1

Prepared by : nisaar
2
Solve the basic engineering
science problems by using
related concepts.
Organize an appropriate
experiments to prove related
physics principles.
Apply related physics principles
in various situations to enhance
knowledge.
ENGINEERING SCIENCE
3
CHAPTER 1:
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND
MEASUREMENT


1.1 Understand the physical quantities
1.1.1 Describe base quantities, derived quantities and
the International System (SI) of units.
1.1.2 Define scalar and vector quantities.
1.1.3 Solve problems of unit conversion.

1.2 Interpret data of measurement
1.2.1 Describe inaccuracy and errors in measurement
1.2.2 Apply techniques for measurement to ensure
accurate data by using measurement
equipments:-

a. Ruler
b. Vernier Callipers
c. Micrometer Screw Gauge

4
PHYSICAL
QUANTITIES &
MEASUREMENT
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
5
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
6
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
A quantity that can be measured.

A physical quantities have numerical
value and unit of measurement.

7
PHYSICAL
QUANTITIES

BASE QUANTITIES
8
9
BASE QUANTITIES
Base Quantities are physical quantities that cannot be derived from
other physical quantities.
Scientific measurement using SI units (International System Units).
Base
Quantities
Symbol SI Unit Symbol of
SI unit
Length

l meter m
Mass m kilogram kg
Time t second s
Temperature T Kelvin K
Electric
current
I ampere A
Table 1.1 Shows five base quantities and their respective SI units
PHYSICAL
QUANTITIES

DERIVED QUANTITIES
11
DERIVED QUANTITIIES
Derived Quantities are physical quantities derived from combination
of base quantities through multiplication or division or both
Derived Quantities Symbol Relationship with base quantities Derived units
Area A Length x Length m
2

Volume V Length x Length x Length m
3

Density Mass
Length x Length x Length
kg/m
3

Velocity v Displacement
Time
m/s
Acceleration a Velocity
Time
m/s
2

Force F Mass x Acceleration N
Work W Force x Displacement J
Energy E
p
E
k
Mass x gravity x high @
x mass x velocity x velocity
J
Power P Force x Displacement
Time
W
Pressure p Force
Area
N/m
2

Table 1.2 shows some of the derived quantities and their respective derived units
DERIVED QUANTITIES

13
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
BASE
QUANTITIES
DEFINITION:
are physical
quantities that
cannot be
derived from
other physical
quantities
EXAMPLES:
LENGTH
MASS
TIME
ELECTRIC
CURRENT
TEMPERATURE
DERIVED QUANTITIES
DEFINITION
are physical
quantities derived
from combination
of base
quantities
through
multiplication or
division or both
EXAMPLES:
AREA
VOLUME
DENSITY
FORCE
ECT

Quantity that can be
measured
14
PHYSICAL
QUANTITIES

SCALAR & VECTOR
QUANTITIES
15
SCALAR AND VECTOR
QUANTITIES
SCALAR QUANTITIES

Physical quantities
which have size
(magnitude) but
without specified
direction.

VECTOR QUANTITIES

Physical quantities
which have size
(magnitude) and
specified direction.

16
DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN
SCALAR & VECTOR
17
EXAMPLES OF
SCALAR QUANTITIES
Mass
Time
Length
Temperature
Energy
Work
Speed
Pressure

18
EXAMPLES OF
VECTOR
QUANTITIES
Displacement
Weight
Force
Velocity
Acceleration
Momentum

Activity

Tick () the right answer for physical
quantities below
QUANTITY SCALAR
QUANTITY
VECTOR
QUANTITY
5 m
30 m/sec, East
5 m, North
20 degrees Celsius
256 bytes


PHYSICAL
QUANTITIES

PRIFIXES
21
PREFIXES
Prefixes are used to simplify the
description of physical quantities that
are either very big or very small.
Prefix Symbol Value
tera T 10
12

giga G 10
9

mega M 10
6

kilo k 10
3

hekto h 10
2

deka da 10
desi d 10
-1

senti c 10
-2

mili m 10
-3

mikro H 10
-6

nano n 10
-9

piko P 10
-12

Table 1.4 Lists some commonly used SI prefixes
UNIT MEASUREMENT
23
CONVERSION UNITS
Example 1 :

Convert 3.5 kilometer to meter.

Solution
1km = 10
3
m = 1000m

therefore
3.5 km = 3.5 km x 1000m
1 km
= 3.5 1000 m
= 3500 m
Illustrates the usage of prefixes

Example 2:

Express 0.0005 Mg in g

Solution
1kg = 10
3
g = 1000g
1Mg = 10
6
g = 1000 000g

therefore
0.005 Mg = 0.0005 Mg x 1000 000g
1 Mg
= 0.0005 1000 000 g
= 500 g
Convert the following into meters :
a. 12km
b. 6.32km
c. 12cm
d. 220cm
e. 212mm
f. 1234mm
25
PHYSICAL
QUANTITIES

STANDART FORM
26
27
STANDARD FORM
Standard form or scientific notation is used to express
magnitude in a simpler way. In scientific notation, a numerical
magnitude can be written as :










where 1 A < 10 and n is an integer

28
STANDARD FORM
Example 1 :
For each of the following, express the magnitude using a scientific notation.
(I) The mean radius of the balloon = 100 mm
(II) The mass of a butterfly = 0.0004 kg

Solution:

The mean radius of the balloon
= 100 mm
= 1.0 x 10
2
mm

The mass of a butterfly
= 0.0004 kg
= 4.0 x 10
-4
kg

CONVERSION UNITS
Example 2:

Convert 60mm
2
to m
2
.

Solution
1 m = 1000 mm , 1m
2
= 1000
2
m
2


Therefore
60 mm
2
x 1 m
2
= 60 x 10
-6
m
2

1000
2
mm
2

Contoh 3:

Convert 0.075 kW to mW.

Solution
kW W mW

Therefore
kW W = 0.075 kW 1000 W
1 kW
= 0.075 1000 W
= 75 W

W mW = 75 W 1000 mW
1 W
= 75 000 mW
Example 4 :
Change 60 km/j to m/s.

Solution
1 km = 1000m 60 km/j = 60 km x 1000 m x 1 hr
1 hour = 60 minute 1 hr 1 km 3600 s
1 minute = 60 sec = 60 x 1000 m
3600 s
= 16.67 m/s




Example 5 :
The density of pure water is 1000 kg m
-3
, what is its density in g cm
-3
?
Solution
1 kg = 1000 g
1 m = 100 cm

1000 kg = 1000 kg x 1000 g x ( 1 m x 1 m x 1 m )
m
3
m
3
1 kg 100 cm 100 cm 100 cm


= 1000 x 1000 g
1 00 00 00 cm
3



= 1 g cm
-3
EXERCISES
31
Convert the
following into
squares meters:
a. 2500cm

b. 22.2 cm
c. 600 mm
d. 21510 mm
Convert the
following into
cubic meters :

a. 5200 mm
b. 112345 mm
c. 55 cm
EXERCISES
32
Complete the following unit
conversion of speed.
i. 820 kmh
-1
= __________ ms
-1

ii. 1.36 ms
-1
= __________ kmh
-1

iii. 18.12 ms
-1
= __________ kmh
-1
iv. 970 kmh
-1
= __________ ms
-1


EXERCISES
33
Complete the following unit conversion of
density and pressure.

i. 7060 kgm
-3
= __________ gcm
-3

ii. 123000 kgm
-3
= __________ gcm
-3

iii. 2.45 gcm
-3
= __________ kgm
-3

iv. 39800 Nm
-2
= __________ Ncm
-2

v. 265x10
6
Nm
-2
= __________ Ncm
-2


Convert the following units

1. 120 cm in unit meter (m)
2. 550 mg in unit gram (g)
3. 9.81 m/s in unit km/h
4. 8500 cm
2
in m
2
5. 908 g/cm
3
in kg/m
3

6. 45 g/cm
2
in kg/m
2





MEASUREMENT

INSTRUMENT
35
Micrometer screw gauge
Vernier calipers
MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS
Ruler
MEASUREMENT

VERNIER CALIPER
37
38
VERNIER CALIPER
HOW TO USE VERNIER CALIPER
39
40
HOW TO USE VERNIER CALIPER
1.
2.
3.
4
41
10 + 6
0.25 +
= 16.25mm
5.
HOW TO USE VANIER CALIPER
42
EXERCISES
MEASUREMENT

Micrometer Screw Gauge
43
HOW TO USE MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE

44
45 How to Read the Reading?

Reading = Reading of main scale +
Reading of thimble scale.

Reading of main scale = 0 - 25 mm
Reading of thimble scale = 0 - 0.49mm
Reading of main scale = 5.5mm
Reading of thimble scale = 0.28mm

Actual Reading = 5.5mm + 0.28mm =
5.78mm
46
MEASUREMENT

ERROR IN MEASUREMENT
47
ERROR IN MEASUREMENT
An error is the difference between the measured value and the
actual value.
There are 2 main types of errors in measurement

Systematic errors

May be due to the error in calibration of instruments
Zero error is due to non-zero reading when the actual reading should be zero



Random errors

Due to mistakes made by observer when taking measurement either through
incorrect positioning of the eye (parallax) or the instruments when taking
measurement

It may also occur when there is a sudden change of environmental factors
like temperature, air circulation and lighting

49
SYSTEMATIC ERRORS

50
ZERO ERROR
51
RANDOM ERRORS

52
BIBLIOGRAFI
http://spmphysics.onlinetuition.com.my/2
012/04/physical-quantities.html

www.youtube.com

Internet source


53
54