"

I will give thee twelve royal images Cut in glad gold, with marvels of wrought stone For thy sweet
priests to lean and pray upon Jasper and hyacinth and chrysopas, And the strange Asian thalamite
that was Hidden twelve ages under the heavy sea, Among the little sleepy pearls to be A shrine lit
over with soft candle flame. "
i. INFLUENCES.
i. Geographical. German influence in Lombardy was effected through the connection of this part of
Italy and Germany geographically by the Brenner Pass. The work at Venice was similarly influenced
by an oversea trade connection with the East. ii. Geological. The influence of materials in the
develop- ment of this style was important. The colored marbles of Northern and Central Italy
supplied abundant and beautiful material for the elaboration of plain wall treatment, as in Florence
(No. 181), Siena (No. 182), Genoa, Orvieto, Lucca, and other places. Red, black, and white marbles
were used in stripes, and also in panels, the architect relying much for effect upon their color and
disposition. The brick and terra-cotta of Northern Italy has left a decided impress on the architecture
of that district, many large buildings, such as the Hospital at Milan and the Certosa at Pavia, having
been erected in these materials. iii. Climate. The influence of the climate and brilliant atmosphere is
apparent in the small windows, which, with thick walls, were necessary to keep out the glare and
heat of the Italian sun, factors which also hindered the development of tracery. The preference for
opaque treatment, such as mosaic work and fresco decoration, was inherited from the Romans,
while the climate counteracted effectually any desire the Italians might have had for the suppression
of the walls by the employment of large windows of stained glass, for the reasons mentioned above.
ITALIAN GOTHIC. 405
iv. Religion. The real power of the Pope as head of the Western Church died with Gregory X. (1271-
1276). The succeeding Popes were under the influence of the King of France, and for nearly seventy
years (1309-1376) resided at Avignon, losing authority and influence during their absence from
Rome. Rival Popes existed until a settlement was arrived at by the Council of Constance, in 1415. The
factions of the Guelphs and Ghibel- lines (pages 230, 259) distracted Italy from 1250 to 1409, a sub-
ject dealt with by Mr. Oscar Browning in his " Mediaeval Italy." v. Social and Political. Italy at this
period was cut up into small principalities and commonwealths, in which political life was full of
rivalry and activity, and small wars were of constant occurrence. The erection of the Cathedrals of
Siena, Orvieto, Florence, Milan and Lucca was largely due to the civic pride of the various rival cities,
while the numerous Town Halls attest the growth of municipal institutions. Tasso has a line to the
effect that each holiday they blew trumpets, and proceeded to sack the adjoining town. Yet other
countries looked to Italy as the head in arts, learning and commerce. The poet Dante (1265-1321)
has in his great poem presented a summarized picture of the age. The revival of learning took place
in Italy nearly a century in advance of northern Europe. vi. Historical. To the Latin conquest of
Constantinople, in 1203, is mainly attributed the sudden development of the formative arts in the
thirteenth century in Europe, for the citizens being dispersed during the sixty years of Latin
occupation, all commerce was transferred to the cities of Italy, and many Greek artists were
established at Venice, Pisa, Siena and Florence. In the thirteenth century successive members of the
Visconti family ruled as Dukes of Milan, and were very powerful in consequence of the wealth and
industry of the cities over which they held sway. The maritime commonwealth of Genoa
considerably reduced the power of Pisa in 1284, and the latter was conquered by Florence in 1406.
Florence became one of the chief states of Italy under the powerful family of the Medici (page 447).
2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER.
The influence of Roman tradition, as shown in the Classic forms of construction and decoration,
was^so great that the verticality which marks the Gothic architecture in the north of Europe does
not pervade the Italian examples to the same extent. The churches are especially noticeable
externally for (a.) the flatness of the roofs (Nos. 181, 182) ; (b.) the tendency to mask the aisle roofs
by a mere screen wall forming the west facade, without
ITALIAN (NORTH) GOTHIC.
I 75- MILAN CATHEDRAL.
East End.
ITALIAN GOTHIC. 407
reference to the slope of the roofs behind (No. 182); (c.) the great central circular window in the
west front lighting the nave ;
(d.)
the flatness and comparative unimportance of the mouldings, cheir place being more than taken by
the beautiful colored marbles with which the facades were faced, and the broad surfaces covered
with fresco decorations. There is an absence of pinnacles due to the unimportance or the buttresses,
but the crowning cornice (No. 181), and the employment of elaborately carved projecting porches at
the west end, the columns of which often rest on the backs of lions and other animals, are
characteristic features.
"
Stern and sad (so rare the smiles Of sunlight) looked the Lombard piles ; Porch pillars on the lion
resting, And sombre, old, colonnaded aisles." TENNYSON.
Sculpture partakes of classical purity, and is in this respect superior to that exhibited in northern
examples, but it enters far less into the general composition and meaning of the architecture.
Corinthian capitals of modified form and the Roman acanthus were constantly used in Gothic
buildings (No. 184). Mosaic was used externally in panels, in continuation of early ideas and practice.
Terra-cotta and brickwork, in their plastic state rendered much ornament easy of application, and a
smallness in detail followed, which was eminently suited to the material, as, for example, at the Frari
Church at Venice and elsewhere. The treatment of moulded brickwork has never been carried to
greater perfection than in North Italy during the Gothic and Early Renaissance period, especially in
civic buildings, although the effect of sublimity is perhaps not to be obtained in so small a material
unless used in the broad massive manner of the Romans. On the other hand, there is no beauty of
detail or of design on a small scale that may not be obtained by the use of moulded bricks, which, if
carefully burnt, are as durable as most kinds of stone. The Italian use' of brickwork was essentially
the right one ; the details were small and designed with taste, and the effect of variegated color was
relied on instead of depth of shadow a perfectly legitimate and expressive use of material where
small and colored units are used. Stone of different color was also carried systematically in patterns
through the design, giving a special character, as at Verona. A flatness and want of shadow^ is
necessarily characteristic of brick buildings, sufficient projection not being obtainable for cornices,
and this was always tolerated by the Italians, who allowed the material to express its own
capabilities without trying to disturb its architectural function.
408 COMPARATIVE ARCHITECTURE.
3. EXAMPLES. NORTH ITALY.
Milan Cathedral (A.D. 1385-1418) (Nos. 175, 176 A, B, c, 177), erected by the first Duke of Milan, is
the most important work of this period, and there is a marked German influence, both in character
and details. It is the largest mediaeval cathedral, with the exception of Seville, and is built entirely of
white marble. The roof is very flat in pitch, being constructed of massive marble slabs, laid upon the
upper surface of the vaulting. In plan it consists of a nave with a very small clerestory, and double
aisles of extreme height, the nave terminating with a circlet of columns in the French manner, but
inclosed in a German polygonal apse. To the Ambrosian ritual is due the absence of side-chapels in
the original scheme. At the crossing of the nave and aisles is a vault crowned with a marble 'spire,
designed by Brunelleschi in A.D. 1440. The feature of the interior is the range of immense shafts to
the nave (No. 177), whose summits are treated with canopied niches, filled with statues, in the place
of the ordinary capitals. Externally, the character of the whole design is expressive of richness and
lace- like intricacy, which is aided in effect by the numerous pinnacles of glittering marble (No. 175).
" O Milan, O, the chanting quires ; The giant windows' blazon'd fires ; The height, the space, the
gloom, the glory ! A mount of marble, a hundred spires." TENNYSON.
S. Petronio, Bologna, commenced in 1390, in emulation of Florence Cathedral, would, if completed,
have been one of the largest churches of this period. It was to have consisted of a nave and aisles
and outer chapels on either side, and resembled in section the Cathedral of Milan (No. 176 B, c).
Many archi- tects, including Palladio, have produced designs for the unfinished west front. The
Certosa, Pavia, commenced in 1396, having a central lantern in stages, crowning an internal dome,
and the great Hospital, Milan, where terra-cotta was largely used, exemplify the influence of brick
and terra-cotta on the architecture of the district. The churches and palaces at Bologna, Vicenza,
Padua, Verona, Cremona, and Genoa contain specimens of brick architecture with pleasing moulded
details. S. Antonip, Padua (1237-1307) is a remarkable design, closely resembling S. Mark in plan
(page 208), but with seven domes instead of five, and the front porch omitted. The domes were
added in 1475.
ITALIAN GOTHIC EXAMPLES. I
ITALIAN (NORTH) GOTHIC.
177. MILAN CATHEDRAL.
Interior, looking East.
ITALIAN GOTHIC. 411
Venice is remarkable for the civic and domestic architecture of this period, and it must be
remembered that the Venetian state occupied a prominent position as a great trading centre in the
Middle Ages, her power and richness being due to the supremacy of her navy.
" Where Venice sate in state, throned on her hundred isles."
S. Giovanni e Paolo (1260-1400), a Dominican church, and S. Maria Gloriosa dei Frari (1250- 1280), a
Franciscan church, are magnificent examples, showing the influence of the Monastic orders. The
latter by Niccolo Pisano, is of the Basilican type, with six eastern chapels, and has a fine campanile
adjoining the church (cf. Siena, No. 182). - S. Anastasia, Verona (1261), and S. Andrea, Vercelli
(1219), are notable examples, the latter being peculiar in having two western towers, and an English
type of plan. The Doges' Palace, Venice (Nos. 178 and 179 B) (facade A.D. 1424-1442, by G. and B.
Buon) is the grandest effort in civic architecture of the period. Each facade consisted of an open
arcade of two stories, one originally advanced in front and surrounding the main building. The latter
was partly destroyed by fire in the sixteenth century, but was rebuilt and extended over the double
arcade in the Venetian style, with rose-colored and white marble, in imitation of bricks, arranged in
patterns, the otherwise blank walls being broken by a few large and richly ornamented windows.
The lower columns seem to rise out of the ground, having no bases, and the solid and connected
character of the tracery gives some stability to the design, so heavily loaded above. The delicate and
light carving in low relief which occurs in the capitals of the arcades is justly celebrated, the
excellence of marble as a material for carving being largely responsible for the refinement of
execution in this example. The Ca d' Oro Palace, Venice (Nos. 179 A and 180), also by the Brothers
Buon, is another fine specimen of the domestic work with which Venice abounds. The tracery
especially is Venetian in character, as is also the grouping of the windows towards the centre of the
facade, the extremities of the design being left comparatively solid, thus producing the effect of a
central feature inclosed by wings. The Ponte alle Grazie (1237) and tne Ponte Vecchio (1362), both at
Florence ; the Bridge over the Adda at Trezzo, constructed in the fourteenth century and afterwards
destroyed ; and the Bridge over the Ticino, Pavia, are other examples of the secular architecture of
the period. The Palazzi Foscari, Contarini-Fasan, Pisani (No. 179 c), and Cavalli are other well-known
examples. A general idea of

ITALIAN GOTHIC EXAMPLES. II.
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ITALIAN GOTHIC.
417
Venetian Gothic is obtained from the old front of S. James's Hall, Piccadilly, and the building in
Lothbury, opposite the Bank of England. CENTRAL ITALY.
Florence Cathedral (Sta. Maria dei Fion) (1294-1462) (No. 176), is chiefly remarkable for the wide
spacing (55 feet) of the nave arcades, the nave itself, the absence of a triforium, buttresses arid
pinnacles (No. 181), and for the marble facades in colored panelling. The cathedral was erected from
the designs of Arnolfo di Cambio, and the octagonal dome, 138 feet 6 inches in diameter, was added
in 1420 by Brunelleschi, while the facade was completed in 1887. Internally the fine effect promised
by the plan is not realized, vast masses of grey pietra serena stone, in piers and arches, being
contrasted by blank white-washed Spandrels. The Baptistery (originally the Cathedral), erected in
the tenth century, but remodelled by Arnolfo in A.D. 1294, is an octagonal structure faced with
pilasters and richly colored orna- mentation, being further remarkable for the fifteenth century
bronze doors by Ghiberti. The Campanile (Nos. 176 D and 181), adjoining, by Giotto (A.D. 1324), is
square on plan, 292 feet high, in four stories of increasing height, and is built in red and white
marble. Tracery of an elementary character is introduced into the windows in this example, as in the
adjoining cathedral, and inserted in the solidly designed lower story are sculptured panels of great
interest and beauty. Below the present tile roof the start of the intended spire can be traced. S.
Maria Novella, Florence (A.D. 1278), is an imposing example erected by the Dominicans, and S.
Croce, Florence (1294), is a well-known example of the same type. The Palazzo Vecchio, Florence
(1298), by Arnolfo di Cambio (with its remarkable tower), the Palazzo Publico, Siena, and the Loggia
dei Lanzi, Florence (1376), are examples of the vigorous secular architecture of the period. Siena
Cathedral (A.D. 1243-1284) (No. 182) is remarkable in having a dome, 58 feet in diameter, covering
an irregular hexa- gonal space at the crossing (No. 179 D), and for its facade in black and white
stripes, with three portals of equal size, and charac- teristic rose window. The ground falling towards
the east end, allowed of a cry.pt being formed under the sanctuary, which is used as a baptistery.
The unfinished elevation of this east end is a grand design. The Campo Santo, Pisa (1278-1283) (No.
91), is a well- known example, having an unusual development of open tracery in the arches (No.
184 c). Orvieto Cathedral (A.D. 1290) resembles that of Siena, but is F.A. E E

ITALIAN GOTHIC. 419
imbued more considerably with Northern Gothic feeling. It is mainly of one period, the facade dating
from 1310, and is more harmonious in design than the Siena example. The nave is now restored with
an open timber roof of the Basilican type. S. Francis, Assisi (A.D. 1228-1253), is an example which
was from the designs of a German, Jacobus of Meruan. It consists of an upper and lower church, and
is very northern in detail, depending much more on its frescoed interior than upon the architecture
proper for its magnificence and character. Both churches are vaulted, built of brick and plastered,
and received a complete treatment in painted decoration by Cimabue and Giotto. In Rome, churches
of the Basilican type were erected through- out the Middle Ages, S. Maria sopra Minerva (1280)
being quoted as the only Gothic church in Rome.
\
SOUTHERN ITALY AND SICILY.
The influences at work in these districts have already been referred to in Romanesque (page 239).
The style has been described as " Greek in essence, Roman in form, and Saracenic in decoration."
Messina and Palermo Cathedrals have plans founded on the Roman basilican type, the naves having
timber roofs of great elaboration and intricate construction, resembling in their effect the
honeycomb work of Saracenic art. The pointed arch was used, but without mouldings or even
receding planes (No. 183). The main idea striven after in these churches was the unfettered display
of mosaic decoration, in which the principal personages of the Bible are rendered in a stiff archaic
style, with borders of arabesques in gold and color, while the lower parts of the walls have a high
dado of white marble, with a border introducing green and purple porphyry in patterns. Palermo
Cathedral is a remarkable example of external architectural decoration in stones of two colors, the
apses in particular being very fine. At the west end is a group consisting of a central and two lower
towers, with detail of an arbitrary style, but suggesting Northern Gothic in its vigour of skyline.
4. COMPARATIVE.
NORTH, CENTRAL, AND SOUTH.
A. Plans. The endeavour to create a great central space in the churches, as at Florence (No. 176) and
Siena Cathedrals (No. 179 D), shows the influence of Etruscan and Roman models. E E 2
420 COMPARATIVE ARCHITECTURE.
The widely-spaced nave arcades are characteristic, the triforium being usually omitted, as at
Florence and Milan (No. 176), and the clerestory reduced to the unimportance of a vault spandrel,
pierced by a small, and generally circular, window. These lofty arcades practically include the aisles
and nave in one composition and give the effect of a single hall. The nave vaulting is frequently set
out in square compart- ments, as at Florence Cathedral (No. 176 D) and the Certosa, Pavia, the side
aisles having oblong ones, thus reversing the Northern Gothic practice. Towers, usually isolated,
have square shafts without buttresses, sometimes beautifully decorated, continuing the
Romanesque tra- dition, and developing no spire growth, like northern examples. The best known
are at Florence (No. 181), Siena (No. 182), Lucca, Verona (No. 184 K), Mantua and Pistoja. The most
imposing external feature was frequently a dome, as at Siena (No. 182) and Florence (No. 181). The
central lantern tower, in diminishing stages, as at Chiara- valle, the Certosa at Pavia, and Milan
Cathedral (No. 176), are an advance on the Romanesque lanterns at the crossing, and may be
compared with English work. B. Walls. The absence of large windows obviated the necessity for
projecting buttresses, the high and flat walls being usually comparatively solid throughout their
length, and able themselves to withstand the pressure of a vault (Nos. 181 and 182). From the
absence of vertical features and shadows in the facade, flatness is the predominant characteristic of
the style. Facades are treated independently as decorative compositions, and often have no relation
to the structure or roofs behind (No. 182). These facades are often incomplete, being composi- tions
in marble facing, in many cases not finished on the score of expense. The marble was used in bands
of two colors at Siena (No. 182) and Orvieto, each having three high gables, and in panelling at
Florence (No. 181). This surface treat- ment was borrowed from the Saracens, and may be compared
with northern methods, in which effect is obtained by deeply- moulded string courses, projecting
buttresses, and lofty pinnacles. c. Openings. The windows are often semicircular headed, and have
shafts with square capitals of Corinthian type, instead of the moulded mullions of northern Gothic
examples (No. 1840). These slender shafts are often twisted, and even inlaid with glass mosaic
known as "cosmato" work, from the family of that name, while the capitals are richly sculptured.
Venetian tracery is a special form of geometrical combinations (No. 178). A moulded keystone is
often provided to pointed arches, which are frequently inclosed by square lines as a frame.
ITALIAN GOTHIC. 421
D. Roofs. These are of low pitch, and of small importance in the design, being scarcely visible from
below (Nos. 179 and 180). They are often in contradiction to the steep gables of the facades,
borrowed from northern Europe, and treated solely as a field for mosaic and other elaborate
decoration. Iron tie-rods r -were often used to prevent the spread of roof timbers owing to
insufficient
buttressing. E. Columns. The piers of the arcades in the churches are at times surprisingly clumsy in
plan, four pilasters combined back to back being a common section. Round piers, with capitals and
bases, recalling Roman work, were also used, but the continuous sequence in the design of such
features, as may be traced north of the Alps, is not observable. In Milan Cathedral the circular
moulded piers, by their height and size, and peculiar treatment of tabernacle capitals, \produce the
effect of a columnar interior (No. 177). F. Mouldings. These have a flatness and squareness often
little changed from Roman work, and the section of an arch mould is often identical with that of the
jamb, although there may be capitals at the impost. Mouldings are throughout subordinate to
surface decoration, the most interesting being those due to the use of brickwork in the facades. G.
Ornament (No. 184). Opaque decoration was preferred to translucent ; the art of fresco, by constant
exercise upon the noblest subjects in the grandest buildings, leading up to the golden age of Michael
Angelo and Raphael. Some buildings, such as Giotto's chapel at Padua, and the Sistine chapel at
Rome, are shells for painted decoration, almost devoid of architectural features. In carving (Nos. 184
A, B, E, F, G, H, L) and sculpture Classic tradition led to a refinement and an elegance which contrasts
with the grotesque element found in northern work, but on the other hand, the general design is
often neglected in the attention bestowed upon accessories. It is in the carving and mosaics to the
sumptuous altars and canopy tombs, the pulpits (No. 184 B), pavements and choir stalls, and in the
veneering of the facades with colored marbles, that the decorative character of the style is best
seen. The Tomb of the Scaligers, Verona (.1329-1380), is an examp'e of rich decoration, and many of
the churches at Rome have elaborate inlay mosaic work of " cosmato " design on their arches and
twisted columns.
5. REFERENCE BOOKS.
Anderson (R.). "Examples of the Municipal, Commercial and Street Architecture of France and Italy."
Folio. 1877. Cummings (C.A.). " A History of Architecture in Italy from the Time
ITALIAN GOTHIC ORNAMENT.
KUPU,liTtt[ P^OfPpfl.
ITALIAN GOTHIC. 423
REFERENCE BOOKS Continued.
of Constantine to the Dawn of the Renaissance." 2 vols., 8vo. Boston,
1901. Griiner(L.). "Terra-Cotta Architecture of North Italy." 4to. 1867. Hittorff (J. I.) et Zanth (C. L.
W.). " Architecture Moderne de la Sicile." Folio. Paris, 1835. Knight (H. G.). " Ecclesiastical
Architecture of Italy." 2 vols. 1842-1844. Nesfield (E.). " Specimens of Mediaeval Architecture." Folio.
1862. Rohault-de-Fleury (G.). " La Toscane au Moyen Age." 2 vols., folio. Paris, 1874. Ruskin (J.).
"Stones of Venice." 3 vols., 8vo. 1886. Schulz (H. W.). " Denkmaeler der Kunst des Mittelalters in
Unter-Italien." Folio atlas of plates, and text in 2 vols., 4to. Dresden, 1860. Strack (H.). "
Ziegelbauwerke des Mittelalters und der Renaissance \in Italien." Folio. Berlin, 1889. Street (G. E.). "
Brick and Marble in the Middle Ages." 8vo. 1874. Waring (J. B.) and Macquoid (T. R.). ' ; Examples of
Architectural Art in Italy and Spain." Folio. 1850. Henty (G. H.). "The Lion of S. Mark." (Historical
Novel.)
SPANISH GOTHIC.
1 Oft let me range the gloomy aisles alone (Sad luxury ! to vulgar mind unknown) Along the walls
where speaking marbles show What wor hies foim the hallowed mould below ; Proud names, who
once the reins of Empire held ; In arms who triumphed, or in arts excelled ; Chiefs, graced with scars,
and prodigal of blood ; Stern patriots, who for sacred freedom stood; Just men, by whom impartial
laws were given ; And saints, who taught, and led the way to heaven." TICKELL.
i. INFLUENCES.
i. Geographical. Spanish architecture cannot be under- stood without a knowledge of the geography
of the country. The existence of rival races and kingdoms within the peninsula was rendered possible
by the mountainous character of some parts, and the subdivision of the country by sierras, or chains
of low rocky hills. The kingdom of Granada, where the Moors held out until the close of the Gothic
period, was surrounded by mountains which inclosed a fertile plain, the finest in the country. ii.
Geological. Stone was the material generally employed, but granite and some of the semi-marbles,
which the country throughout possesses, were used in places. Rubble-work, with brick bonding
courses and quoins, was used under Moorish influence with much taste and success, as in the
towers and gates of the city of Toledo. iii. Climate. This varies with the structure of the country,
which is that of a series of table-lands of varying elevations, divided by sierras. Burgos, in the north,
3;ooo feet above the sea, is cold, and exposed to keen winds even in the summer, while in the south
the climate is sub-tropical. iv. Religion. Constant warfare with the Moors gave a certain unity to
Spain, the struggle being a war of religions as well as of races. Allegiance to the Papacy has been a
characteristic of Spain, and Santiago was a pilgrimage centre of more than national importance. The
arrangement of the choirs and the size and
SPANISH GOTHIC. 425
importance of the chapels attached to the cathedrals were due to the ritual. v. Social and Political. In
the Spanish peninsula, the Christian states of Castile, Leon, Navarre, Aragon, and Portugal were all
growing up and gradually driving the Mahometans into the southern part called Andalusia. After
many intermittent successes, as the capture of Toledo (1084) by Alfonso VI., the battle of Tolosa
(1212), gained by the Christians, was the turning point, after which Mahometan influence gradually
declined. It was during the reign of S. Ferdinand (1217-1252), who united Castile and Leon, and won
back Seville and Cordova, that Gothic art took root, sown by the spirit of conquest and aided by the
wealth of the conquered Moors. James, called the Conqueror (1213-1276), King of Aragon, pressed
into the east of Spain until the kingdom of Granada was the only portion left to the Mahometans. vi.
Historical. The study of the history of a country, always necessary in order to properly understand
the development of its architecture, is specially required in the case of Spain, which has been
occupied at different times by peoples of various races. After the Romans left Spam the Vandals and
Visigoths took possession, after which, A.D. 710-713 (page 655), the country was invaded by the
Moors from North Africa, and for 800 years their influence was continuous. The evidence of this is to
be seen in the stronghold of their power the south of Spain where the curious construction, the
richness of the architecture, and the exuberance of intricate, and lace-like, detail are every- where
apparent. This influence occasionally reached far into the north, owing to the superior education
and ability of Moorish workmen, for although Toledo was captured by the Christians in 1085, the
Spanish conquests were gradual, and the final expulsion of the Moors did not take place till 1492.
2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER.
In the south, as already mentioned, there was always more or less of Moorish influence, and from
Toledo, the Moorish capital, this influence made itself felt in Saracenic features, such as the
horseshoe arch, and, in later times, the pierced stonework tracery of Moorish design. ' These
fretwork screens occupy the whole window, and are rich in detail. Elsewhere buildings, under
Moorish influence, were covered with intricate geometrical and flowing patterns and rich surface
decorations, for which the Saracenic art is everywhere remarkable, as in the Jews' syna- gogue at
Toledo. The curious early churches of the Spanish conquerors seem to have been executed by the
aid of Moorish workmen.
426 COMPARATIVE ARCHITECTURE.
The Gothic style was best developed in Catalonia, where, though on French lines, as in most parts of
Spain, it has a special character, owing to the grand scale of the single-span vaulted interiors. Leon
Cathedral goes beyond its French original at Amiens, in the expanse of window opening and tenuity
of its supports. The exteriors usually are flat in appearance, owing to the space between buttresses
being utilized internally for chapels, and generally, it may be said that a liking for excessive
ornamentation without any regard to its constructive character is apparent. Contrary to Northern
Gothic, broad wall surfaces and horizontal lines are special features of the style. The cloisters of
many of the cathedrals, as Barcelona, Toledo, and Lerida, are characteristic. In the later period, the
grafting of classical details on to Gothic forms produced some of the most picturesque features
imaginable.
3. EXAMPLES.
ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE.
S. Isidore, Leon (completed 1149), and old Salamanca Cathedral (A.D. 1120-1178), which has a dome
over the crossing of nave and transepts, were both influenced by the Southern French Romanesque
models of Aquitaine and Anjou. Santiago de Compostela Cathedral (A.D. 1078), on the other hand, is
an example of a building with nave, transepts and a complete chevet, due to the influence of
Northern French Romanesque. In this church the nave is covered with a barrel vault and the side
aisles with cross vaults. Burgos Cathedral (A.D. 1230) is irregular in plan (No. 190 L). It has two
towers to the western fa9ade, which, with their open- work spires (No. 185), recall Cologne, and a
richly-treated lantern over the crossing which was completed in 1567. The lantern (known as the
"cimborio "), and the peculiar treatment of the interior is shown m No. 186. The "coro" or choir is in
the usual position to the westward of the crossing, the nave being reduced to a mere vestibule,
while the extraordinary size and importance of the side chapels are striking, as that of the Capilla del
Con- destable (AD. 1487), which is octagonal, over 50 feet in diameter,
detail*
remarkable for the
beauty and richness of its late
Toledo Cathedral
(A.D. 1227) (No. 187 D), is a five-aisled church and resembles Bourges (page 368) in general idea. It is
about the same length, but nearly 50 feet wider, and has the choir mclosure west of the crossing,
with a singularly shallow
SPANISH GOTHIC.
BURGOS CATHEDRAL. View from N.W.
SPANISH GOTHIC.
BURGOS CATHEDRAL. View of Choir.
SPANISH GOTHIC EXAMPLES.
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430 COMPARATIVE ARCHITECTURE. apsidal sanctuary, in which is placed an immense retdblo or
reredos of wood, flanked by tiers of arcaded statuary upon the sanctuary
S. Gregorio, Valladolid (No. 189) shows the lace-like character of detail derived from Moorish
influence. Barcelona Cathedral (A.D. 1298) (No. 187 B), is remarkable in that the thrust of the vaults
is taken by buttresses, which are internal features, as at Albi in the south of France, the space
between being used as chapels. Gerona Cathedral is a further development (No. 187 c), but there
are no aisles, the nave being one vaulted hall, 73 feet in width, in four compartments. The Central
Hall of the Law Courts, although only 48 feet in width, will give an idea of this interior. S. Maria del
Mar, Barcelona (A.D. 1328-1383) (No. 187 A), is a splendid example of a town church. The vaults rest
upon octagonal piers of granite about 4 feet in diameter, the spacing being wide, and the aisles and
nave of great height. There is no triforium, and only small clerestory windows in the spandrels of the
vaults. Severe simplicity is the characteristic of the church ; both inside and out there are no features
but a few well-studied mouldings. Seville Cathedral (1401-1520), erected on the site of a mosque of
the same size, is the largest mediaeval cathedral in any country. It bears a considerable resemblance
to Milan Cathe- dral, but is less fanciful in detail, or, as some would prefer to say, of a purer Gothic
style. The vaulting is rich, loaded with bosses in places, but confused and weak in its lines. Externally
there is a certain shapelessness and absence of sky-line. The parroquia (parish) church is separate,
but included within the cathedral area. The peculiarity of plan, having a nave, double aisles, and side
chapels, was no doubt caused by the structure being made to fill up the space occupied previously
by a mosque. It is typically Spanish in having a rectangular outline, but it differs from most of the
great C atinental churches in having a square east end, and small apse. As show : ng the
extraordinary size of this cathedral it may be pointed out that each of the four side aisles of Seville is
practically equal both in height and width to the nave of Westminster Abbey (page 309), while the
nave arcades have twice the span, although the total length of Seville is little more than that of -the
Abbey. Thus one aisle of Seville represents the size of the nave and choir of the abbey, and is
repeated four times ; in addition to which there is the great nave, 55 feet wide from centre to centre
of piers, and 130 feet high. Surrounding the church, and of the same depth as the aisles, are the
chapels. From these comparisons an idea can be obtained of the immense size of this Spanish
cathedral.
SPANISH GOTHIC.
188. S. JUAN DE LOS REYES, TOLEDO, Interior, showing Octagonal Dome.
SPANISH GOTHIC.
S. GREGORIO, VALLADOLID
SPANISH GOTHIC. 433
S. Juan de los Reyes, Toledo, A.D. 1476 (No. 188), is a rich example of a sepulchral chapel, erected by
Ferdinand and Isabella, comparing in its intended purpose with Henry VI I. 's Chapel at Westminster.
Valencia (A.D. 1262), Leon (A.D. 1260), and Barcelona (A.D. 1298) Cathedrals, all showing French
influence, and Lerida Cathedral (No. 187 E), externally roofed with stone, are other examples of early
date.
In domestic work the best examples are to be found in Cata- lonia, as seen in Barcelona municipal
buildings, and Valencia town hall.
4. COMPARATIVE.
A. Plans. In regard to the plan of the cathedrals, the great width and comparative shortness (No.
187) of many of the naves is a prominent characteristic. The position of the choir is generally to the
west of the crossing of nave and transepts, as at Burgos (No. 190 L), an arrangement probably
derived from the Early Christian basilicas, as S. Clemente, Rome (No. 73 B), and also seen at
Westminster Abbey (No. 127), and Norwich Cathedral (No. 118). Chapels are numerous and large,
and the parish church is often included in the area of the cathedral, 'as at Seville. Thecimborio, or
dome (Nos. 186 and 188), at the crossing of the nave and transepts, is similar in treatment to
examples in the south of France. S. Sernin, Toulouse, and Burgos Cathedral resemble each other in
plan, and Valencia and S. Ouen, Rouen, in design. Internally octagonal vaults, which are intricate in
design and ingenious in construction, are characteristic, and were probably inspired by Moorish
work. B. "Walls. In design French models were favoured, the later work being characterized by
extreme, and even wild, ornamentation. There is much flatness and absence of sky- line in the
exteriors, Burgos having in place of gables effective horizontal arcades, on the lines of the facade of
Notre Dame at Paris. Traceried open-work spires, as in Germany, were favoured, those at Burgos
being worthy of attention (No. 185). c. Openings. These were carried to excess in Leon Cathedral,
which has not only a glazed triforium, but also a large part of the wall surface of the clerestory
glazed as well. Even in the south, as at Seville, openings are of large size, stained glass being much
used. D. Roofs. Vaulting was used freely, but developed in decora- tion, rather than in construction,
such features as tracery, bosses, and ribs producing a rich effect, although the lines are not always
F.A. F F
434
COMPARATIVE ARCHITECTURE.
good, and nothing to compare in interest with English vaulting was accomplished. In the south, wide
interiors, in one span, were successfully vaulted in a simple style, that at Gerona (No. 187 c) being no
less than 73 feet span, and having a total length of 270 feet, including duvet. The boldest and most
original vaults are the great flat arches, that form galleries across the western ends of the churches,
extending through nave and aisles in three spans. Their rich soffits attract attention on entering, and
their curves frame the view of, and give scale to, the interior of the church beyond. E. Columns. The
favourite feature of a lantern at the crossing gives importance to the central piers, which at Burgos
(No. 1 86) are circular in plan (rebuilt 1567), and contrast with the great octagonal piers at S. Sernin,
Toulouse. In Seville Cathedral great column-like piers are employed for all the arcades, similar in
effect to those of Milan, but without the tabernacle capitals. Carved capitals of characteristic form
are indicated in No. 190 E, j. F. Mouldings. Refinement is not the usual characteristic of Spanish art.
Original and arbitrary forms were mingled with features borrowed from France. In Catalonia the best
and most artistic work was produced in a restrained manner. In S. Maria del Mar, Barcelona (page
430), every moulding has its purpose and expression, but this is far from being the character of other
more numerous examples in Spain. G. Ornament (No. 190). The most decorative feature in Spanish
churches is the vast retablo (reredos), which is often as wide as the nave, and reaches up to the
vaulting. This feature is usually constructed of wood, stone, or alabaster, and is crowded with niches,
figures, canopies and panelling (No. 190 c, F, K). Those at Toledo and Seville, resembling the great
English altar screens, notably that at Christchurch, Hants, are probably the richest specimens of
mediaeval woodwork in existence. Painting and gilding were used to heighten the effect, the former
naturalistic, and the latter of such solidity that the effect of metal is obtained. Sculpture in stone or
marble is often life-size, naturalistic, and expressive (No. 190 H, M, N), and however deficient in
other qualities, it combines in producing the notoriously impressive, if sensational, interiors of
Spanish churches. Stained glass was used, as at Seville, Oviedo, and elsewhere, being usually Flemish
in style, heavy in outline, and strong to gaudiness in coloring. 'Rejas,' or rich and lofty grilles (Nos.
186 and 190 H), in hammered and chiselled iron, are also characteristic, the formality of the long and
vertical bars being relieved by figures beaten in repousse, or in duplicates attached back to back, and
by freely
SPANISH GOTHIC ORNAMENT.
F F 2
COMPARATIVE ARCHITECTURE.
employed crestings and traceries adapted to the material. Few things in Spain are more original and
artistic than these Rejas. Magnificent stalls, each provided with a separate canopy and crowned with
a tall spire, are common, Barcelona Cathedral having some resembling those at Chester, while
bishops' thrones, pulpits, lecterns and choir desks were also elaborately treated.
5. REFERENCE BOOKS.
" Monumentos Arquitectonicos de Espana" (a magnificent work issued under the auspices of the
Spanish Government). 89 parts, atlas folio (not completed). Madrid, 1859-1879. Street (G. E.). "
Account of Gothic Architecture in Spain." 8vo. 1874. Villa-Amil (G. P. de). " Espana Artistica y
Monumental/' 3 vols., folio. Paris, 1842-1850. Waring (J. BA -" Architectural Studies in Burgos." Folio.
1852. Waring (J. B.) and Macquoid (T. R.). ' ; Examples of Architectural Art in Italy and Spain." Folio.
1850. Roulet (M. F. N.).