Hyderabad, is the capital and largest city in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.

It is located in the south

central part of India. There are several modes of transportation available in the city. As of 2011, the
population of the city was 6.8 million with a metropolitan population of 7.75 million, making it India's fourth
most populous city and sixth most populous urban agglomeration.
Overall Traffic Conditions in Hyderabad

The quality of life and economic vitality of the Municipality of Hyderabad are seriously threatened by the
rapid growth in polluting two-wheelers, cars, and auto rickshaws, which have been growing at 10% per
annum. Hyderabads air pollution level is much higher than the recommended World Health Organization
standard for suspended particulate matter, resulting in thousands of pre-mature deaths each year.



Traffic flow is nearing capacity, so that any minor incident can bring traffic to a standstill for extended
periods of time. The rapid growth in the private vehicle fleet means that if nothing is done, Hyderabads
traffic condition will deteriorate further and result in severe congestion. Even if congestion causes only 5
minutes of additional travel time per trip in Hyderabad, this means Rs. 254 crore per year lost to congestion.
Worldwide, cities that have not developed an effective mass transit system have been unable to reduce
congestion despite massive expenditures on new roads.

Hyderabads buses are currently overcrowded during peak hours. Good average bus speeds of 18-20
km/h during peak hours are achieved, but this is largely because bus stops are 800 meters apart on average
(optimal distance is between 400 meters and 500 meters). This creates significant passenger inconvenience
from increased walking times, and high safety risks to passengers who board between stops. In congested
areas, bus speeds have dropped to 11 12 km/h.

As buses are caught in worsening congestion, they face increasing operating costs per kilometer.
APSRTC, one of the better public operators in India, is today losing some Rs. 41 crore per year, and these
loses are increasing. While APSRTC should be commended for providing reasonable bus service despite
losses, the inconvenience and unattractiveness of Hyderabads Public Transportation system encourages
further shifts to private vehicles.

Traffic safety and the quality of public space are poor. In average, there were 400 people killed in
Hyderabad city, most of them pedestrians. These figures are exceptionally high by international standards.
Sidewalks are nonexistent or fully obstructed in most places, forcing pedestrians to walk in the road,
compromising both traffic flow and safety.



Need for Metro-

Given these conditions, Hyderabad needs to explore immediately its options for improving access to the city
center, and the public space and walking environment within the city center. The Major option available for
addressing this problem are widely known is Metro though there are other less significant options like Mono
Rail and BRT.

L&THMRL Project

Hyderabad Metro is a rapid transit system, currently under construction, for the city of Hyderabad, India. It
is being implemented entirely on PPP mode, with the state government holding a minority equity stake. The
project will be executed on a design, build, finance, operate and transfer (DBFOT) basis. The concession
period for the project is 35 years, with an entitlement of further 25 years.

Metro Network

It consists of three high density corridors, Hyderabad Metro network will cover a total distance of 71.16 km
involving 66 ultra-modern station buildings with state-of-the-art depots and complete infrastructure.

Corridor - I Miyapur - LB Nagar (28.87 km - 27 stations)
Corridor - II JBS Falaknuma (14.78 km - 16 stations)
Corridor - III Nagole Shilparamam (27.51 km - 23 stations)

Depots-

Uppal (Prime Depot)
Miyapur
Falaknuma

Consultants-

Independent Engineer - Louis Berger
General Consultant - AECOM Feedback Ventures Consortium
Programme Manager - Parsons Brinckerhoff
Design / Traffic Consultant - L&T Ramboll





2. Fire Safety of L&T Metro Project

Features-

a. Fire Detection Systems
b. Fire Alarm System
c. Public Address System
d. Fire Extinguishers
e. Fire Hydrants (External & Internal)
f. Wet Sprinkler System
g. Fire Service Inlets
h. Clean Gas Flooding System
i. Emergency Signage
j. Fire integration with BMS

Annexure-

ASD- Analogue Addressable Smoke Detector (Bellow False Ceiling)
ASD-AFC- Smoke Detector for Above False Ceiling
AMD- Analogue Addressable Multi Sensor Detector
AMCP- Analogue Addressable Manual Call Point
AS- Analogue Addressable Sounder cum Hooter
AIM- Analogue Addressable Input Modulus
FACP- Fire Alarm Main Panel
FE-Fire Extinguishers
PAS- Public Address System
RI- Response Indicator
SV- Sluice Valve
NRV- Non Return Valve
GV- Globe Valve
BFV- Butterfly Valve
ARV- Air Relief Valve
FP-1 Fire Protection Main Pump (Combined) Electric Motor Driven
FP-2 Jockey Pump Electric Motor Driven
FP-3 Standby Pump Diesel Engine Driven

Major Codes-
NFPA 101
NFPA 12
NFPA 72
NFPA 14
NFPA 20
NFPA 130
NBC Part IV
IS- 3844 1989
IS 1239 Part 1&2 Fittings
IS 778:1984
IS 15105:2002
IS 5290:1993
BS 5155:1984
BS 5153:2001
a) Fire Extinguishers (Elevated Stations)-

A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires, often in
emergency situations. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire, such as one which has reached
the ceiling, endangers the user. Typically, a fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure
vessel containing an agent which can be discharged to extinguish a fire.

Fire extinguishers are further divided into handheld and cart-mounted, also called wheeled
extinguishers. Handheld extinguishers weigh from 0.5 to 14 kilograms, and are hence, easily portable by
hand. Cart-mounted units typically weigh 23+ kilograms. These wheeled models are most commonly found
at construction sites, airport runways, heliports, as well as docks and marinas.





Stations- Moderate Hazard Building

NFPA-10


NBC Part IV 6.4.8.9

The following Fire Extinguishers are recommended by NBC

Water CO2 Type 9 Liters
CO2 Type Fire Extinguishers 4.5 Kg

Platform Level - 1 set of Water CO2 & CO2 type on each platform at a central Area
Concourse Level- 2 sets on Each Concourse; When Concourse is in two parts than each part will 1 set
Critical Rooms- 1 set for each room

Typically used F.E L&T Metro-

CO2 Type 4.5Kg
Dry Type - 5litres
Trolley Mounted Mechanical Foam Type- 50 Liters


b) Sprinkler System-

NBC 6.4.8.3
Sprinklers are required to be provided only in commercial areas if any, in the station. The Commercial areas
will be segregated from the station area through 2 hours fire rated walls & Doors. Additional Pump is not
required as Hydrant pump can take care of Sprinkler flow requirements.

Thermal Sensitivity- 68/79 C

I. Type of System-

Wet Pipe Sprinkler System is a sprinkler system employing automatic sprinklers attached to a piping system
containing water and connected to a water supply so that water discharges immediately from sprinklers
opened by heat from a fire.

II. Types of Sprinklers used-

Pendent Sprinkler- A sprinkler designed to be installed in such a way that the water stream is directed
downward against the deflector.
K- 5.6



Upright Sprinkler A sprinkler designed to be installed in such a way that the water spray is directed upwards
against the deflector.
K-5.6



Water flow Alarm Devices shall be listed for the service and so constructed and installed that any flow of
water from a sprinkler system equal to or greater than that from a single automatic sprinkler of the smallest
orifice size installed on the system will result in an audible alarm on the premises within 5 minutes after such
flow begins and until such flow stops.



Design Criteria -


Minimum Distances from Walls shall be located a minimum of 4 in. (102 mm) from a wall.

Maximum Distance from Walls from sprinklers to walls shall not exceed one-half of the allowable distance
permitted between sprinklers

Minimum Distance Between sprinklers shall be spaced not less than 8 ft (2.4 m) on center.

Sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed less than 8 ft (2.4 m) on center where the following conditions
are satisfied:

(1) Baffles shall be installed and located midway between sprinklers and arranged to protect the actuating
Elements.

(2) Baffles shall be of noncombustible or limited-combustible material that will stay in place before and
during sprinkler operation.

(3) Baffles shall be not less than 8 in. (203 mm) wide and 6 in. (152 mm) high.

(4) The tops of baffles shall extend between 2 in. and 3 in. (51 mm and 76 mm) above the deflectors of
upright Sprinklers

(5) The bottoms of baffles shall extend downward to a level at least even with the deflectors of pendent
Sprinklers.

Drain Pipe-
Drain connections for systems supply risers and mains shall be sized as





Drain Connection for System Riser

Water Demand Requirements Pipe Schedule Method

Minimum water supply requirements for light and ordinary hazard occupancies protected by systems


Manual Call Point:

NBC-
Platform Level- One on Platform preferable at emergency Plunger
Concourse Level- Two at each Concourse
Equipment Room- one at central Place


A Manual call point is a manually activated initiating device which has to be activated by hand in case of a
fire. The call point is operated when one presses the spot on the manual call which releases the MCP's micro
switch signaling an alarm to the fire alarm panel.



Manual call points should be so located that, to give an alarm, no person in the premises has to
travel distance of more than 30m to reach them. Where necessary, the travel distance may require to be
reduced to less than 30m e.g. where there is difficulty in free access within the risk or in potentially dangerous
risks.



Call points shall be fixed at a height of 1.2m 1.6m above the surrounding Floor level, at easily
accessible, well-illuminated and conspicuous positions, which are free of obstructions. Manual call points
should be located on escape routes, at all exits to free air, corridors, lobby, common areas and at all exits from
each level



Detectors

Detectors are required to be provided only in areas where there are false ceiling and false floor and areas of
equipment rooms. Whenever there are false ceiling, the detector should be provided both above and below
false ceiling giving due consideration to depth of false ceiling. However, in concourse, the detectors below
false ceiling below false ceiling may not be effective few times due to heights/Cross Ventilation

General Criteria-

Normal Spaces, Lobbies- Smoke Detectors
Pantries, Parking- Heat Detectors
Critical Rooms- Multi Sensor Detectors (To cope up with False Alarms)

Detector. A device suitable for connection to a circuit that has a sensor that responds to a physical stimulus
such as heat or smoke

a) Smoke Detectors- A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire

Types-

Cloud Chamber Smoke Detection. The principle of using an air sample drawn from the protected area
into a high-humidity chamber combined with a lowering of chamber pressure to create an environment
in which the resultant moisture in the air condenses on any smoke particles present, forming a cloud.
The cloud density is measured by a photoelectric principle. The density signal is processed and used to
convey an alarm condition when it meets preset criteria.

I onization Smoke Detection. The principle of using a small amount of radioactive material to ionize
the air between two differentially charged electrodes to sense the presence of smoke particles. Smoke
particles entering the ionization volume decrease the conductance of the air by reducing ion mobility.
The reduced conductance signal is processed and used to convey an alarm condition when it meets
preset criteria.

Photoelectric Light Obscuration Smoke Detection. The principle of using a light source and a
photosensitive sensor onto which the principal portion of the source emissions is focused. When
smoke particles enter the light path, some of the light is scattered and some is absorbed, thereby
reducing the light reaching the receiving sensor. The light reduction signal is processed and used to
convey an alarm condition when it meets preset criteria.

Photoelectric Light-Scattering Smoke Detection. The principle of using a light source and a
photosensitive sensor arranged so that the rays from the light source do not normally fall onto the
photosensitive sensor. When smoke particles enter the light path, some of the light is scattered by
reflection and refraction onto the sensor. The light signal is processed and used to convey an alarm
condition when it meets preset criteria.

b) Combination Detector. A device that either responds to more than one of the fire phenomenon or
employs more than one operating principle to sense one of these phenomenon. Typically is a
combination of a heat detector with a smoke detector or a combination rate-of-rise and fixed-
temperature heat detector



Design Criteria-

Power Supply Sources-

At least two independent and reliable power supplies shall be provided, one primary and one secondary, each
of which shall be of adequate capacity for the application.

Dedicated Branch Circuit. A dedicated branch circuit of one of the following shall supply primary power:

(1) Commercial light and power.

(2) An engine-driven generator or equivalent in accordance with NFPA 72 4.4.1.9.2, where a person
specifically trained in its operation is on duty at all times.

(3) An engine-driven generator or equivalent arranged for cogeneration with commercial light and power
in accordance with 4.4.1.9.2, where a person specifically trained in its operation is on duty at all times.

Secondary Power Supply for Protected Premises Fire Alarm Systems. The secondary power supply shall
consist of one of the following:

(1) A storage battery dedicated to the fire alarm system arranged in accordance with NFPA 72 4.4.1.8.

(2) A dedicated branch circuit of an automatic-starting, engine-driven generator arranged in accordance with
4.4.1.9.3.1 and storage batteries dedicated to the fire alarm system with 4 hours of capacity arranged in
accordance with 4.4.1.8

Capacity.

Unless otherwise permitted or required by 4.4.1.5.3.1(A) or 4.4.1.5.3.1(B), the secondary power supply shall
have sufficient capacity to operate the fire alarm system under quiescent load (system operating in a nonalarm
condition) for a minimum of 24 hours and, at the end of that period, shall be capable of operating all alarm
notification appliances used for evacuation or to direct aid to the location of an emergency for 5 minutes.

(A) The secondary power supply for emergency voice/alarm communications service shall be capable of
operating the system under quiescent load for a minimum of 24 hours and then shall be capable of
operating the system during a fire or other emergency condition for a period of 15 minutes at
maximum connected load.

(B) The secondary power supply capacity for supervising station facilities and equipment shall be capable
of supporting operations for a minimum of 24 hours.

Smoke Detectors

The selection and placement of smoke detectors shall take into account both the performance characteristics
of the detector and the areas into which the detectors are to be installed to prevent nuisance alarms or
improper operation after installation.

5.7.1.8* Unless specifically designed and listed for the expected conditions, smoke detectors shall not be
installed if any of the following ambient conditions exist:

(1) Temperature below 0C (32F)
(2) Temperature above 38C (100F)
(3) Relative humidity above 93 percent
(4) Air velocity greater than 1.5 m/sec (300 ft/min)

Location and Spacing-

General-
The location and spacing of smoke detectors shall be based upon the anticipated smoke flows due to the
plume and ceiling jet produced by the anticipated fire as well as any pre-existing ambient air flows that could
exist in the protected compartment.

The design shall account for the contribution of the following factors in predicting detector response to the
anticipated fires to which the system is intended to respond:

(1) Ceiling shape and surface
(2) Ceiling height
(3) Configuration of contents in the protected area
(4) Combustion characteristics and probable equivalence ratio of the anticipated fires involving the fuel loads
within the protected area

Spot-Type Smoke Detectors.

Spot-type smoke detectors shall be located on the ceiling not less than 100 mm (4in.) from a sidewall to the
near edge or, if on a sidewall, between 100 mm and 300 mm (4 in. and 12 in.) down from the ceiling to the
top of the detector.

To minimize dust contamination, smoke detectors, where installed under raised floors, shall be mounted only
in an orientation for which they have been listed. On smooth ceilings, spacing for spot-type smoke detectors
shall be in accordance with 5.7.3.2.3(A) through 5.7.3.2.3(E).

(A)* Spacing of 9.1 m (30 ft) shall be permitted to be used as a guide
.
(C) In all cases, the manufacturers documented instructions shall be followed.

(D) Other spacing shall be permitted to be used depending on ceiling height, different conditions, or
response requirements.
(E) For the detection of flaming fires, the guidelines in Annex B shall be permitted to be use

(F)* For smooth ceilings, all points on the ceiling shall have a detector within a distance equal to 0.7 times
the selected spacing.


(II)* For level ceilings the following shall apply:

(1) For ceiling heights of 3.66 m (12 ft) or less and beam depths of 300 mm (1 ft) or less, smooth ceiling
spacings running in the direction parallel to the run of the beams shall be used and one-half the smooth
ceiling spacing shall be in the direction perpendicular to the run of the beams. Spot-type detectors shall
be permitted to be located either on the ceiling or on the bottom of the beams.

(2) For beam depths exceeding 300 mm (1 ft) or for ceiling heights exceeding 3.66 m (12 ft), spot-type
detectors shall be located on the ceiling in every beam pocket.





























Emergency Lighting & Signage
Emergency Lighting Terminology

For the purposes of the British and European standard BS EN 1838, Emergency Lighting is the generic term
for equipment which provides illumination in the event off failure of supply to normal lighting.
There are a number of specific forms, as shown in the figure below:

Specific Forms of Emergency Lighting


Emergency Lighting


Emergency escape lighting Standby lighting



Escape route Open area High risk
Lighting (anti-panic area) task area lighting
Lighting

Emergency Escape Lighting

That part of emergency lighting provided to enable safe exit in the event of failure of the normal supply. (This
type of emergency lighting forms part of the fire protection system of a building)

Standby Lighting

That part of emergency lighting provided to enable normal activities to continue in the event of failure of the
normal mains supply.(This lighting does not provide fire protection unless it meets the same equipment,
design and installation requirements as Emergency Escape Lighting systems

Escape Route Lighting

That part of emergency lighting provided to enable safe exit for building occupants by providing appropriate
visual conditions and direction finding on escape routes and in special areas/locations, and to ensure that fire
fighting and safety equipment can be readily located and used.(e.g.. corridors and stairs)

Open Area (or Anti-Panic Area) Lighting

That part of emergency escape lighting provided to reduce the likelihood of panic and to enable safe
movement of occupants towards escape routes by providing appropriate visual conditions and direction
finding.(e.g. large rooms)

High Risk Task Area Lighting

That part of emergency lighting provided to ensure the safety of people involved in a potentially dangerous
process or situation and to enable proper shut down procedures to be carried out for the safety of other
occupants of the premises.(e.g. to protect persons from dangerous machinery).
Design Objective

When the supply to any part of the normal lighting fails, the requirements of NFPA 101 and BS 5266 apply
and escape lighting is required to fulfil the following functions:-

(I) Show clearly and unambiguously the escape routes.

(II) Provide illumination along such routes to allow safe movement towards and through the exits.

(III) Ensure that fire alarm call points and fire fighting equipment provided along escape routes can be
readily located.

(IV) Allow operations concerned with safety measures to continue.

Stage 1 - Design Procedure

Locate luminaires at points of emphasis. These are mandatory locations to cover specific hazards and to
highlight safety equipment and signs. The luminaires act as beacons over parts of the escape route that may
be dangerous at low levels of illumination and also highlight other safety equipment that may need to be
operated.

This procedure should be performed regardless of what part of the building is considered and whether the area
is an emergency escape route or defined as an open area.

Only when this is accomplished should the type of luminaire or its light output be considered.



Near Stairs or any other Change of Level

The luminaires must be located so each tread receives direct light.

Generally at least two luminaires will be needed to provide the 1 lux minimum level on the centre of each
tread (even old designs to 0.2 lux needed the higher level on the treads unless contrasting colour stair
nosings were fitted)

The spacing from luminaire A is reduced as the height being reduced as the points illuminated rise up the
stairs so the cosine correction factor reduces the light.
H
H
A
B

The spacing from fitting B may be reduced as although the cosine correction improves in comparison with
the floor level as the treads descend at some point the effect of increased distance from the luminaire will
outweigh this.
Other changes of level that can cause tripping hazards it low light levels must also be illuminated


Near Changes of Direction and Intersections of Corridors

At any position that the escape route changes direction or if it intersects a corridor the luminaires act as
beacons to indicate the route and also provide the most illumination were two streams of escaping occupants
could be joining.




Signs should be located between 2 and
2.5 metres above the floor. If for any
reason this is not possible the fire
authority should be consulted to ensure
that the meaning of the sign is still
acceptable
Illuminate Exit and other Safety Signs

While this normally relates to exit direction and first aid signs the risk assessment may indicate that other
safety signs such as a radioactive warning also need emergency illumination.

Exit signs should not be used in the photometric calculations unless their characteristic has been tested and
authenticated data is available.




Outside and Near to Exits

The safety of occupants must be protected until they are away from the influence of the building. If the area
outside the building has hazards in darkness such as a river bank the risk assessment should determine if
further emergency luminaires are needed till a place of safety can be reached.
If street lighting is available and adequate it may be used with the agreement of the fire authority.




Near Fire Fighting Equipment and Call Points

The luminaire must be sited within 2 metres (measured horizontally) of any extinguishers, hose reels, fire
alarm control or repeater panels and fire call points. The chain shaded parts of the diagram show the positions
that the luminaire covers for this purpose.

By locating the luminaire in proximity to the fire safety equipment it acts as a beacon directing the eye to the
safety equipment. It also ensures that the fire equipment which may have instruction on it for its safe use is
gets the maximum illumination by being under the luminaire.

Near First Aid Post

It helps to recognises that if the normal lighting supply fails but there is no fire requiring immediate
evacuation then access to and use of other safety equipment must be maintained.


Stage 2 - The Location and illumination of Exit Signs


2m

2m.
Signs are required at all exits, emergency exits and escape routes, such that the position of any exit or route
to it is easily recognised and followed in an emergency. Where direct sight of an exit or emergency exit is not
possible and doubt may exist as to its position, a directional sign (or series of signs) should be provided,
placed such that a person moving towards it will be progressed towards an exit or emergency exit.

The Format of Signs









Exit and safety sign - Maximum Viewing Distances

Viewing distances are given as 200 x H for internally illuminated signs, and 100 x H for externally
illuminated signs where H is the height of the pictogram.


BS 2560
Old format of sign green words only out of a
white background
BS 5499 -1 format has the addition of a running
man pictogram and was an interim move
towards the full pictogram sign is acceptable on
existing buildings provided the meaning is still
clear

Signs Directive Format
The European format with a full pictogram only sign
its use


Illumination Requirements for Safety Signs

The illumination conditions for a sign to be clearly visible for the distances specified above. These values are
for internally(self) illuminated signs but if the sign is not approved or is externally illuminated the following
values must be achieved
The colours must conform to ISO 3864 (white figures with green background for Exit and first aid signs

Minimum luminance of any part of the signboard
2 cd/m
2

The ratio of maximum to minimum luminance of
any area of either colour of the sign shall not be
greater than 10:1
The ratio of luminance between white and the
colour shall be between 5:1 and 10:1

Stage 3 - Additional Emergency Lighting

Additional emergency lighting should be provided at these locations:

(I) Lift cars. Although they may be part of the escape route in exceptional circumstances, they may
present a problem if the public are trapped in them in the event of a supply failure.

(II) Toilet facilities and other similar areas exceeding 8m floor area or with no borrowed light and all
toilets for the disabled.

(III) Escalators, to enable users to get off them safely.

(IV) Motor generator, control or plant rooms require battery supplied emergency lighting to help any
maintenance or operating personnel.

(V) Covered car parks along the normal pedestrian routes.

Stage 4 - Illuminance Requirements for Escape Routes

In addition to luminaires at the points of emphasis, it may be necessary to provide extra luminaires to ensure
that minimum light (illuminance) levels are met along the whole escape route. For 2m wide escape routes, the
illuminance is specified along the centre line with 50% of that illuminance over the 1 metre wide central band.
Wider routes should be treated as open areas or as multiple routes.

Illuminance Requirements
It requires 10 lux (NBC) along the centre line of escape routes including those with minor obstructions such
as hotel trolleys.
The NFPA, which recommends 1 lux but accepts 0.2 lux along the centre line for permanently unobstructed
escape routes, with the points of emphasis illuminated to 1 lux.


Spacing Tables

The tables show the distance from the wall or door to the first fitting and then the distance that must not be
exceeded for spacing between subsequent fittings. This is shown for the fittings being mounted either parallel
to the route (axial) or at right angles to the route (Transverse) for different mounting heights. In addition to
values for escape routes figures are also given for the coverage of open areas by regular arrays of luminaires


SPACI NG TABLE FOR TYPI CAL LUMI NAIRE


Ceiling
Mounting
Height m.

Escape Routes 1 lux minimum along centre line Open areas 0.5 Lux minimum in central core
Transverse
to wall



Transverse
to transverse



Axial to
Axial

Axial
to wall



Transverse
to wall



Transverse
to transverse



Axial to
Axial

Axial
to wall



2.5 2.7 7.2 4.6 1.5 2.5 8.5 7.4 2.3
4 2.1 7.5 4.8 1.7 2.6 9.8 8.6 2.3
6 - 5.3 3.7 - 1.8 10.3 9.5 1.6






Use of authenticated spacing tables
If the Transverse to axial spacing is needed
Add one half if the Transverse to transverse to
One half of the axial to axial value



ESCAPE ROUTES

For escape routes up to 2m in width, the horizontal illuminance on the floor along the centre line of an
escape route shall not be less than 1 lux and the central band consisting of not less than half of the
width of the route shall be illuminated to a minimum of 50% of that value.



Stage 5 - Illuminance Levels for Open Areas

Emergency lighting is required for:-

Open areas larger than 60m
Areas of any size with an escape route passing through them.
Any areas that the risk assessment has identified as requiring emergency illumination for example
such as a school chemistry laboratory where students handling acids would be at risk if plunged into
darkness

OPEN AREAS

The standard requires 0.5 lux minimum anywhere in the central core of the floor area. This core area excludes
the 0.5m to the perimeter of the area.

The shadowing effects of movable objects in the core area are all so excluded.


Wall of room

0.5 meter border excluded from requirements

Central core requiring 0.5 Lux minimum








1 Lux to wall
0.5 + 0.5 = 1 Lux
Transverse spacing
to wall
Transverse spacing
between fittings

Spacing Tables provide simple and accurate data for the design of open areas.

They assume a regular layout and give the distances from wall and between fittings
Use
of ICEL Authenticated Spacing Tables to Design Open Areas to 0.5 Lux


Open areas 0.5 Lux minimum in central core
Transverse
to wall



Transverse
to transverse



Axial to
Axial

Axial
to wall



2.5 8.5 7.4 2.3




Axial to Wall
Axial spacing
Isolux
Contours

2 Lux

0.5 Lux
Transverse
To Wall
Transverse spacing