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The document describes the bacterial growth curve and its four phases: lag phase, log or exponential phase, stationary phase, and decline or death phase. It explains the characteristics and significance of each phase. The lag phase involves bacteria adjusting to new conditions before multiplying. In the log phase, bacteria multiply exponentially through binary fission. The stationary phase occurs when growth balances mortality, and the decline phase begins when death exceeds reproduction. Optical density measurements can quantify the number of bacterial cells in a culture over time to generate the growth curve graph.
The document describes the bacterial growth curve and its four phases: lag phase, log or exponential phase, stationary phase, and decline or death phase. It explains the characteristics and significance of each phase. The lag phase involves bacteria adjusting to new conditions before multiplying. In the log phase, bacteria multiply exponentially through binary fission. The stationary phase occurs when growth balances mortality, and the decline phase begins when death exceeds reproduction. Optical density measurements can quantify the number of bacterial cells in a culture over time to generate the growth curve graph.
The document describes the bacterial growth curve and its four phases: lag phase, log or exponential phase, stationary phase, and decline or death phase. It explains the characteristics and significance of each phase. The lag phase involves bacteria adjusting to new conditions before multiplying. In the log phase, bacteria multiply exponentially through binary fission. The stationary phase occurs when growth balances mortality, and the decline phase begins when death exceeds reproduction. Optical density measurements can quantify the number of bacterial cells in a culture over time to generate the growth curve graph.
Professor & Principal Dept. of Microbiology . CVM COLLEGE OF PHARMAC!"AR#M$AGAR -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bacterial growth curve: If a small number of bacteria are inoculated into a medium and the number of bacteria is counted with some intervals, and a graphical representation is produced by putting number of cells along Y-axis and time along with X-axis, then it is known as bacterial growth curve. Or, hen a fresh medium is inoculated with a given number of cells, and the population growth is monitored over a period of time, plotting the data will yield a typical bacterial growth curve Phases of bacterial growth curve: !our "#$ phases% &. 'ag phase or preparatory phase or phase of ad(ustment ). 'og phase or exponential growth phase *. +tationary phase 4. ,ecline or death phase or lysis 'ag phase% -ransfers of bacteria from one medium to another, where there exist chemical differences between the two media, typically results in a lag in cell division. -his is the time or period re.uired for the inoculated bacteria to be ad(usted in a new environment "temp, p/, nutrients etc.$. Criteria: - -he cells may be growing in volume or mass - +tarts synthesi0ing en0ymes, proteins, 123, etc. - 1epairing of the damages parts of the bacterial cell. - 4etabolic activity increases. - 2o appreciable multiplication of bacteria occurs. - Required time: &-# hrs. N.B. -he length of the lag phase is apparently dependent on a wide variety of factors including% &. -he si0e of the inoculum ). -ime necessary to recover from physical damage or shock in the transfer *. -ime re.uired for synthesis of essential coen0ymes or division factors and #. -ime re.uired for synthesis of new "inducible$ en0ymes that are necessary to metaboli0e the substrates present in the medium Importance of lag phase: - 4embrane acting antibiotic "such as polymyxin, amphotericin-5 etc.$ can be used in this phase. - ,etergents, soaps and other surface acting agents may also be used. 'og phase% Once the metabolic machinery is running, by binary fission they start multiplying exponentially, doubling in number every few minutes. Criteria: - 1apid multiplication and increase of cell numbers occur by geometrically i.e. exponentially. -hus, the phase is also called exponential growth phase. o 6xponential % ) 7 ) & ) ) ) * ) # ) 8 ) 9 ) : etc. o 2o. of cells % & ) # ; &9 *) 9# &); etc. - 3ctive synthesis of cell wall occurs. - 4etabolic activity increases at a very high rate. - Time required: &-# hrs. Importance: - 3ntibiotics acts better at this phase as cell wall growth is very active during this phase. - 3t this phase disease producing capability of bacteria is highest and if not treated the disease properly, it may turns to septicemia. +tationary phase% In this phase, some bacteria begin to die, some still continue to multiply. +o, booming growth stops and the number of bacteria stabili0es. 5acteria that produce secondary metabolites, such as antibiotics, do so during the stationary phase of the growth cycle "+econdary metabolites are defined as metabolites produced after the active stage of growth$. Criteria: - -he net increase in number of cells is 0ero. - -he causes of cell death are% o -oxic waste products build up. o ,ecrease of biological space re.uired for the bacteria. o ,ecrease of nutrients in the media. - 6xotoxin production starts. - Time required% few hours to few days. Importance: - 1elease of exotoxin starts. - +pore forming bacteria start formation of spore. - <ell wall acting antibiotic may be used to destroy the cell. - =ram positive bacteria may transform to gram negative one by erosion of peptideglycan layer. ,ecline or death phase or lysis% In this phase, the total viable cells decrease rapidly in comparison to the few multiplication. Criteria: - -he death rate is greater than the multiplication rate. - 3ccumulation of significant amount of toxic metabolites occurs. Importance: - +porulation starts of some bacteria. - 6xotoxin of Cl. diphtheriae is produced in this phase. !ig% 5acterial growth curve The number of cells can be measured by optical density (!" The Optical Density of Bacterial Culture -he optical density of a bacterial culture is a measurement used by microbiologists to determine the amount of bacterial cells present in a li.uid culture. Optical density is the amount of light that is able to pass through a li.uid culture. -he more bacterial cells in a culture, the denser the culture. -his means that less light is able to pass through the sample and the culture is considered to be cloudy to the naked eye. Spectrophotometer 3 spectrophotometer or +pect )7 is an instrument that measures the amount of light that is able to pass through a bacterial culture. It shines a constant beam of light on the sample that is being tested. If the light hits the bacterial cell, then it will bend and bounce off of the cell. -he more cloudy a culture is, the more bacterial cells are present within the culture allowing less light to penetrate through and more light is bounced back to the register within the +pect )7. -his will register as a higher value on the machine.