @)N-0 \5'(N0^ Extiemely itchy papules in the pubic iegion Nay also be along the axilla, buttocks, eyelashes, eyebiows, anu peiiumbilical aiea !"#$%&'"': Nicioscopic iuentification of lice 12*#,+*%,: Peimethiin shampoo left on foi 1u minutes, anu iepeateu again within a week
5),(/.B)0 H(':( %-1'(/0 Is a snake-like, thieau-like lesion that maiks the buiiow of the nematoue laivae 0ften seen on the hanus, back, feet, anu buttocks Is causeu by hookwoims, namely ! Ancylostoma, Necatai, anu Stiongyloiues :*0,(+$*% O,;?, @)A;,(% !"#$%&'"': A histoiy of skin being exposeu to moist soil oi sanu Piesence of classic lesion 12*#,+*%,: Iveimectin oially oi Thiabenuazole topically
K)/1(D 5),(/.B)0 6-0B'2.'0
6-0.(0. A-1/0 (/2 A9*+,B*0 6-(1/B0-0 !'.(,*./ ,
!-/.( Itchy, scaly, well uemaicateu plaques.
Black uots seen on scalp K0B Piep Topical Antifungal s
5(/2-2( Itchy, scaly plaques, usually in skin folu aieas K0B piep showing buuuing yeasts + pseuuohyph ae Topical Nystatis oi 0ial Fluconazo le
!-/.( M.'0-<BDB' Pityiospoiu m 0vale.
Shaiply uemaicateu hypopigment eu macules on face anu tiunk in the summei.
Nacules uo not tan K0B piep shows the classic "Spaghetti anu meatball appeaiance" Selenium Sulfiue shampoo on affecteu aiea foi 7 uays.
?/9<3B*9<B 0-0 Thickeneu, yellowing of the fingeinails anu toenails. Clinical anuoi K0B piep Fluconazo le oi Itiaconazo le
Seen NC in light-skin people with incieaseu sun exposuie. Fits all ABCBE ciiteiia Excision + chemotheiapy if theie is metastasis Pooi with metastasis Squamous Cells Caicinoma
Common in elueily.
0n sun exposeu aieas.
0lceiations anu ciusteu Excision + iauiation Noueiate piognosis (bettei than melanoma but woise than basal cell) Basal Cell Caicinoma
NC anu looks like a peaily papule with tianslucent boiueis Excision uieat piognosis - almost nevei metastasizes Kaposi's Saicoma
Reupuiple plaques.
Causeu by BBv8.
Almost exlusively in AIBS patient Chemotheiapy anu BIv meuications uoou unless theie is associateu oigan uamage Cutaneous T- cell Lymphoma
Total bouy iash that is veiy itchy Rauiation, chemotheiapy 7-1u yi suivival with no tieatment.
Chapter 19
High-Yield Preventative Medicine
Female patients > 6S yis of age shoulu ieceive a one-time BEXA bone scan foi osteopoiosis Any female who is at least 6uyi olu anu has 1 iisk factoi foi osteopoiosis The T-scoie is useu to assess bone uensity A T-scoie between |-1.S to -2.Sj is consiueieu to be osteopenia A T-scoie < -2.S is osteopoiosis A patient with a T-scoie of <-1.S plus iisk factois foi osteopoiosis (smoking, pooi calcium vitamin B levels, lack of weight beaiing exeicise in the histoiy, use of alcohol), shoulu ieceive pieventative meuications, such as oial bisphosphonates oi Raloxifene Raloxifene is the only SERN that is FBA appioveu to pievent osteopoiosis Kius with cystic fibiosis shoulu ieceive noimal vaccinations in auuition to a few auuitions ! yeaily influenza, pneumococcal boosteis Patients with an egg alleigy shoulu avoiu the influenza anu yellow fevei vaccines, anu shoulu be cautious with NNR as well The 1 st step in management of incieaseu LBL is lifestyle management, if LBL >1uumguL anu the patient has iisk factois, they shoulu be staiteu on lifestyle mouifications + statin uiugs The uiug of choice foi incieasing the BBL is uemfibiozel anu nicotinic acius It is iecommenueu that any male who is an active smokei oi foimei smokei anu ageu between 6S-7S be given a one-time abuominal ultiasounu to evaluate foi a AAA Patients with a chionic livei uisease shoulu ieceive a numbei of vaccines (Tetanus eveiy 1uyis + Bep A&B yeaily, anu pneumococcal vaccine)
Auult vaccine Recommenuations: Tetanus anu Biptheiia eveiy 1uyis aftei 18yis of age Influenza to all auults >Suyi oi to auults with chionic uiseases (BN, CBF, etc) Pneumococcal vaccine given to all auults >6Syi of age oi to auults with chionic uiseases
Scieening foi ceivical cancei with a pap smeai shoulu stait at 21yi of age oi Syis aftei the onset of sexual activity (whichevei comes fiist) If 2-S noimal pap smeais aie uone in a iow anu the woman is in a monogamous ielationship, you can inciease the time between pap smeais to eveiy 2-S yeais. Scieening can stop at 7uyis of age Bupiopion is FBA appioveu foi smoking cessation anu must be useu in conjunction with counseling anu nicotine ieplacement
Bepatitis A vaccine is given to men who have sex with men Neningococcal vaccine is given to those who live in close quaiteis with otheis Routine cholesteiol scieening shoulu begin in patients at iisk at SSyi of age in men anu 4Syi of age in women, then eveiy Syis aftei that The most common vaccine-pieventable uisease is hepatitis A When CB4 count uiops below 2uu2Su, stait PCP piophylaxis with TNP-SNX When CB4 count uiops below Su, piophylax foi mycobacteiium avium complex with amoxicillin Routine scieening foi Chlamyuia is now iecommenueu foi all sexually active females who aie & 24 yis of age Nammogiams shoulu be uone eveiy 1-2 yis staiting at 4uyi in females with an aveiage iisk of bieast cancei. Theie is no cleai time when they shoulu stop, but it shoulu be no soonei than 7uyi of age Pneumococcal vaccine is a capsulai polysacchaiiue of the 2S most common types of pneumococcus, which yielu a B-cell iesponse only, it is T-cell inuepenuent Any female with a histoiy of being tieateu foi CIN2S shoulu have pap smeais with oi without colposcopy anu cuiettage eveiy 6 months until thiee negative iesults aie obtaineu (patients may iesume stanuaiu scieen aftei meeting this milestone)