Strength of Materials II

CVE318

Akinwumi, I. I.
Department of Civil Engineering
Covenant University
Nigeria

Topics

Bending Moments and Shear Forces in Beams

Theory of Bending of Beams

Deflection of Beams

Unsymmetrical Bending and Shear Center

Transformation of Stress, Mohr Circle

Failure Theories

Springs

1
 Transformation of Stresses and
Mohr’s Circle
Lesson 5

Lesson Objective

To investigate the state of stress on an arbitrary

plane through an element in a body subject to
several simultaneous loadings.
Lesson 5

ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.

2
 Uniaxial State of Stress
In most practical problems, we have to deal with
combinations of direct (normal) and shearing
(tangential) stresses.
Consider a long uniform bar having a rectangular
cross-section of area A. The edges of the bar are
parallel to perpendicular axes Ox, Oy, Oz.

The bar is uniformly stressed in tension in the x-

Lesson 5

direction, the tensile stress on a cross-section of

the bar parallel to Ox being ࣌x.
ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
1

Uniaxial State of Stress (cont.)

Consider the stresses acting on an inclined cross-section of
the bar; an inclined plane is taken at an angle ࣂ to the yz-
plane. The resultant force at the end cross-section of the
bar is acting parallel to Ox.
F = ࣌xA
For equilibrium the resultant
force parallel to Ox on an
inclined cross-section is also
F = ࣌xA.
At the inclined cross-section, resolve the force ࣌xA, into two
components-one perpendicular, and the other tangential,
Lesson 5

to the inclined cross-section. These two components have

values, respectively, of ࣌xAcos ࣂ and ࣌xAsin ࣂ.

ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
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3
 Uniaxial State of Stress (cont.)
The area of the inclined cross-section is Asec ࣂ.
Therefore, the direct stress and the shearing stress on the
inclined plane are:

At ࣂ = 0°, the cross-section is perpendicular to the axis of

the bar, and ࣎ = 0; ࣎ increases as ࣂ increases until it attains
a maximum of at ࣂ = 45° ; ࣎ then diminishes as ࣂ
increases further until it is again zero at ࣂ = 90°. Thus on
any inclined cross-section of a tensile test-piece, shearing
Lesson 5

stresses are always present; the shearing stresses are

greatest on planes at 45° to the longitudinal axis of the bar.
ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
3

Uniaxial State of Stress (cont.)

Q) A bar of cross-section 2.25 cm by 2.25 cm is subjected
to an axial pull of 20 kN. Calculate the normal stress and
shearing stress on a plane the normal to which makes an
angle of 60° with the axis of the bar, the plane being
perpendicular to one face of the bar.
Lesson 5

ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
4

4
 Biaxial State of Stress
Consider a plane element removed from a stressed elastic
member. Such an element will be subject to normal stresses ࣌x
and ࣌y together with the shearing stress ࣎xy, as shown.
1. Determine the magnitudes of the normal and shearing stresses
on a plane inclined at an angle ࣂ to the x-axis.
2. Determine the maximum and minimum values of the normal
stress that may exist on inclined planes and directions of
these stresses.
3. Find the magnitude and direction of the maximum shearing
stress that may exist on an inclined plane.
Lesson 5

ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
5

Transformation of Stresses
1. Introducing the N- and T-axes normal and tangential to
the inclined plane as shown. Let t denote the thickness of
the element perpendicular to cross-section shown.

Summing forces
acting in the N-
direction gives

࣌tds - ࣌xt(dy)sinࣂ - ࣎xyt(dy)cosࣂ - ࣌yt(dx)cosࣂ - ࣎xyt(dy)cosࣂ = 0

Substituting dy = ds sin ࣂ and dx = ds cos ࣂ and dividing by tds
Lesson 5

gives:
࣌ = ࣌xsin2ࣂ + ࣌ycos2ࣂ + 2࣎xysinࣂcosࣂ
ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
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5
 Transformation of Stresses (cont.)
Since
࣌ = ࣌xsin2ࣂ + ࣌ycos2ࣂ + 2࣎xysinࣂcosࣂ becomes

Summing
forces acting
in the T-
direction gives

࣎tds - ࣌xtdy cosࣂ + ࣎xytdy sinࣂ - ࣎xytdx cosࣂ + ࣌ytdx sinࣂ = 0

Lesson 5

Substituting dy = ds sin ࣂ and dx = ds cos ࣂ and dividing by tds

gives:
࣎ = ࣌xsinࣂcosࣂ - ࣎xysin2ࣂ + ࣎xycos2ࣂ - ࣌ysinࣂcosࣂ
ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
7

Transformation of Stresses (cont.)

Since
࣎ = ࣌xsinࣂcosࣂ - ࣎xysin2ࣂ + ࣎xycos2ࣂ - ࣌ysinࣂcosࣂ becomes

2. To determine the maximum value that the normal stress

࣌ may assume as the angle ࣂ varies, it is necessary to
differentiate the expression for the normal stress with
respect to ࣂ and equate the derivative to zero.

Hence, the value of ࣂ leading to the maximum and

Lesson 5

minimum values of the normal stress are given as

ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
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6
 Transformation of Stresses (cont.)
The planes defined by the angles ࣂp are called principal
planes. The normal stresses that exist on these planes are
designated as principal stresses. They are the maximum and
minimum values that the normal stress may assume in the
element under consideration. The values of the principal
stresses may easily be found by considering the following.
Lesson 5

Where the upper signs pertain to case I and the lower

signs to case II. ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
9

Transformation of Stresses (cont.)

Substituting these expressions for sin2ࣂp and cos2ࣂp into
gives

The maximum normal stress is

The minimum normal stress is

Lesson 5

࣌max and ࣌min are the principal stresses and they occur on
the principal planes defined by angle ࣂp.
ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
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7
 Transformation of Stresses (cont.)
By substituting sin2ࣂp and cos2ࣂp into the expression for ࣎, it
is readily seen that the shearing stresses on the principal
planes are zero.
3. To determine the maximum value that the shearing stress
࣎ may assume as the angle ࣂ varies, it is necessary to
differentiate the expression for the shearing stress with
respect to ࣂ and equate the derivative to zero.

Hence, the value of ࣂ leading to the maximum and minimum

values of the shearing stress are given
Lesson 5

The planes defined by the angles ࣂs are the planes of

maximum shearing stress.
ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
11

Transformation of Stresses (cont.)

The values of the principal stresses may easily be found by
considering the following.

Where the upper signs pertain to case I and the lower

signs to case II.
Lesson 5

Substituting these expressions for sin2ࣂs and cos2ࣂs into

gives
ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
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8
 Transformation of Stresses (cont.)
The values of the principal stresses may easily be found by
considering the following.

The maximum shearing stress is

The minimum shearing stress is

Lesson 5

By substituting sin2ࣂs and cos2ࣂs into the expression for ࣌,

it is readily seen that on each of the planes of maximum
shearing stress, ࣌ = ½(࣌x + ࣌y). ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
13

Mohr’s Circle
Given ࣌x, ࣌y and ࣎xy, a graphical representation of stress
transformation analysis follow the procedure:
1. Introduce a rectangular coordinate system in which
normal stresses are represented along the horizontal axis
and shearing stresses along the vertical axis. The scales
used on these two axes must be equal.
2. Sign Convention: Shearing stresses are positive if they
tend to rotate the element clockwise, and negative if they
tend to rotate it counterclockwise. Tensile normal stresses
are considered to be positive, compressive stresses
negative.
Lesson 5

ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
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9
 Mohr’s Circle (cont)
3. Locate point “b” by laying out ࣌x and ࣎xy to their given
values. The shear stress ࣎xy on the vertical faces on which ࣌x
acts is positive; hence this value is plotted as positive as
shown.
Lesson 5

ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
15

Mohr’s Circle (cont)

4. Locate point “d” by laying out ࣌y (assuming ࣌y>࣌x) and ࣎xy
to their given values. The shear stress ࣎xy on the horizontal
faces on which ࣌y acts is negative; hence this value is plotted
as negative as shown.
Lesson 5

ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
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10
 Mohr’s Circle (cont)
5. Draw line bd, locate midpoint c and draw a circle having
its center at c and radius equal to length cb. This is known as
Mohr’s circle.
Lesson 5

ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
17

Mohr’s Circle (cont)

Since c lies at a distance ½(࣌x+࣌y) from origin o, it can be
shown that points g and h along the horizontal diameter of
the circle represent the principal stresses.
Length of line
jk = ࣌y - ࣌x
ck = ½(࣌y - ࣌x)
(cd)2 = (ck)2 +(kd)2

cd = ch = cg
Lesson 5

ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
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11
 Mohr’s Circle (cont)

∠kcd = 2࣌p
Lesson 5

ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
19

Mohr’s Circle (cont)

The endpoints of the diameter bd represent the stresses
acting in the original x- and y- directions. The endpoint of
any other diameter such as ef (at an angle 2ࣂ with bd)
represents the stresses on a plane inclined at an angle ࣂ to
the x-axis.
Line of = oc + cn = ࣌ = ½(࣌x + ࣌y) + cf cos(2ࣂp – 2ࣂ)
= ½(࣌x + ࣌y) + cf (cos2ࣂpcos2ࣂ + sin2ࣂpsin2ࣂ)
From the diagram it can be seen that:

Substituting these into the expression for ࣌ gives,

Lesson 5

Which is exactly as earlier derived for the normal stress on

a plane inclined at angle ࣂ to the x-axis. ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
20

12
 Mohr’s Circle (cont)
Also, line nf = ࣎ = cf sin(2ࣂp – 2ࣂ)
= cf(sin2ࣂpcos2ࣂ - cos2ࣂpsin2ࣂ)
Similarly, substituting the expressions for cf, cos2ࣂp and
sin2ࣂp into the expression for ࣎ gives

Which is exactly as earlier derived for the shearing stress

on a plane inclined at angle ࣂ to the x-axis.
Lesson 5

ऋयभलऻहऱभ, ओ. ओ.
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