A peripheral is a device connected to a host computer, but not part of it.

It expands the host's capabilities, but does not form part of the core computer
architecture. It is often, but not always, partially or completely dependent on the
host.

A peripheral is generally defined as any auxiliary device such as a mouse, keyboard,

hard drive, etc. that connects to and works with the computer in some way.

There are three different types of peripherals:

Input devices
utput devices
!torage devices
Peripheral Devices
1

An I" devices provide the capability to a computer system to communicate with its
external environment #its user$.
Input/Output Devices
2
Input
Device
CPU
and
Memory
Output
Devices
Input Data from
external world
Input data
coded in
internal form
Processed
data in
internal
form
Result of
processing
in human
acceptable
form

An input device is an electromechanical device that accepts the

data from the outside world and translate them into a form a
computer can interpret.

%ategories:

&eyboard devices

'oint and draw devices

(ata scanning devices

)lectronic card based devices

!peech recognition devices

Input Devices
3

It is a text base input device that allows the user to input alphabets, numbers and
other characters. It consists of a set of keys mounted on a board.

)ncoding process* +eneration of electric signal against a depressed key.

,ethod of encoding is dependent on the mechanism used to make the individual key
in the keyboard.

,ethod - &eyboard switches.

keycap, 'lunger , .ousing, Terminals.

Keyboard
4

,ouse

Track ball

/oy stick

0ight pen

Touch !creen
Point and Draw Devices
5

The mouse is a small device used to point to a particular place on the screen and
select in order to perform one or more actions. It can be used to select menu
commands, si1e windows, start programs etc.

,ovement of the mouse causes the roller to move and potentiometers coupled to the
rollers, sensed the relative movements.

,otion is converted into digital values that determine the magnitude and direction of
the mouse movement.
o
A ,echanical ,ouse
o
An optical ,ouse
o
A %ordless ,ouse
Mouse
6

A trackball is a pointing device similar to a mechanical mouse.

Its roller ball is on the top along with the buttons, which can rotate with hand.

'referred for
_
%A("%A, applications

2ltra sound machine.

Trackball
7

The 3oystick is a vertical stick which moves the graphic cursor in a direction the
stick is moved.

It typically has a button on top that is used to select the option pointed by the cursor.

,ovement of the stick is sensed by a potentiometer, movements are translated into

binary instructions.

/oystick is used as an input device primarily used with video games, flight
simulators, remote control of industrial robots.
Joystick
8

It uses a photoelectric cell and an optical lens mounted in a pen shaped case.

It is used to select ob3ects on a display screen.

It is 4uite like the mouse #in its functionality$ but uses a light pen to move the
pointer and select any ob3ect on the screen by pointing to the ob3ect.

2sers of %omputer Aided (esign #%A($ applications commonly use the light pens
to directly draw on screen.
Light Pen
9

It allows the user to operate"make selections by simply touching the display screen.

Touch screen uses the concept of optical sensors.

%ommon examples of touch screen include information kiosks, and bank AT,s.
Touch screen
10

Allows the data entry from the source document directly.

%haracteristics:

)liminate the need of manual entry of data.

Improves data accuracy and timeliness of data processed.

5orm design and ink specification re4uirements become more critical.

Data canning Devices
11

!canner is an input device used for direct data entry from the source document into
the computer system.

It converts the document image into digital form so that it can be fed into the
computer.

%apturing information like this reduces the possibility of errors typically

experienced during large data entry.

5lat bed !canner : A light beam below the glass plate moves hori1ontally from one
end to another when activated.
canner
12

Li!itation o" I!age canner

!ince a scanned document is stored as an image, instead of text, it is not possible to

do any word processing of the document.

,ore !torage space re4uired.

13

Scanner s equpped wth char recognton software, whch

converts the btmap mages of char to equvaent ASCII code.

Used to read char of speca type font prnted on conventona

paper wth conventona nk.

Prnted char are examned by passng strong ght and Lens s

used to dfferentate ght (no nk) from nk area.

Logca system s used to examne the character.

OCR software s extremey compex.

ANSI Optca Character Commttee.

14
Optical Character reader (OCR)

OMR s a scanner, used to recognze pre-specfed mark made

by pen/penc.

OMR detects the mark by detectng the refected ght pattern

from the marks.

Prnted char are examned by passng strong ght and Lens s

used to dfferentate ght (no nk) from nk area.

Hgh graphte content of penc refect the ght strongy,

enabng the OMR devce to determne whch response s
marked.
15
Optical Mark reader (OMR)

A bar code is a set of lines of different thicknesses that represent a number.

6ar %ode 7eader is a device to read bar*coded data

6ar code readers work by shining a beam of light on the lines that make up the bar
code and detecting the amount of light that is reflected back.

6ar %oding system : 2niversal product code#2'%$. 2'% bar code pattern decode
as 89 digits.
#ar codes
16

Human Readabe characters prnted on document(cheques) usng a

speca magnetc nk.

Speca font set by Amercan Bankng Assocaton.

Reads theses character by examnng ther shapes, usng 7*10

matrx, va magnetc head.

MICR used n banks, e.g. cheque ( Branch code, Account number,

Cheque number).
17
MICR

)lectronic cards are small plastic cards having encoded data appropiate for the
application for which they are used.

An electronic card for the use in an AT, has its customer's account number and credit
limit encoded on the card.
AT,
An AT, has an )lectronic card reader associated with it.
$lectronic card %eader
18

The :,icrophones * !peech 7ecognition; is a speech Input device.

To operate it we re4uire using a microphone to talk to the computer. Also we need to

add a sound card to the computer.

The !ound card digiti1es audio input into 9"8s .

A speech recognition program can process the input and convert it into machine*
recogni1ed commands or input.
The peech %ecognition Devices
19

'rinter

<isual (isplay 2nit #,onitor$

0%(

'lotter
Output Devices
20

'rinters are used to produce paper #commonly known as hardcopy$ output. 6ased on
the technology used, they can be classified as Impact or =on*impact printers.

Impact printers use the typewriting printing mechanism wherein a hammer strikes
the paper through a ribbon in order to produce output.
i.e. mechanical contact b"w print head and paper.

=on*impact printers do not touch the paper while printing. They use chemical, heat
or electrical signals to carve the symbols on paper.
Printer
21
Cassfed n to two categores:

Lne prnters

Character prnters
Lne Prnters

prnts a compete Lne at a tme.

150 to 2500 nes/mn wth 90 to 150 char

Eg. IBM 1403 ne prnter

Types:

Drum prnters

Chan Prnters
22
Impact Printers
I. Drum Prnter
_
Conssts of a cyndrca drum wth characters mposed on t.

A prnter that can prnt upto132 character per ne and has 96

character set, have 132*96 characters mposed.

As a drum Rotates ,the hammer wats and s actvated when the

character to be prnted at that poston(prnter buffer) appears n
front of hammer.
23
I. Chan Prnter
_
Consst of stee band on whch characters are embossed.

Char n the ne are transmtted from memory to prnt buffer.

For a prnter wth 132 characters / ne, 132 hammers w be

postoned to strke the carbon rbbon whch s paced b/w the
chan, paper and the hammer.

Desgned for heavy prntng appcatons and contnuousy work for

few hours.
24

Prnts char at a tme (cps), 30 to 300 char/sec

Categores:

Dot matrx prnters(DMP)

prnt head (vertca array of pns) that runs back and forth, or
n an up and down moton.

seected pns fre aganst an nked rbbon.

Letters formed usng 5*7 matrx of dots.

Char decoded by prnter eectroncs that actvate the

approprate pns.

Versate.
25
IMPACT PRINTERS
Characters prnter (mpact/sera prnter)
26

Letter quaty prnters

Prnts fu characters
e.g. Dasy whee prnter (prnt head resembes a dasy
fower), speed-90 cps.
Whe prntng char s send to prnt buffer, hub s rotatng
at a very hgh speed, and a hammer strkes the
approprate char when t s n poston.
27
Non- Impact Printers

Eectromagnetc prnters

Therma Prnters

Laser Prnters
Eectromagnetc prnters
Magnetc mage of what s to be prnted wrtten on a drum
surface ( usng magnetc recordng tech)
then surface passed through magnetc powder whch adheres
to charge area.
powder s pressed onto the paper.
Speed-250 cps

Therma Prnters
In case of therma prnter heat senstve paper s used to
prnt characters.
Eectrc puse can be converted to heat on seected
secton of a prntng head or nbs.
Heat s apped to heat senstve paper, to prnt a
character.
28
29

Laser Prnter
Laser prntng s a dgta prntng process that rapdy produces hgh
quaty text and graphcs on pan paper.
Laser beam pro|ects an mage of the page to be prnted on a rotatng
drum coated wth seenum or organc photoconductors.
Dry nk (toner) partces are then eectro statcay pcked up by the
drum's charged areas, whch have been exposed to ght.
The drum then prnts the mage onto paper by drect contact and
heat, whch fuses the nk to the paper.
Photoconductvty aows charge to eak away from the areas
exposed to ght.
Speed 10-15 pages/mn (ppm)
30
HP Laser|et 4200 seres prnter

HP Laser|et 4200 seres prnter, nstaed atop

hgh-capacty paper feeder.
31

'lotters are used to print graphical output on paper.

It is capable of producing graphs, drawings, charts, maps etc.

o
(rum plotter
o
5lat plotter

%omputer Aided )ngineering #%A)$ applications like %A( #%omputer Aided

(esign$ and %A, #%omputer Aided ,anufacturing$ are typical usage areas for
plotters.
Plotter
32

The Audio output is the ability of the computer to output sound. Two components
are needed: !ound card - 'lays contents of digiti1ed recordings, !peakers -
Attached to sound card.
&udio Output' ound (ards and peakers
33
34

,onitor is an output device that resembles the television screen and uses a %athode
7ay Tube #%7T$ to display information.

)lectron gun : sends beam of electrons , phosphor that coats the screen surface.

!cans the entire screen >9 to ?9 times per second.

The monitor is associated with a keyboard for manual input of characters and
displays the information as it is keyed in.

It also displays the program or application output.

0ike the television, monitors are also available in different si1es.

)isual Display *nit +Monitor,
34
35

0i4uid %rystal : material used to create each pixel on the screen.

o
:'olarise; light depending on the electric charge on it.

Its advantages like low energy consumption, smaller and lighter have paved its way
for usage in portable computers #laptops$.
L(D
36
Me!ory and torage Devices

What s man memory ?

Concept of man memory

Need
Main Memory Organization
Address
Of
Memory
ocatons

0
1
2
3
4
N-2
N-1

Storage Capacty

Access Tme

Cost per bt of storage

Voatty

Random access
Characterization of storage unit

Prmary storage s Voate.

Sze- Lmted amount of RAM that can be accessed by

the CPU but Secondary storage s vrtuay nfnte..

Access Tme- Ram - nano(10-9)seconds

Secondary- m(10-3 )seconds

Oues : why ram s faster than secondary memory?
Ans: Workng of Secondary storage requre mechanca
operaton ke spnnng.

Cost per unt data s ow n secondary memory.

41
Primary !s "econdary
storage

Random Access : system mantans of st of data

ocatons. E.g. Dsk( foppy dsk, hard dsk, optca
dsk).

Sequenta Access: system search the storage

devce unt t fnds the requre pece of data.
e.g. Magnetc Tape.
42
#ypes of $ccess secondary storage

It is the main area in a computer in which data is stored for 4uick access by the
computer's processor.

,emory cell #7andom Access$.

=owadays, the term random access memory #7A,$ * or 3ust memory * is used
instead of primary, main storage or core memory.

It is directly accessible to the %'2.

The capacity of 7A, in terms of data storage is less, but it offers a very fast access
rate.

Therefore, it is relatively more expensive.

It is volatile in nature.
Pri!ary Me!ory+Main Me!ory,
43

The 7ead and write #7"@$ memory of a computer is called 7A,. 2ser can write
information to it and read information from it.

@ith 7A, any location can be reached in a fixed # and short$ amount of time after
specifying its address.

7A, holds data and processing instructions temporarily until the %'2 needs it.

There are two basic types of 7A, :

#i$ (ynamic 7A, #ii$ !tatic 7A,
(ontd--
44
45
%lock &iagram of R$M

(7A, refreshed their data every instance of time and retain the data for
a very short span of time.

They store information in form of electric charge in memory cells made

up of transistors and capacitors.

This refresh operation happens automatically thousands of times per

second.

The downside of all of this refreshing is that it takes time and slows
down the memory.

(*7A,As are cheaper.

(ram cell - ,!5)T#,etal xide !emiconductor 5ield )ffect

Transistor$ switch , %apacitor storing a bit.

Tac Access Time* from start of access until the availability# B to B9 ns$

Dyna!ic %&M
46

!*7A, store information in 5lip*5lop and retains stored information only as long as
the power supply is on.

.igh speed than (*7A,s#but re4uire more space for same storage$.

=o refreshing option is re4uired in case of !tatic 7A,.

%onsumes more power than (ynamic 7A,.

5or accessing a data or information, !tatic 7A, takes less time than (ynamic
7A,.

5lip flop is a binary cell capable of storing one bit of information.

tatic %&M
47
!ome other 7A,! are :
#a$ !(7A, #!ynchronous (7A,!$, !+7A,s #!ynchronous +raphic 7A,s$
7A, chips use the same clock rate as %'2 uses.
They transfer data when the %'2 expects them to be ready.
,emory bus speed is ?? ,h1.

#b$ ((7*!(7A, #(ouble (ata 7ate - !(7A,$
This 7A, transfers data on both edges of the clock T i.e. C operations per clock
cycle
therefore the transfer rate of the data becomes doubles.
48

7ead only memory

Its non volatile memory.

ItAs used for the permanent storage of information.

Information is made permanent during the h"w production of the unit.

The contents of 7,s are decided by the manufactures.

Though 7, retains the program instructions it does not allow to add

or change them.
Types o" %OM'
.- Progra!!able %OM
_
Its contents are decided by the user.

The user can store permanent programs, data etc in a '7,.

The data is fed into it using a '7, programs.

%OM
49
/- $rasable P%OM

The stored data in )'7,As can be erased by exposing it to 2< light for about
C9 min.

ItAs not easy to erase it because the )'7, I% has to be removed from the
computer and exposed to 2< light.

The entire data is erased and not selected portions by the user. )'7,As are cheap
and reliable.

Two kinds : 2'7,#ultraviolet '7,$ and )A'7, #)lectrically Alterable

'7,$
0- $lectrically $rasable P%OM

The chip can be erased D reprogrammed on the board easily byte by byte.

It can be erased with in a few milliseconds.

Application as a back-up to RAM memory.

There is a limit on the number of times the ))'7,As can be reprogrammed, i.e.E
usually around 89,999 times.
50

1- (ache Me!ory +high speed storage ,

(ata re4uired is first search in %ache and then in ,ain ,emory.

A memory cache is a portion of memory made of high*speed !7A, instead of

(7A,.

(ata that re4uire fre4uently is stored in cache.

Intel coreC 4uad F??99 microprocessor has internal 8CG kb memory cache.

Intel core 4uad F??99 microprocessor has external G ,b memory cache.

%ache .it , .it rate

08 cache

0C cache
51

Also known as external memory or secondary memory.

It holds information until it is deleted or overwritten regardless if the computer has

power.

'rimary storage is accessed much faster than secondary storage because of the price
and si1e limitations.

)xample: ,agnetic Tapes, ,agnetic (isks, ptical (isks etc.

&u2iliary Me!ory
52

'lastic ribbon H or I inch wide and J9 to CK99 feet long, coated with magnetic
material #chromium dioxide$.

Tape is divided in to vertical columns - "ra!es and hori1ontal rows called

channels/tracks-

)arlier used ,?*bit 6%( format.#G*bit )6%(I% format$

7ecords are separated with blank spaces, called inter record gaps.#9.J inch$ , result
in efficiency of storage space utili1ation and I" operation.

Inter 6lock gap, blocking, blocking factor.

Magnetic tapes

!torage capacity L data recording density M length

G99 to BB999 bpi , length CK99 feet,

!torage capacityLG99MCK99M8C inches L C>M 89? bytes L C> mega

bytes

(ata transfer rate #bps$ L tape densityM tape speed.

BB999bpi M 899 inch per sec L BB99999 bytes

LB.B M 106 bytes

LB.B mb per sec.

(irect access storage device.

Thin circular platter #metal or plastic$ coated with magnetic material#iron oxide$.

(ata is stored in the form of tiny invisible magneti1ed and non*magneti1ed spots.

It rotates with very high speed inside the computer drive.

)ach disk consists of a number of invisible concentric circles called tracks.

The information stored in a disk can be read many times without affecting the stored
data.

6ut to write a new data, then the existing data is erased from the disk and new data
is recorded.
Magnetic disk
55
Magnetc Dsk
conssts of nvsbe , concentrc
tracks ( 40 or more)
57
3loppy Disk

ItAs a circular disk coated with magnetic oxide and enclosed within s4uare plastic
cover #/acket$.

,ade of a flexible substance called MYLAR.

ItAs available in different si1e, but the most commonly used floppy is >H.

(ata up to 8.KK ,6#>99 AK sheets$ can be stored in it.

5loppies are available in C si1es, >.J inch D J.CJ inch.

Types o" Magnetic Disks
57

3 nch dameter dsk encased n a square, hard pastc |acket

cover.

Dfferent capactes: doube densty, hgh densty, very hgh

densty.
o
Doube densty : 40 tracks, 18 sectors/track, 512 bytes/sector.
o
Hgh densty : 80 tracks, 18 sectors/track, 512 bytes/sector.
o
Very hgh densty : 80 tracks, 36 sectors/track, 512 bytes/sector.
58
' (- inch floppy disk

.ard disks are made of aluminum or other metal alloys which are coated on both
sides with magnetic material. !i1e 8 *8K inch diameter.

2nlike floppy disks, hark disks are not removable from the computer.

5or increasing storing capacity several disks are packed together D mounted on a
common drive to form a disk pack.

A disk is also called a platter.

,agnetic head # info in tiny magnetic spots$

!torage in +6 and !o on.

4ard Disk
59

(irect access of data.

%an be used as on*line secondary storage device to be accessed by multiple users

simultaneously.

%ost per bit storage is low for magnetic disks.

)asy to handle and portable.

(ata transfer rate is higher.

&dvantages o" Magnetic disk
60

Information is written to or read from an optical disk or tape using laser beam.

ptical disks are not suitable memory storage units because their access time is
more than that of hard disks.

Their advantage is that they have very high storage capacity.

Types of optical memory are: %( -7,, %(*7, %(*7@, (<(*7,, (<(*7 and
(<(*7@.

Information on a %(*7, is written at the time of manufacture.

%(*7"@ of B99 ,6 are available.

A (<(*7, is similar to %(*7,. It uses shorter wave length of laser beam and
hence, stores more data than %(*7,.
Optical Disk
61

%(*7, disks are made of reflective metals.

%(*7, is written during the process of manufacturing by high power laser beam.

.ere the storage density is very high, storage cost is very low and access time is
relatively fast.

)ach disk is approximately K 8"C inches in diameter and can hold over approx. B99
,6 of data.

As the %(*7, can be read only we cannot write or make changes into the data
contained in it.

7ecorded speed* KGx means BC99kbps.

i.e x represents times of 8J9kbps.
(o!pact Disk/ %ead Only Me!ory +(D5%OM,
62

@7, allows the user to write data permanently on to the disk.

nce the data is written it can never be erased without physically damaging the disk.

(ata can be recorded from keyboard, video scanner, %7 e4uipment and other
devices.

The advantage of @7, is that it can store vast amount of data amounting to
gigabytes.

Any document in a @7, can be accessed very fast, say less than >9 seconds.
(D5% +(o!pact Disk %ecordable,
(D 6 %7+(o!pact Disk 6 %ewritable,
7rite Once %ead Many +7O%M,
63

!torage capacity is 8J times and transfer time is C9 time than that of

%(*7om.

!uper density (isk* 8B gigabytes.

Three <arieties:
(<( - 7, - K.B +6 to 8B +6.
(<(* 7# recordable$
(<(* 7@# 7ewritable$
Digital )ideo Disk+D)D,
64

Access Tme : Seek Tme + Latency Tme

Seek Tme : tme to poston the head on the seected Track.

( ms)

Latency Tme : tme req for the desred data to reach the
magnetc head, once t s postoned to desred track.

Data transfer tme: tme taken to transfer the data to the

requestng program.
65
Performance of &isk Memories
Probem: A Magnetc Dsk has the foowng
characterstcs
Dsk Storage capacty = 20 MB
No of data recordabe surface = 2
No. of tracks /surface = 40
No of sectors/track =256
Determne sectors sze on each track.
Sou: 20*1024*1024/(80*256) = 1024 bytes
66
Souton:
20 mb = 20*1024*1024 bytes
Tota number of tracks = 2*40=80
Bytes per track = Tota data (Bytes)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- no. of tracks

= 20*1024*1024/80
= 256*1024 bytes per track
1 track = 256*1024 bytes
256 sector data = 256*1024
1 sector data = 256*1024/256
= 1024 bytes

What w be the storage capacty of a doube

sded dsk that has 400 tracks , 16 sectors per
track , and 512 bytes per sector?

Rotatona speed of dsk system havng a snge

recordng surface s 300rpm. It has 80
sectors/track and 512 bytes per/sector. What s
the transfer rate of dsk system?
Pro)lems

Expan access tme, seek tme and atency tme

for a dsk storage. What s the access tme for a
dsk system wth average seek tme of 20
mseconds and average atency of 7
msecond?

Why optca dsk drves are sower ( have arger

access tme ) than magnetc dsk drves?

In context wth the magnetc dsk storage, defne

the foowng term and reaton among them(f
any):

Track

Cynder

Sector

Dsk Address
THANKS.....
71