35

CHAPTER - 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction
The review oI literature is to guide us in conducting a study on a particular theme.
So, it assists in designing the research methodologies to be used, estimation
procedures, analytical tools and interpretation oI results. This chapter, thereIore,
Iocuses on both theoretical and empirical literature to understand the need Ior
regulation, the Iorm oI regulation, approaches to risk and perIormance assessment
oI Iunds. Mutual Iunds play a crucial role in reducing risk and transaction cost while
investing in the stock markets. They oIIer a more eIIicient route oI investing. In the
process oI encouraging more investments they help in realizing true prices oI
securities. This in turn helps to attract investments through the initial public oIIer
route and mobilize the savings oI Indian households. Review oI literature presented
in this chapter is a brieI description about mutual Iunds research work conducted in
India as well as in abroad. A large number oI studies on the growth and Iinancial
perIormance oI mutual Iunds have been carried out during the past, both in the
developed and developing countries. A brieI review oI the Iollowing research works
reveal the wealth oI contributions towards the perIormance evaluation oI mutual
Iunds, market timing and stock selection abilities oI Iund managers. The pioneering
work on the mutual Iunds in U.S.A. was done by Friend, et al., (1962) in Wharton
School oI Finance and Commerce Ior the period 1953 to 1958.
Friend, et al., (1962) made an extensive and systematic study oI 152 mutual Iunds
and Iound that mutual Iund schemes earned an average annual return oI 12.4
percent, while their composite benchmark earned a return oI 12.6 percent. Their
alpha was negative with 20 basis points. Overall results did not suggest widespread
ineIIiciency in the industry. Comparison oI Iunds returns with turnover and expense
categories did not reveal a strong relationship.
Irwin, Brown, FE (1965) analyzed issues relating to investment policy, portIolio
turnover rate, perIormance oI mutual Iunds and their impact on the stock markets.
36
The research work identiIied that mutual Iunds had a signiIicant impact on the price
movement in the stock market. On an average, the Iunds did not perIorm better than
the composite market and there was no persistent relationship between portIolio
turnover and Iund perIormance.
Treynor (1965) used characteristic line` Ior relating expected rate oI return oI a
Iund to the rate oI return oI a suitable market average. He coined a Iund
perIormance measure taking investment risk into account. Further, to deal with a
portIolio, portIolio-possibility line` was used to relate expected return to the
portIolio owner`s risk preIerence.
Sharpe (1966) developed a composite measure oI return and risk. He evaluated 34
open-end mutual Iunds Ior the period 1944-63, and Iound that. Reward to variability
ratio Ior each scheme was signiIicantly less than DJIA and ranged Irom 0.43 to
0.78. Expense ratio was inversely related with the Iund perIormance, as correlation
coeIIicient was 0.0505. The results depicted that good perIormance was associated
with low expense ratio and not with the size. Sample schemes showed consistency
in risk measure.
Treynor and Mazuy (1966) evaluated the perIormance oI 57 Iund managers in
terms oI their market timing abilities, and Iound that Iund managers had not
successIully outguessed the market. The results suggested that the investors were
completely dependent on Iluctuations in the market. Improvement in the rates oI
return was due to the Iund managers` ability to identiIy under-priced industries and
companies. The study adopted Treynor`s (1965) methodology Ior reviewing the
perIormance oI mutual Iunds.
1ensen (1968) developed a composite portIolio evaluation technique concerning
risk-adjusted returns. He evaluated the ability oI 115 Iund managers in selecting
securities during the period 1945-66. Analysis oI net returns indicated that 39 Iunds
had above average returns, while 76 Iunds yielded abnormally poor returns. Using
gross returns, 48 Iunds showed above average results and 67 Iunds gave below
average results. He Iurther Iound that very little evidence that Iunds were able to
37
perIorm signiIicantly better than expected as Iund managers were not able to
Iorecast securities` price movements.
Posner (1969) discussed exhaustively the regulating monopolies, although dealing
with the issue oI regulating 'natural monopolies' or more speciIically 'utilities'
reIorms questioned the traditional basis and oI regulating monopolies. The
traditional 'dead weight loss' oI monopoly proIit maximizing price is questioned. He
maintained that price need not be to maximize short term proIits. He pointed out
other managerial objectives which may lead to lower price. Preventing potential
entrants Irom entering and developing good reputation were two such reasons.
Smith and Tito (1969) examined the inter-relationships between the three widely
used composite measures oI investment perIormance, and suggested a Iourth
alternative, identiIying some aspects oI diIIerentiation in the process. While ranking
the Iunds on the basis oI ex-post perIormance, alternative measures produced little
diIIerences. However, conclusions diIIered widely when perIormance were
compared with the market. In view oI this, they suggested modiIied Jensen`s
measure based on estimating equation and slope coeIIicient.
Friend, Blume and Crockett (1970) compared the perIormance oI 86 Iunds with
random portIolios. The study concluded that, mutual Iunds perIormed badly in
terms oI total risk. Funds with higher turnover outperIormed the market. The size oI
the Iunds did not have any impact on their perIormance.
Carlson (1970) examined mutual Iunds emphasizing the eIIect oI market indices
(S&P 500, NYSE composite, DJIA) during the period 1948-67. All Iund groups
outperIormed DJIA but Ior a Iew which had gross returns better than that oI S&P
500 or NYSE composite. Though there was consistency in risk and return, there was
no consistency between risk-adjusted perIormance measures over the time period.
Carlson`s analysis oI perIormance exposed relationship between cash inIlows into
Iunds and not with the size or expense ratio.
Akerlof (1970) pioneered the study on inIormation asymmetry and showed how
imperIect inIormation would lead to adverse selection and the ultimate collapse oI
38
the market through low quality sellers crowding out good quality sellers.
Arditti (1971) Iound that Sharpe`s conclusion got altered when annual rate oI
return was introduced as a third dimension. He Iound that contrary to Sharpe`s
Iindings, the average Iund perIormance could no longer be judged inIerior to the
perIormance oI DJIA. Fund managers opted higher risk Ior better annual returns.
Stigler (1971) revealed that the demand Ior regulation is not oIten Ior 'public
beneIit' but rather Ior the beneIit oI the industry in question. The states coercive
power allows it to tax, control entry, eIIect make policies which aIIect complements
or substitutes or even Iix prices.
Williamson (1972) compared ranks oI 180 Iunds between 1961-65 and 1966-70.
There was no correlation between the rankings oI the two periods. The investment
abilities oI most oI the Iund managers were identical. He highlighted the growing
prominence oI volatility in the measurement oI investment risk.
Fama (1972) developed methods to distinguish observed return due to the ability to
pick up the best securities at a given level oI risk Irom that oI predictions oI price
movements in the market. He introduced a multi-period model allowing evaluation
on a period-by-period and on a cumulative basis. He branded that, return on a
portIolio constitutes oI return Ior security selection and return Ior bearing risk. His
contributions combined the concepts Irom modern theories oI portIolio selection
and capital market equilibrium with more traditional concepts oI good portIolio
management.
Klemosky (1973) analysed investment perIormance oI 40 Iunds based on quarterly
returns during the period 1966-71. He acknowledged that biases in Sharpe, Treynor,
and Jensen`s measures, could be removed by using mean absolute deviation and
semi-standard deviation as risk surrogates compared to the composite measures
derived Irom the CAPM.
McDonald and 1ohn (1974) examined 123 mutual Iunds and identiIied the
existence oI positive relationship between objectives and risk. The study identiIied
39
the existence oI positive relationship between return and risk. The relationship
between objective and risk-adjusted perIormance indicated that more aggressive
Iunds experienced better results.
Gupta (1974) evaluated the perIormance oI mutual Iund industry Ior the period
1962-71 using Sharpe, Treynor, and Jensen models. All the Iunds covered under the
study outperIormed the market irrespective oI the choice oI market index. The
results indicated that all the three models provided identical results. All the mutual
Iund subgroups outperIormed the market using DJIA while income and balanced
groups underperIormed S&P 500. Return per unit oI risk varied with the level oI
volatility assumed and he concluded that Iunds with higher volatility exhibited
superior perIormance.
Hogan and Warren (1974) developed a CAPM using a below target semi variance
risk measure also termed as the ES-CAPM. This corrects Ior the symmetric
distribution approach oI the traditional CAPM.
Bawa (1975) generalized the semi-variance measure oI risk to reIlect a less
restrictive class oI decreasing absolute risk averse utility Iunction known as the
Lower Partial Movement (LPM). The M-V approach was restrictive as it ensured an
optimal portIolio only iI the utility Iunction was quadratic.
Tullock (1975) downplays the need Ior regulation and believes that the costs oI
government Iailures or regulatory Iailures are larger than the cost oI market Iailures.
Bawa and Lindenberg (1977) proved that 'separation' holds Ior the LPM risk
measure when the target was the risk-Iree rate (Ior Iixed target). Where variance
measures the expected squared deviation around the mean, LPM measures the
expected value oI the alto power oI the deviation below a target (when a ~ 1). When
a2, the LPM is also termed as Target Semi Variance (TSV).
Fishbum (1977) introduced the general LPM risk measure setting a2 to give the
TSV. Since the TSV only punishes returns below the target, it Iits investor
preIerences. The induced eIIicient set oI his model was Iound to satisIy the
40
stochastic dominance criteria (which consider the whole probability distribution oI
returns and not just the M-V a measure). Stochastic dominance was Iound better Ior
judging the perIormance oI portIolios, because it did not make any assumptions
about the probability distribution oI security returns and was based on a general
utility Iunction.
Meyer`s (1977) Iindings based on stochastic dominance model revalidated Sharpe`s
Iindings with the caution that it was relevant Ior mutual Iunds in the designated past
rather than Ior the Iuture period.
Klemosky (1977) examined perIormance consistency oI 158 Iund managers Ior the
period 1968-75. The ranking oI perIormance showed better consistency between
Iour-year periods and relatively lower consistency between adjacent two-year
periods.
Roll and Ross (1979) proposed the Arbitrage Price Theory' as an alternative to the
single Iactor CAPM. They Iound that, between 1962 and 1972, there were at least
Iour other Iactors which could explain risk. But their test, they themselves admitted
was a weak one as no economic justiIication could be given Ior these Iactors.
Schwartz and Wilde (1979) dealt with the necessity Ior government intervention in
markets with imperIect inIormation. Governments intervene in markets when the
percent oI inIormed consumers in the market is suIIicient to do so. But this is
expensive and besides one does not know what level oI inIormation is considered
adequate Ior a consumer, also the Iocus should be on the market and not the
individual.
Frank and Mayer (1989) pointed out that inIormation asymmetries can lead to
organizational Iailures which include Iraud by employees, mis-utilization oI Iunds,
reckless investments and excessive churning oI portIolio.
Ippolito`s (1989) results and conclusions were relevant and consistent with the
theory oI eIIiciency oI inIormed investors. He estimated that risk-adjusted return Ior
the mutual Iund industry was greater than zero and attributed positive alpha beIore
41
load charges. He identiIied that Iund perIormance was not related to expenses and
turnover as predicted by eIIiciency arguments.
Fortin and Michelson (1995) studied 1,326 load Iunds and 1,161 no load Iunds,
and identiIied that, no-load Iunds had lower expense ratio and so was suitable Ior
six years, on the other hand load Iunds had higher expense ratio and so had IiIteen
years oI average holding period. No-load Iunds oIIered superior results in nineteen
out oI twenty-Iour schemes. He concluded that, a mutual Iund investor had to
remain invested in a particular Iund Ior very long periods to recover the initial Iront-
end charge and achieve investment results similar to that oI no-load Iunds.
Baur et. al. (1995) outlined the pricing Iundamentals oI open-end and close-end
Iunds, and described the transaction cost oI buying and selling Iunds. The U.S.A.`s
experience oI mutual Iunds described how these institutions could change a
country`s capital market and individual investment patterns. The study disclosed
that the continuous redemption privilege oI open-end Iunds had vulnerable
consequences in the pricing oI each type oI Iund, the assets held by each type oI
Iund and the manner in which the transaction and management Iees were collected.
Ciccotello and Grant`s (1996) study identiIied a negative correlation between asset
size oI the Iund and the expense ratio. The results oI the study brought out that,
larger Iunds had lower expense ratios due to economies oI scale. Equity Iunds had
spent heavily to acquire inIormation Ior trading decision and were consistent with
the theory oI inIormation pricing. The high beta, high expenses and high turnover in
the aggressive growth group than in long-term growth Iunds and income Iunds
suggested higher costs being associated with obtaining and using corporate
inIormation in emerging and volatile market.
Grubber (1996) attempted to study the puzzle relating to the Iast growth oI mutual
Iunds inspite oI inIerior perIormance oI actively managed portIolios. The study
revealed that mutual Iunds had negative perIormance compared to the market and
provided evidence oI persistence oI underperIormance. Sophisticated clientele
withdrew money Irom mutual Iunds during the period oI poor perIormance, where
42
as mutual Iunds Iound money Irom disadvantaged clientele leading to the Iaster
growth oI Iunds.
Dellva, Wilfred L and Olson, Gerard T (1998) studied 568 mutual Iunds without
survivorship bias. The results indicated that inIormational competency oI Iunds
increased the eIIiciency, reduced expenses and provided Ior higher risk-adjusted
returns. Redemption Iees had positive and signiIicant impact on expenses.
International Iunds had higher expense ratios.
Khorana et. al. (1998) using Multinomial Probit Model identiIied that, Iunds with
higher ratings had higher risk adjusted perIormance, lower systematic risk, greater
degree oI diversiIication, larger asset base, lower portIolio turnover, managers with
longer tenures, lower Iront load and expense ratios. Persistence in Iund perIormance
was statistically signiIicant during short time horizons. Morning star`s mutual Iund
ratings were based on historic risk and reward. The ratings provided useIul
inIormation while selecting mutual Iunds. Funds in the top 10 percent oI risk-
adjusted scores had Iive star rating; next 22.55 percent received Iour star rating;
middle 35 percent were assigned three stars, and the last two categories represented
the next 22.5 percent and 10 percent. High rated Iunds perIormed substantially
better than low rated Iunds aIter the issue oI ratings.
Fernandoet, al. (1999) observed that splitting did not exhibit any superior
perIormance nor any change in the risk characteristics oI Iunds but enhance the
marketability oI Iund`s shares due to positive response Irom small investors.
Statman, Meir (2000) emphasized that, socially responsible investing has to be
taken as a tool by the corporations. He Iurther identiIied that socially responsible
stocks outperIormed while socially responsible mutual Iunds underperIormed the S
& P 500 Index during 1990-98.
Cortez and Florinda Silva (2002) analysed the implications oI conditioning
inIormation variables on a sample oI Portuguese stock Iunds. He identiIied that
unconditional Jensen`s alpha ensured superior perIormance till incorporation oI
public inIormation variables. Alpha was not statistically diIIerent Irom zero while
beta was related to public inIormation variables.
43
Pendaraki, Zopounidis and Doumpous (2005) studied construction oI mutual
Iund portIolios, developed a multi-criteria methodology and applied it to the Greek
market oI equity mutual Iunds. The methodology was based on the combination oI
discrete and continuous multi-criteria decision aid methods Ior mutual Iund
selection and composition. UTADIS multi-criteria decision aid method was
employed in order to develop mutual Iund`s perIormance models. Goal
programming model was employed to determine proportion oI selected mutual
Iunds in the Iinal portIolios.
Zakri (2005) matched a sample oI socially responsible stock mutual Iunds to
randomly selected conventional Iunds oI similar net assets to investigate diIIerences
in characteristics oI assets held, degree oI portIolio diversiIication and variable
eIIects oI diversiIication on investment perIormance. The study Iound that socially
responsible Iunds do not diIIer signiIicantly Irom conventional Iunds in terms oI
any oI these attributes. Moreover, the eIIect oI diversiIication on investment
perIormance was Iound diIIerent between the two groups. Both groups
underperIormed the Domini 400 Social Index and S & P 500 during the study
period.
Chen et al. (2011) have tested MFs that engaged in tax planning, and how did they
respond to changes in the capital gains tax rates was investigated. It was Iound that
there was consistency with tax planning by managers oI both open-end and closed-
end MFs and MF managers may not tax plan tax like individuals because Iund
managers have incentives to consider the tax liability oI both current and potential
investors.
Agapova (2011) has examined the cross-sectional diIIerences among Money
Market Mutual Funds (MMMFs) in the context oI sponsoring Iund Iamilies, and
Iound that Ilows to Iamily non-MMMFs were negatively related to Iamily MMMF
Ilows, and Iamily non-MMMF cash Ilow volatility was positively related to Iamily
MMMF cash Ilow volatility. The study has Iurther suggested that Iund Iamily
investors also use Iamily MMMFs as cash centers by utilizing Iree asset transIers
within the Iamily.
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Badrinath & Gubellini (2011) have evaluated the return perIormance oI long-
short, market neutral and bear MFs using multi-Iactor models and a conditional
CAPM, they and revealed that Market-neutral Iunds provide a down market hedge,
but bear Iunds did not generate the returns as per investors, desire.
Cao et al. (2011) have investigated two types oI Iunds that make more extensive
use oI derivatives, global Iunds and specialized domestic equity Iunds.
The literature survey oI Ioreign studies revealed that mutual Iund managers were
not able to oIIer higher returns due to their inability in stock selection and market
timing. For short periods Iund managers were able to oIIer superior returns.
Review of Indian Studies
The Iollowing is a brieI account oI research articles published in books, Iinancial
dailies, magazines and research journals by academicians, proIessionals and
journalists explaining the concepts oI mutual Iunds. Their importance, Ieatures
diIIerent schemes, investment patterns, methods oI examining a mutual Iund
prospectus, how to choose a scheme and signiIicance oI IMFI etc. Gupta L C et. al.
are a Iew academicians and proIessionals who have studied the need Ior radical
changes in the Indian Iinancial system, emergence oI mutual Iund operations in
India, regulatory Iramework and the impact oI taxation on mutual Iund
perIormance. Verma`s book on mutual Iunds covers the conceptual and regulatory
Iramework oI the mutual Iunds in India with guidelines Ior mutual Iund selection. A
brieI account oI important research studies conducted by the Indian academicians
and experts are as Iollows:
Nancy (1985) has stated that study oI the past perIormance is helpIul in Iorecasting.
Examining oI the past perIormance unveils some oI the Iactors that inIluence the
level oI Iinancial returns. The study oI these Iactors will help in improving the
ability and accuracy oI Iorecasting Iuture returns. This study is likely to be useIul
Ior investors and portIolio managers
Haslem (1988) studied that past perIormance is the most important aspect Ior the
mutual Iund because it is basis to estimate how well the Iund would perIorm in
Iuture.
45
Gupta (1989) evaluated Iunds perIormance in India comparing the returns earned
by diIIerent schemes oI similar risk and similar constraints. An explicit risk-return
relationship was developed to make comparison across Iunds with diIIerent risk
levels. His study decomposed total return into return Irom investors risk, return
Irom managers` risk and target risk. Mutual Iund return due to selectivity was
decomposed into return due to selection oI securities and timing oI investment in a
particular class oI securities.
Vidhyashankar (1990) identiIied a shiIt Irom bank or company deposits to mutual
Iunds due to its superiority by way oI ensuring a healthy and orderly development
oI capital market with adequate investor`s protection through SEBI interIerence.
The study identiIied that mutual Iunds in the Indian capital market have a bright
Iuture as one oI the predominant instruments oI savings by the end oI the century.
Bansal (1991) identiIied that mutual Iund like other Iinancial institutions is a
potential intermediary between the prospective investors and the capital market.
Mutual Iund, as an investment agency was preIerred since 1985-86 due to the
beneIits oI liquidity, saIety and reasonable appreciation assured by the industry. The
schemes with assured returns showed tremendous progress. Majority oI the Iunds
Iloated by commercial banks gave an impression that the responsibility oI Iunds laid
with the respective banks and their investment was secured.
Sarkar (1991) critically examined mutual Iund evaluation methodology and
pointed out that Sharpe and Treynor perIormance measures ranked mutual Iunds
alike inspite oI their diIIerences in terms oI risk. The Sharpe and Treynor index
could be used to rank perIormance oI portIolios with diIIerent risk levels.
Batra and Bhatia (1992) appreciated the perIormance oI various Iunds in terms oI
return and Iunds mobilized. UTI, LIC and SBI Mutual Funds are in the capital
market Ior many years and declaring dividends ranging Irom 11 percent to 16
percent. The perIormance oI Canbank Mutual Fund, Indian Bank Mutual Fund and
PNB Mutual Fund were highly commendable. The perIormance oI many schemes
was equally good compared to industrial securities.
46
Gupta (1992) attempted a household survey oI investors with the objective oI
identiIying investors` preIerences Ior mutual Iunds so as to help policy makers and
mutual Iund manager in designing mutual Iund products and shaping the mutual
Iund industry in India.
Yadav (1992) did a comprehensive study on 'Mutual Funds in India: Some Issues.
The study revealed that mutual Iunds have emerged as a signiIicant Iorce in the
country`s Iinancial sector with a vast potential. There were about seventy lakh
investors in Indian mutual Iunds oI which about 30 percent Iound Irom rural areas.
It observed less than one percent oI the total population, which embarked on the
potential oI Indian market, where the mutual Iund could play a signiIicant role and
reach a signiIicant size.
Gangadhar (1992) identiIied mutual Iunds as the prime vehicle Ior mobilization oI
household sectors` savings since they provided the triple beneIits as steady return,
capital appreciation and low risk. He identiIied that open-end Iunds were very
popular in India due to its size, economies oI operations and Ior its liquidity.
Investors opted Ior mutual Iunds with the expectation oI higher return Ior a given
risk, greater convenience and liquidity.
Lal and Sharma (1992) identiIied that the household sector`s share in the Indian
domestic savings increased Irom 73.6 percent in 1950-51 to 83.6 percent in 1988-
89. The share oI Iinancial assets increased Irom 56 percent in 1970-71 to over 60
percent in 1989-90 bringing out a tremendous impact on all the constituents oI the
Iinancial market.
Sahu (1992) identiIied mutual Iunds as a suitable investment vehicle to strengthen
capital market, as the total assets were around Rs.30,000 crores while the total
resources in equity was less than 15 percent oI market capitalization.
Venugopalan (1992) opined that India (15 million) ranks third in the World next to
U.S.A. (50 million) and Japan (25 million) in terms oI number oI shareholders
ensuring the spread oI equity cult. He observed that many investors Iaced hardships
47
in the share market due to lack oI proIessional advice, inability to minimize risk,
limited resources and inIormation.
Anagol (1992) identiIied the urgent need Ior a comprehensive selI regulatory
regime Ior mutual Iunds in India, in the context oI divergence in its size,
constitution, regulation among Iunds and sweeping deregulation and liberalization
in the Iinancial sector.
Shashikant Uma (1993) critically examined the rationale and relevance oI mutual
Iund operations in Indian Money Markets. She pointed out that money market
mutual Iunds with low-risk and low return oIIered conservative investors a reliable
investment avenue Ior short-term investment.
Ansari (1993) stressed the need Ior mutual Iunds to bring in innovative schemes
suitable to the varied needs oI the small savers in order to become predominant
Iinancial service institution in the country.
Sahu R K and Panda 1 (1993) identiIied that, the savings oI the Indian public in
mutual Iunds was 5 to 6 percent oI total Iinancial savings, 11 to 12 percent oI bank
deposits and less than 15 percent oI equity market capitalization. The study
suggested that, mutual Iunds should develop suitable strategies keeping in view the
savings potentials, growth prospects oI investment outlets, national policies and
priorities.
Saha Asish and Rama Murthy Y Sree (1993-94) identiIied that return, liquidity,
saIety and capital appreciation played a predominant role in the preIerence oI the
schemes by investors. The preIerence oI the households towards shares and
debentures was 7 percent by 1989-90. Mutual Iunds being an alternative way Ior
direct purchase oI stocks should be managed eIIectively adopting investment
analysis, valuation models, and portIolio management techniques. The study
suggested that, Iund managers could adopt portIolio selection techniques to make
more inIormed judgments rather than making investments on an intuition basis.
48
Vaid, Seema`s (1994) study revealed that the industry showed a continuous growth
in savings mobilization and the number oI unit holders during the period 1987 to
1992. 58.40 percent oI resources mobilized by the industry were through income
schemes. UTI accounted Ior 83.90 percent oI industry mobilization. Pure growth
schemes displayed a sound investment pattern with 81.80 percent oI portIolios in
equity scrips and had identiIied that semi-urban and rural areas were not adequately
tapped by the mutual Iunds inspite oI satisIactory returns. OIIshore Iunds showed
best perIormance during 1985-86.
Shukla and Singh (1994) attempted to identiIy whether portIolio manager`s
proIessional education brought out superior perIormance. They Iound that equity
mutual Iunds managed by proIessionally qualiIied managers were riskier but better
diversiIied than the others. Though the perIormance diIIerences were not
statistically signiIicant, the three proIessionally qualiIied Iund managers reviewed
outperIormed others.
The study by Shome (1994) based on growth schemes examined the perIormance oI
the mutual Iund industry between April 1993 to March 1994 with BSE SENSEX as
market surrogate. The study revealed that, in the case oI 10 schemes, the average
rate oI return on mutual Iunds were marginally lower than the market return while
the standard deviation was higher than the market. The analysis also provided that,
perIormance oI a Iund was not closely associated with its size.
Shah Ajay and Thomas Susan (1994) studied the perIormance oI 11 mutual Iund
schemes on the basis oI market prices. Weekly returns computed Ior these schemes
since their launch oI the scheme to April 1994 were evaluated using Jensen and
Sharpe measures. They concluded that, except UTI UGS 2000, none oI the sample
schemes earned superior returns than the market due to very high risk and
inadequate diversiIication.
Kale and Uma (1995) conducted a study on the perIormance oI 77 schemes
managed by 8 mutual Iunds. The study revealed that, growth schemes yielded 47
percent CAGR, tax-planning schemes 30 percent CAGR Iollowed by balanced
schemes with 28 percent CAGR and income schemes with 18 percent CAGR.
49
The Delhi-based Value Research India Pvt. Ltd (1996) conducted a survey
covering the bearish phase oI Indian stock markets Irom 30
th
June 1994 to 31st
December 1995. The survey examined 83 mutual Iund schemes. The study revealed
that, 15 schemes provided negative returns, oI which, 13 were growth schemes.
Returns Irom income schemes and income-cum-growth schemes were more than 20
percent. From the point oI risk-adjusted monthly returns, oI the 53 growth schemes,
28 (52.8 percent) could beat the index even in a bear phase.
Tripathy, Nalini Prava (1996) identiIied that the Indian capital market expanded
tremendously as a result oI economic reIorms, globalization and privatization.
Household sector accounted Ior about 80 percent oI country`s savings and only
about one-third oI such savings were available Ior the corporate sector. The study
suggested that, mutual Iunds should build investors conIidence through schemes
meeting the diversiIied needs oI investors, speedy disposal oI inIormation,
improved transparency in operation, better customer service and assured beneIits oI
proIessionalism.
Yadav R A and Mishra, Biswadeep (1996) evaluated 14 close end schemes over
the period oI April 1992 to March 1995 with BSE National Index as benchmark.
Their analysis indicated that, 57 percent oI sample schemes had a mean return
higher than that oI the market, higher Sharpe Index and lower Treynor index.
Schemes perIormed well in terms oI diversiIication and total variability oI returns
but Iailed to provide adequate risk-premium per unit oI systematic risk. 57 percent
had positive alpha signiIying superior perIormance in terms oI timing ability oI
Iund managers. Fund managers oI growth schemes adopted a conservative
investment policy and maintained a low portIolio beta to restrict losses in a rapidly
Ialling stock market.
1ayadev M (1996) studied the perIormance oI UTI Mastergain 1991 and SBI
Magnum Express Irom 1992-94 with 13 percent return oIIered by Post OIIice
Monthly Income Deposits as risk-Iree return. Mastergain earned an average return
oI 2.89 percent as against market earnings oI 2.84 percent. Volatility oI Magnum
Express was high compared to Mastergain. Master gain had a superior perIormance
50
over its benchmark (Economic Times Ordinary Share Price Index) by taking greater
risk than the market. Mastergain indicated lesser degree oI diversiIication oI the
portIolio with lower R
2
value and very high unique risk. Magnum Express portIolio
was well diversiIied with higher R2 value along with lower unique risk and total
risk. Both the Iunds did not earn superior returns because oI lack oI selectivity on
the part oI the Iund managers indicating that, the Iunds did not oIIer the advantages
oI proIessionalism to the investors.
Sahadevan S and Thiripalraju M (1997) stated that, mutual Iunds provided
opportunity Ior the middle and lower income groups to acquire shares. The savings
oI household sector constituted more than 75 percent oI the GDS along with a shiIt
in the preIerence Irom physical assets to Iinancial assets and also identiIied that,
savings pattern oI households shiIted Irom bank deposits to shares, debentures, and
mutual Iunds.
Krishnamurthi S (1997) identiIied mutual Iunds as an ideal investment vehicle Ior
small and medium investors with limited resources, to reap the beneIits oI investing
in blue chip shares through Iirm allotment in primary market, avoid dud shares,
access to price sensitive inIormation and spread risk along with the beneIits oI
proIessional Iund management.
Gupta and Sehgal (1998) evaluated perIormance oI 80 mutual Iund schemes over
Iour years (1992-96). The study tested the proposition relating to Iund
diversiIication, consistency oI perIormance, parameter oI perIormance and risk-
return relationship. The study noticed the existence oI inadequate portIolio
diversiIication and consistency in perIormance among the sample schemes.
Rao, Mohana P (1998) opined that, UTI Iollowed by LIC Mutual Fund dominated
the market with 54 and 15 schemes respectively. His interview with 120
respondents showed that, 96 percent invested in UTI due to better service and
return. 50 percent oI shareholding and 25 percent oI unit-holding respondents were
Irom metro cities. Investor`s services, incomecum-growth option and capital
appreciation were very important aspects while choosing a Iund. He identiIied that
the close-end schemes were very popular among investors and respondents in
51
general expected private sector Iunds to improve the quality oI services, investors`
conIidence besides reducing Iraud and mismanagement.
Kumar V K (1999) analysed the roles, products and the problems Iaced by the
IMFI. He suggested the turnaround strategies oI awareness programs, transparency
oI inIormation, distinct marketing and distribution systems to rebuild conIidence.
Irissappane Aravazhi (2000) evaluated the investment pattern and perIormance oI
34 close-end schemes Irom 1988-98 and elicited the views oI investors and
managers belonging to Chennai, Mumbai, Pune and Delhi. The survey identiIied
that the investors desired a return equivalent to market. 16 schemes reported greater
risk than the market volatility. Majority oI the schemes had a lower beta. Negative
values in the case oI Treynor and Sharpe index among many schemes indicated the
mockery oI the market. He Iurther identiIied that the Iund managers oI 26 schemes
had missed the chance oI gaining Irom scheduling with response to changes in the
market.
Gupta Amitabh (2000) identiIied that the IMFI had come a long way since its
inception in 1964. The transIormation in the previous decade was the outcome oI
policy initiatives taken by the Government oIIndia to break the monolithic structure
oI the industry in 1987 by permitting public sector banks and insurance sectors to
enter the market.
Agrawal, Ashok Motilal (2000) opined that mutual Iunds had made a remarkable
progress during 1987-95. The cumulative investible Iunds oI the mutual Iunds
industry recorded a skyrocketing growth since 1987 and reached Rs.8,059 crores by
December 31, 1995 Irom Rs.4,564 crores during 1986-87.
Ramesh Chander (2000) examined 34 mutual Iund schemes with reIerence to the
three Iund characteristics with 91-days treasury bills rated as risk-Iree investment
Irom January 1994 to December 1997. Returns based on NAV oI many sample
schemes were superior and highly volatile compared to BSE SENSEX. Open-end
schemes outperIormed close-end schemes in term oI return. Income Iunds
outsmarted growth and balanced Iunds. Banks and UTI sponsored schemes
perIormed Iairly well in relation to sponsorship. Average annual return oI sample
52
schemes was 7.34 percent due to diversiIication and 4.1 percent due to stock
selectivity. The study revealed the poor market timing ability oI mutual Iund
investment. The researcher also identiIied that, 12 Iactors explained majority oI
total variance in portIolio management practices.
Gupta Amitabh (2001) evaluated the perIormance oI 73 selected schemes with
diIIerent investment objectives, both Irom the public and private sector using
Market Index and Fundex. NAV oI both close-end and open-end schemes Irom
April 1994 to March 1999 were tested. The sample schemes were not adequately
diversiIied, risk and return oI schemes were not in conIormity with their objectives,
and there was no evidence oI market timing abilities oI mutual Iund industry in
India.
Narasimhan M S and Vijayalakshmi S (2001) analysed the top holding oI 76
mutual Iund schemes Irom January 1998 to March 1999. The study showed that, 62
stocks were held in portIolio oI several schemes, oI which only 26 companies
provided positive gains. The top holdings represented more than 90 percent oI the
total corpus in the case oI 11 Iunds. The top holdings showed higher risk levels
compared to the return. The correlation between portIolio stocks and diversiIication
beneIits was signiIicant at one percent level Ior 30 pairs and at Iive percent level Ior
53 pairs.
Mishra and Mahmud (2002) measured mutual Iund perIormance using lower
partial moment. In this paper, measures oI evaluating portIolio perIormance based
on lower partial moment are developed. Risk Irom the lower partial moment is
measured by taking into account only those states in which return is below a pre-
speciIied 'target rate like risk-Iree rate.
Roshni 1ayam`s (2002) study brought out that equities had a good chance oI
appreciation in Iuture. The researcher was oI the view that, investors should
correctly judge their investment objective and risk appetite beIore picking schemes,
diversiIied equity Iunds were typically saIer than others and index Iunds were the
53
best when market movements were not certain. The researcher suggested
Systematic Withdrawal Plan (SWP) with growth option was more suitable Ior
investors in need oI regular cash inIlows.
Singh and Vanita (2002) in their study Iound that most oI the investors still hold
investment in public sector mutual Iunds, particularly UTI, but in the recent past the
proportion oI investors investing in private mutual Iunds has increased and that oI in
UTI decreased.
1atana and Gupta (2003) Iound in their study that diIIerent investment avenues are
available to investors by doing the investment in mutual Iunds but they also carry
certain risks. The investors should compare the risk and expected yields aIter
adjustment oI tax in various instruments while taking investment decisions.
Kshama Fernandes (2003) evaluated index Iund implementation in India. In this
paper, tracking error oI index Iunds in India is measured .The consistency and level
oI tracking errors obtained by some well-run index Iund suggest that it is possible to
attain low levels oI tracking error under Indian conditions. At the same time, there
do seem to be periods when certain index Iunds appear to depart Irom the discipline
oI indexation.
Bansal Manish (2003) survey oI 2,819 respondents revealed that, the percentage oI
investors holding only UTI schemes reduced. The unit holders` loyalty seemed to
have become a myth as investors were looking Ior perIormance. Unit-holders
spread their holdings over two or more Iunds with an urge to diversiIy increasing
competitive mutual Iund environment.
Singh, 1aspal and Subhash Chander (2003) identiIied that past record and growth
prospects inIluenced the choice oI scheme. Investors in mutual Iunds expected
repurchase Iacility, prompt service and adequate inIormation. Return, portIolio
selection and NAV were important criteria`s Ior mutual Iund appraisal. The
ANOVA results indicated that, occupational status; age had insigniIicant inIluence
on the choice oI scheme. Salaried and retired categories had priority Ior past record
and saIety in their mutual Iund investment decisions.
54
Saha, Tapas Rajan (2003) identiIied that Prudential ICICI Balanced Fund,
Zurich(I) Equity Fund were the best among the equity Iunds while Pioneer ITI
Treasury scheme was the best among debt schemes. He concluded that, the
eIIiciency oI the Iund managers was the key in the success oI mutual Iunds and so
the AMCs had to ensure more proIessional outlook Ior better results.
K. Pendaraki et al. (2004) studied construction oI mutual Iund portIolios,
developed a multi-criteria methodology and applied it to the Greek market oI equity
mutual Iunds. The methodology is based on the combination oI discrete and
continuous multi-criteria decision aid methods Ior mutual Iund selection and
composition. UTADIS multi-criteria decision aid method is employed in order to
develop mutual Iund`s perIormance models. Goal programming model is employed
to determine proportion oI selected mutual Iunds in the Iinal portIolios.
Antonella Basso and Stefania Funari (2004) tackle the problem oI the presence oI
negative average rate oI returns in the computation oI the perIormance oI ethical
mutual Iunds. The presence oI these negative values raises problems both in the
computation oI the classical perIormance indicators and in DEA modeling.
Satish D (2004) opined that investors Irom seven major cities in India had a
preIerence Ior mutual Iunds compared to banking and insurance products. Investors
expected moderate return and accepted moderate risk. 60 percent oI investors
preIerred growth schemes. The image oI AMC acted as a major Iactor in the choice
oI schemes. Investors had the same level oI conIidence towards shares and mutual
Iunds.
Sharath 1utur (2004) studied 58 schemes during the bear period (September 1998
to April 2002). He identiIied that the risk was low Ior 37 schemes, below average
risk Ior 11 and oI average risk Ior 10 schemes. Risk-return analysis revealed that,
average mutual Iunds were Iound to be with low unsystematic and high total risk.
The return was positive in the case oI 46 schemes, with 30 schemes yielding above
5 percent. 32 schemes had positive Treynor ratio, 30 schemes had positive Sharpe
ratio, and 35 schemes had positive Jensen measure due to the bearish market with
low CAPM returns.
55
Elango`s (2004) analytical results indicate that, private Iunds had a high positive
association between the past and current year NAV compared to public sector. The
private sector schemes outperIormed public sector in terms oI NAV range value,
innovative products and in deployment oI Iunds. Public sector Iunds showed low
volatility as against greater variability Ior private sector indicating low consistency.
Student t` test indicated the existence oI a high signiIicant diIIerence between the
mean NAV oI private sector Iunds and public sector with a high statistical
signiIicance oI (-)5.95.
Venkateshwarlu M (2004) had analysed investors Irom the twin cities oI
Hyderabad and Secunderabad. Investors preIerred to invest in open-end schemes
with growth objectives. Chi-squared value revealed that, the size oI income class is
independent oI preIerence pattern, and dependent on the choice oI Iund Iloating
institution. Reasonable returns and long-term strategy adopted by the scheme were
the criteria oI scheme selection. Investors perceived that too many restrictions led to
the average perIormance oI mutual Iunds in India.
Sondhi H 1 and 1ain P K (2005) examined 17 public and 19 private sector mutual
Iund equity schemes. The mean and median returns Ior the aggregate period (1993-
2002) were lower than the returns on 364 days treasury bills, and higher than the
BSE 100 index. Alliance Equity Iund was the top perIormer and Canbonus and LIC
Dhanvikas(I) were the worst perIormers. They hypothesized that majority oI the
sample schemes earned returns better than the market. Private equity schemes had
superior perIormance due to its popularity; Iund management practices, well-
researched stock selection and timing skills. More than three-Iourth oI public sector
schemes were unable to achieve better returns in spite oI higher investor conIidence
associated with high saIety. The Iunds did not show consistency in perIormance.
Muthappan P K and Damodharan E (2006) evaluated 40 schemes Ior the period
April 1995 to March 2000. The study identiIied that majority oI the schemes earned
returns higher than the market but lower than 91 days Treasury bill rate. The
average risk oI the schemes was higher than the market. 15 schemes had an above
average monthly return. Growth schemes earned average monthly return. The risk
56
and return oI the schemes were not always in conIormity with their stated
investment objectives. The sample schemes were not adequately diversiIied, as the
average unique risk was 7.45 percent with an average diversiIication oI 35.01
percent. 23 schemes outperIormed both in terms oI total risk and systematic risk. 19
schemes with positive alpha values indicated superior perIormance. The study
concludes that, the Indian Mutual Funds were not properly diversiIied.
Mohanan (2006) Iound that Indian mutual Iund industry was one oI the Iastest
growing sectors in the Indian capital and Iinancial markets. The mutual Iund
industry in India has seen dramatic improvements in quantity as well as quality oI
product and service oIIerings in recent years.
M. Swaminathan and V. Buvanmeswaran (2006) have conducted a study on
investor`s preIerence towards mutual Iunds with special reIerence to Thiruchirapali
Town, Tamil Nadu. The investors oI Thiruchirapali become more cautious aIter
they lost their saving with incorporated bodies. They are now turning more to
mutual Iunds because oI more saIety, liquidity, capital gains and transparency. They
wish to route their investments through mutual Iunds.
Meijun Qian(2006) have examined the perIormance oI Whom Can You Trust - A
Study on Mutual Fund Governance. This paper examine the Investors in an open-
end Mutual Fund can vote with their Ieet by withdrawing assets Irom or adding
assets to the Fund. This paper examines the eIIectiveness oI this market monitoring
mechanism in relation to the trading scandals erupted in 2003. With a sample oI 92
Fund Iamilies and 10220 Iunds classes.
Gupta and Aggarwal (2007) sought to check the perIormance oI mutual Iunds
operation in India. In this regard, quarterly returns perIormance oI all the equity-
diversiIied mutual Iunds during the period Irom January 2002 to December 2006
was tested. Analysis was carried out with the help oI Capital Asset Pricing Model
(CAPM) and Fama-French Model. Amidst contrasting Iindings Irom the application
oI the two models, the study calls Ior Iurther research and insights into the interplay
between the perIormance determinant Iactor portIolios and their eIIect on mutual
Iund returns.
57
Sanjay Kant Khare (2007) opined that investors could purchase stocks or bonds
with much lower trading costs through mutual Iunds and enjoy the advantages oI
diversiIication and lower risk. The researcher identiIied that, with a higher savings
rate oI 23 percent, channeling savings into mutual Iunds sector has been growing
rapidly as retail investors were gradually keeping out oI the primary and secondary
market. Mutual Iunds have to penetrate into rural areas with diversiIied products,
better corporate governance and through introduction oI Iinancial planners.
Agarwal (2007) provides an overview oI mutual Iund activity in emerging markets.
It describes their size and asset allocation. This paper analyzes the Indian Mutual
Fund Industry pricing mechanism with empirical studies on its valuation. It also
analyzes data at both the Iund-manager and Iund-investor levels.
Navdeep Aggarwal and Mohit Gupta (2007) The study was conducted using
CAPM and FAMA French model and concluded that the value addition oI the Iund
depends on certain Iactors such as excess market returns, size Iactor, value Iactor
and suggest that returns earned by Mutual Iunds were actually due to the exposure
oI these Iactors only and Iund managers did not add any value.
Soumya Guha Deb (2008) Iocused on return-based style analysis oI equity mutual
Iunds in India using quadratic optimization oI an asset class Iactor model proposed
by William Sharpe. The study Iound the 'Style Benchmarks oI each oI its sample
oI equity Iunds as optimum exposure to 11 passive asset class indexes. The study
also analyzed the relative perIormance oI the Iunds with respect to their style
benchmarks. The results oI the study showed that the Iunds have not been able to
beat their style benchmarks on the average.
Anand and Murugaiah (2008) examined the components and sources oI
investment perIormance in order to attribute it to speciIic activities oI Indian Iund
managers. They also attempted to identiIy a part oI observed return which is due to
the ability to pick up the best securities at given level oI risk. For this purpose,
Fama's methodology is adopted here. The study covers the period between April
1999 and March 2003 and evaluates the perIormance oI mutual Iunds based on 113
selected schemes having exposure more than 90percent oI corpus to equity stocks oI
25 Iund houses. The empirical results reported reveal the Iact that the mutual Iunds
58
were not able to compensate the investors Ior the additional risk that they have
taken by investing in the mutual Iunds. The study concludes that the inIluence oI
market Iactor was more severe during negative perIormance oI the Iunds while the
impact selectivity skills oI Iund managers was more than the other Iactors on the
Iund perIormance in times oI generating positive return by the Iunds. It can also be
observed Irom the study that selectivity, expected market risk and market return
Iactors have shown closer correlation with the Iund return.
Parihar, Sharma and Singh (2009) revealed that mutual Iunds are Iinancial
intermediaries concerned with mobilizing savings oI those who have surplus and the
canalization oI these savings in those avenues where there is a demand Ior Iunds.
The review oI Ioreign studies ensures that, mutual Iunds have a signiIicant impact
on the price movement in the stock market, the average return Irom the schemes
were below that oI their benchmark, all the three models provided identical results,
good perIormance were associated with low expense ratio and not with the size.
Zafar Tariq et al. (2009) this study produced suIIicient inIormation oI risk and
return associated with Iund and their rank depending on their perIormance which
will ultimately help investors to choose the best mutual Iund generating maximum
return with minimum risk. Similarly S.S. Debashish (2009) studied the
perIormance oI equity based mutual Iunds oI last 13 years (1996 to 2009)
Khurana A. & Panjwani K. (2010) studied the perIormance oI Hybrid mutual
Iunds on the basis oI Arithmetic Mean, CAGR, standard deviation and beta.
Kumar L.N. & Devi, V.R. (2011) have done the cluster Analysis oI the Mutual
Iunds in their study. Their period oI study is 2003-2007 and they have taken almost
350 Mutual Funds in their study. Similarly Swaminathan T.M. (2012), Singh
Preeti (2011), Dunna M. (2012) and Bawa S.K. et al (2011) in their study
analyzed the perIormance oI various income and growth schemes and utilizes the
traditional statistical and Iinancial tool like Sharpe ratio, Jenson ratio etc.
59
Kaur, R. & Gupta S. K. (2012) this study aims to examine the perIormance oI
open-ended equity mutual Iunds in India. To evaluate the perIormance a sample oI
30 schemes have been selected on the basis oI weekly returns compared to
benchmark returns. For this purpose statistical tools average, standard deviation,
beta, co-eIIicient oI determination, systematic and unsystematic risk and the risk
adjusted perIormance measures suggested by Treynor (1965), Sharpe (1966), Jensen
(1968) and Fama`s (1972) measures are employed.
Ravi Vyas and Suresh Chandra Moonat (2012) concluded that the highly volatile
Iunds are risky and thereIore the Iund manager should collect all possible
inIormation beIore making an investment. A careIul and reasonable diversiIication
oI investment in mutual Iunds should be done on the investor`s part to balance the
risk involved in investment. And suggested that investors should inculcate the habit
oI saving regularly so, that the little savings will grow into a big returns.
1.S. Yadav and O.S. Yadav (2012) in their analysis oI comparison between Mutual
Funds and Foreign Institutional Investors, it was Iound that though the India is an
attractive destination Ior investment by Foreign Institutional Investors, investments
made by the mutual Iunds were greater than investment made by FII`s, during the
recession MF industry has played a vital role in pushing the economy upward while
FII`s withdrew their investment, showing the importance oI MF`s in Indian
economy.
The aIorementioned studies indicate that the evaluation oI mutual Iunds has been a
matter oI concern in India Ior the researchers, academicians, Iund managers and
Iinancial analysts to a greater extent aIter 1985. The reviews bring to light the
importance oI mutual Iunds in the Indian Iinancial scenario; highlight the need Ior
adequate investor protection, single regulatory authority, higher return Ior a given
risk as per investors` expectation, greater convenience and liquidity, and the
expectations that mutual Iunds should act as a catalytic agent oI economic growth
and Ioster investors` interest.
60
Das Sanjay (2012) explained about the small investor`s perception on the Mutual
Funds in Assam. He has taken the study on various type oI Mutual Iunds on the 250
investors.
Dhanda S.K. & Batra G.S. (2012) in their research work, taken the various tools
in their analysis including Jenson and Tryneor`s Ratio. Their research period is
2009-2012.
Mehta S & Shah C. (2012) in their study conducted survey oI 100 investors oI
Ahmadabad and Baroda City and give inIerence that investors rely more on making
investment in preIerable mode than the suggested one.
Sahil 1ain and Dr. Aditi Gangopadhyay analyzed (2012) the perIormance oI
equity based mutual Iunds. A total oI 45 schemes oIIered by 2 private sector
companies and 2 public sector companies, have been studied over the period April
1997 to April 2012 (15 years). The analysis has been made using the risk-return
relationship and Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM).The overall analysis Iinds
that HDFC and ICICI have been the best perIormers, UTI an average perIormer and
LIC the worst perIormer which gave below- expected returns on the risk-return
relationship.
Bansal S., Garg D. and Saini S.K. (2012) studied the impact oI Sharpe Ratio,
Treynor`s ratio on the selected mutual Iunds schemes. Similarly Priyadarshini E.,
Chandrababu A. (2012) had done the comparative analysis Ior Iorecasting the
NAV`s oI Indian Mutual Iunds using Multiple Regression and ArtiIicial Neural
Network. Dodia B.M. (2012), Kumar A. (2012), Prajapati K.R. et al (2012), Rao
K.M. & Rani Ranjeeta (2012) and Palanisamy A. et al (2012) studied the various
schemes oI Indian Mutual Funds during the period oI 1996 to 2012.
Biswas B. (2013) in his study has taken a survey in the West Bengal State. He
study the perIormance oI 10 best and 10 worst mutual Iund during the period oI
2009-2012.

61
Vasantha S.V., Maheswari U., & Subasshini K. (2013) studied the various mutual
Iunds and analyzed the perIormance oI open-ended equity and diversiIied mutual
Iunds. Their period oI study is 2008-2012.
Annapoorna M.S. and Gupta P.K. (2013) done the comparative analysis oI
returns oI Mutual Iunds schemes ranked 1 by CRISIL. Comparison was done with
SBI domestic terms deposits is better. Similarly
Naik R.M. (2013), Narayansamy R. et al (2013) and Satya Shekhar G.V. (2013)
studied role oI mutual Iunds in Indian Iinancial sector. The studies on mutual Iund
investment perIormances have long sought to draw the distinction between the
ability to time the market and the ability to Iorecast the returns oI individual assets.
Thus superior perIormances are due to either timing or selection ability or some
combination oI the two. Indeed portIolio managers oIten characterize themselves as
market timers or stock pickers.
2.2 Conclusion
The subject oI mutual Iund perIormance has received a great deal oI attention in the
literature oI Iinancial economics. The reviews oI earlier studies have brieIly looked
at predictability oI perIormance, persistence in perIormance and market timing
ability. Wharton School oI Management started the research on the mutual Iunds
Irom 1953 and Friend with its associates gave the Iirst extensive study in 1962 on
152 mutual Iunds, highlighting widespread ineIIiciency in the industry. AIter that
this industry has witnessed many changes Irom time to time. Irwin Brown suggested
and examined issues relating to investment policies, portIolio turnover rates and
perIormance oI mutual Iunds in 1965. Treynor in 1965 provided a perIormance
measure taking investment risk into account, and then Sharpe in 1966 developed a
composite measure oI return and risk. In 1968, Jensen provided another Index
measure to evaluate the perIormance oI mutual Iunds, this index takes risk adjusted
returns into account. Smith`s research in 1969 is based on the inter relationships
between the three widely used composite measures oI investment perIormance.
Then, later on, Blume (1970), Carlson (1970), Arditti (1971) and Williamson (1972)
presented their research papers based on the study on the mutual Iunds and
commented on the investment abilities oI the Iund managers. Fama in 1972
62
developed methods to distinguish observed return due to the ability to pick up the
best securities at a given level oI risk Irom that oI predictions oI price movements in
the market. Klemonsky in 1973 highlighted the biases in the measures oI Sharpe,
Treynor and Jensen`s Index on the mutual Iunds and suggested that these could be
removed by using the mean absolute deviation and semi standard deviation as risk
surrogate. In 1974, Hogan and Warren came out with a measure based on the
CAPM and termed it as ES-CAPM and used symmetric distribution approach. Later
on, in 1975, Bawa corrected this model. AIterward many researches were carried
out and all were based on either on the perIormance evaluation or on the correction
oI the measure oI evaluating the portIolio oI mutual Iunds. Some oI the studies
established their mark, such as Roll and Ross in 1979 used Arbitrage Price theory as
an alternative to single Iactor CAPM. Khorana in 1998 uses Multinomial Probit
Model to analyze mutual Iund perIormance.
Indian Research on mutual Iunds started in late 1980`s but mainly based on the
perIormance evaluation. No measures are suggested by the researchers` in India
which makes their mark like Sharpe, Treynor and Jensen. But Indian researchers
carried out there researches on the wide aspects oI the mutual Iunds.
However, reviews on industry perIormance particularly under the regulated
environment are scantly available. As the mutual Iund industry has a signiIicant role
to play in the corporate governance and to strengthen capital mobilization oI the
country there is a great need to study the perIormance oI mutual Iund industry
alongwith the perIormance oI growth schemes, particularly aIter the industry has
ensured uniIormity in accounting policies to bridge the gap in the existing literature.
Since all the earlier studies have made use oI Sharpe, Treynor and Jensen measures
the present study makes use oI the same well established traditional techniques
alongwith Fama`s Decomposition oI Total Return which was not applied by many
oI the previous studies.