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+ +
+ +
+ = 1
4
1
2
3 2 1
3 2
2
1
m m m
m m m
AS
E AM
F
a
d
u
d
=effective energy of blows of the hammer, kN,
calculated
H G E
d
=
(2)
where G =weight of blowing part of the hammer,
kN; H =drop height of blowing part of the hammer.
Static load involving settlement of the tested
pile, which equals S and determined according to
the below equation shall be taken as the particu-
lar value of the pile ultimate resistance to the
pressing load defined as:
mt u
S S
,
=
(3)
0,42 0,45
0,49 0,5
0,9 0,93
0,96 0,99 1
1,46
1,5 1,52 1,54 1,56
1,76
1,8 1,82 1,84
1,87 1,89
2,13
2,17 2,2
2,23 2,26
2,31 2,33
2,58
2,63 2,66
2,69 2,72
2,77 2,78
2,88
2,93 2,95 2,97 2,99 3
3,15
3,19
3,23 3,25 3,25
3,4
3,43 3,44 3,45 3,46
3,56
3,6 3,63 3,66
3,69 3,69
0,47
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120
Time, min
S
e
ttlm
e
n
t, m
m
400 kN
800 kN
1200 kN
1400 kN
1600 kN
1800 kN
1900 kN
2000 kN
2100 kN
2200 kN
where = coefficient for conversion factor of the
limit value of mean settlement of foundation of
the building or structure S
u,mt
into pile settlement
obtained while static tests at conventional set-
tlement stabilization; according to the require-
ments =0.2 shall be taken as the coefficient val-
ue;
mt Su, =s maximum permissible value of mean
foundation settlement of the designed building or
structure as stated either in the project statement
or requirements SNIP RK 5.01-01-2002. Soil
grounds of the buildings.
Figure 6. Diagram of dependences of settlements S from the
loading P for definition of bearing capacity of the piles
4 DYNAMIC AND STATIC LOAD TEST ON
CONSTRUCTION SITE IN ASTANA BY
ASTM
Now we analyzed dynamic and static load tests of
driven steel H-pile on construction site of apartment
Embassy of the USA in Astana, which shown in
Figure 7.
Figure 7. Embassy of the USA in Astana
Geology of construction site Embassy of the
USA in Astana showed in Table 1 and Figure 8,9.
Table 1. Geology of construction site Embassy of the USA in
Astana
Element
E,
g/m
2 v
,
g/m
3
c,
g/m
2
D De en ns si it ty y
C Cl la ay y
l lo oa am m
210 0,35 0,00198 0,59 23
S Se em mi i- -
s so ol li id d
C Cl la ay y
51 0,35 0,00189 0,27 19
Figure 8. Geology of construction site Embassy of the USA in
Astana
Figure 9. Construction site Embassy of the USA in Astana
Dynamic test:
Steel H - piles were driven according to design load,
preliminary criteria of refusal:
- on 600 kN working loading, refusal of a pile
should be equal 1.25 cm (25 cm/20 blows);
- on 400 kN working loading, refusal of a pile
should be equal 1.67 cm (25 cm/15 blows).
Results of dynamic tests showed in Table 2 and
Figure 10.
Table 2. Results of the dynamic test
Number
of stee H-
piles
Embedded
depth in soil,
m
Design load,
kN
Refusal of
pile at driv-
ing, cm
LT-1 7.00 600 1.00
LT-2 9.00 600 1.09
LT-3 10.00 600 1.14
LT-7 8.25 600 1.00
LT-8 10.25 600 1.25
LT-9 9.25 600 1.25
LT-4 8.00 400 1.56
LT-5 8.25 400 1.47
LT-6 7.75 400 1.67
Figure 10. Results of dynamic load test
Static load test:
The ultimate testing load for steel H-piles doubly
exceed the allowable design load (according to the
Standard ASTM D 1143-81): for 600kN design
allowable loading - 1200kN ultimate tasting load,
and for 400kN accordingly 800kN. Results of
dynamic tests showed in Table 3 and Figure 11.
Table 3. Results of static load test
Num
ber
of
pile
Embedded
depth, m
Design
load,
kN
Design
load,
kN
Settlement,
mm
Applied
load,
kN
LT-1 7.00 600 1.00 43.03 900
LT-9 9.25 600 1.25 52.55 900
LT-4 8.00 400 1.56 39.88 600
Figure 11. Results of static load test
After extension lengths of a steel H - piles by electric
welding, were driven according to design load and
preliminary criteria of refusal:
- for 600kN, refusal of 0.33 cm (25 cm/75
blows);
- for 400kN, refusal of 0.83 cm (25 cm/30
blows).
- and carried out static load tests again.
Results of dynamic and static tests showed in
Table 4.
Number
of pile
Embedded
depth in
soil, m
Design
load,
kN
Refusal
of pile
at driv-
ing, cm
Settle-
ment,
mm
Ap-
plied
load,
kN
LT-1 9.75 600 0.31 4.66 1200
LT-2 15.00 600 0.31 7.34 1200
LT-3 13.00 600 0.32 7.00 1200
LT-7 11.00 600 0.28 4.41 1200
LT-8 16.00 600 0.30 6.27 1200
LT-9 12.75 600 0.27 4.96 1200
LT-4 11.25 400 0.78 3.38 800
LT-5 11.25 400 0.74 2.17 800
LT-6 9.75 400 0.63 3.17 800
0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 0
1 1
E
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
d
e
p
t
h
L
,
m
R e f u s a l e, c m
0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0
Q u a n t i t y b l o w s
K
e
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Load , kN
S
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
S
,
m
m
Pile LT-1, L=7 m
Pile LT-9, L=9.25 m
Pile LT-4, L=8.0 m
5 COMPARATUVE ANALYSES
Technical specificity of ASTM D1143/D1143M-
07 [2] has some differences with national Kazakh-
stan standard GOST 5686-94. Some devices and
control equipment didnt use by requirement of
GOST 5686-94 Soils. Field test. Principal differ-
ences between American Standard and Kazakhstan
norms showed in Table 5.
In practice requirements by American Standard
showed that results of test more safety [3]. Because
use many control equipment and devices for
determination, measurement reverberated.
Also GOST regulated only two out of six meas-
urements with reducers provided by ASTM. By re-
quirement of both standards loading on pile trans-
ferred by jack. But GOST does not consider that
each jack need to provide by manometer if we used
more than one jack. Its important for control of
work of jack and to do correct test.
In other case sometimes reducers of axial dis-
placement of pile showed undirected displacement
and regarding requirement of GOST isnt instruc-
tions. In this case regarding ASTM need to fix re-
ducers of sway.
Transducer of measurement of axial displacement
serve for measure the movement of the bottom of the
pile on its top. This measurement more exactly de-
termined settlement of soil.
For these purposes, ASTM proposes to use a
system of measurement of the indicator displacement,
installed on top of the pile,
Force transducer to measure the lateral resistance
piles used to measure the friction force on his side the
entire length of the pile. Thus, we can determine the
distribution of the lateral resistance of piles.
6 CONCLUSIONS
Since 1994 year Kazakhstan Standard has not
changed, ASTM standard was updated in 2007, and
therefore takes latest developments in technology
and technical terms and provides for the use of more
modern equipment.
The analysis in the article shows that the
tests in accordance with ASTMmakes them more
reliable and gives detailed information about the
process of testing and the results.
Actual question today is to update the national
standards, harmonization with international stand-
ards.
The introduction of innovations described will
avoid making wrong results of test.
Table 5. Principal differences between American Standard and
Kazakhstan norms
GOST ASTM
Parameter of experimental stand for test
Distance be-
tween testing
pile till an-
choring pile
5d<L
1
>2.5m 3d<L
1
>1.5m
Distance be-
tween testing
pile till
5d<L
2
>2.5m L
2
<2m
Devices and equipment
for loading jack
Jack with Spheri-
cal prop
Measurement
of load on
top pile
manometer manometer
-
Dynamometer
(more 100 tc)
fixed for each
jack
Measurement
of load on all
length pile
- Tensometer
Measurement
of axial dis-
placement of
top pile
Transducer of axial
displacement of cap
Transducer of ax-
ial displacement
of cap
- Visual control
-
Optical instru-
mental control
Measurement
of sway top
pile
-
Transducer of
sway top pile
- Optical control
Along with TC 55 work Design Academy
KAZGOR conducts research on the existing inter-
national experience of technical regulations to ensure
the safe construction processes and products.
And members of these Committees registered that
in practice tester sometimes has situations when make
wrong design because in normative isnt detailed in-
formation.
ASTM showed new improvement in pile tests.
Method of pile testing regarding Kazakhstan Standard
comparison with American Standard it is becomes
obvious disadvantage.
Unfortunately, present Kazakhstan Standard are
confined application of modern pile technology and
big difference between experimental bearing capacity
obtained by static loading test (SLT) and design value
obtained by Kazakhstan Standard indicated incom-
plete usage of modern pile technology technology.
And so research of advanced pile technologies w is
very important for the feature Kazakhstan geotechnic
development.
7 REFERENCES
GOST 5686-1994. Soils. Field test methods be piles.
M.:Standards Publishing House.
ASTM D1143/D1143-07. Standard. Test Methods for
Deep Foundations Under Static Axial Compressive Load.,
ASTM International.
Smolin B.S.2010.Features pile load test by ASTM Proc. in-
tern. symp.Russia.