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Background:
In engineering, design ideas are always based in someone's earlier work, so
documenting sources is important to put your work in context. It serves two
important purposes:
Documentation involves two parts: the Citation and the Reference List.
The Citation is a short code (in the middle of your document) that identifies an
idea or fact as borrowed from somewhere. Whenever you refer to information,
you must identify the source right then and there, so that your reader knows
exactly what information comes from which source.
The Reference List provides the complete information on each source at the end
of the document. This is sometimes called a bibliography, but unlike a formal
bibliography, a reference list includes only works to which you refer.
We cover the two most common documentation styles used in Engineering. Select
whichever one is more appropriate to your field:
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Related Sites:
Documentation Introduction | Author-Date Documentation Style | EWC
Bibliography Builder
Before reading on, see this Guide to IEEE Manuscript Preparation (PDF format)
Whenever you refer to information that you took from another source, you must
identify the source right then and there, so that your reader knows exactly what
information comes from which source.
Citation IEEE Documentation comprises two parts: the citation and the
list of references.
• General
Structure The citation is a short code (within the body of the document)
• Specific which identifies an idea or fact the writer has borrowed from
Practices elsewhere. The list of references provides a complete and
detailed list (at the end of the document) of all the sources the
List of writer used. Go to the EWC Bibliography Builder IEEE
References VERSION for a utility that helps you format items for the list
of references.
• Sample
List 1. EWC Bibliography Builder IEEE VERSION for Books
2. EWC Bibliography Builder IEEE VERSION for Book
Articles
3. EWC Bibliography Builder IEEE VERSION for
Periodical Articles
General Structure:
Substitution | Placement | Multiple References | Personal Communication | Other
notes | Direct Quotation | Paraphrase
The major difference between IEEE and other styles is that IEEE style encloses
citation numbers within the text of a paper in square brackets [1] rather than as
superscripts1 or in bracketed form (Jones 98) .
All other bibliographical information regarding the citation is reserved for the list
of references at the end of the document.
1. Author-Name Substitution
IEEE style encourages substituting reference numbers for the name of the author
whenever appropriate. For example,
Example 2:
Example 1:
3. Direct quotation:
10. Paraphrase:
Single-shot flash photography yields better results
than fast-motion movies [12].
(The above passage is an example of effective paraphrasing)
The writer has determined that only the comparison between movies and still
flash pictures is important enough to repeat, and rephrased the original source in
order to emphasize that comparison. Even though the writer does not use the exact
words, the paraphrased detail still comes from Chandra and Avedisian, who
listed six different sources to defend their point. An author who uses Chandra and
Avedisian's statement is ethically obligated to give them credit for the effort they
put into researching it.
See the IEEE bibliography builder help file for more information about how to
reference:
1. General Help
2. How to Reference Books
3. How to Reference Articles
Sample List of References :
References
[1] D. Jones, Technical Writing Style, Toronto: Allyn and
Bacon, 1998.
[2] H. Inose and J.R. Pierce, Information Technology and
Civilization, New York: Freeman, 1984.
[3] D. Beer, R.F. Martin, and P. Fingle, Photosensory
Transduction, New York: Willey, 1993.
[4] W. Heisenberg, The Physical Principles of the Quantum
Theory, C. Eckhart and F.C. Hoyt, Trans., Chicago:
University of Chicago Press,1930.
[5] W. Heisenberg, The Physical Principles of the Quantum
Theory, C. Eckart and F.C. Hoyt, Trans., 2nd.ed., New
York: Dover, 1949.
[6] Council of Biology Editors, Scientific Style and Format:
The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers,
6th ed., Chicago: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
[7] An Anonymous Critique of Computer Culture, Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1997.
[8] J.L Spudich and B.H. Satir, Eds., Sensory Receptors
and Signal Transduction, New York: Wiley-Liss,1991.
[9] S.A. Selber, Ed. Computers and Technical
Communication: Pedagogical and Programmatic
Perspectives, Greenwich, Connecticut: Ablex, 1997.
[10] R.F. Follet and D. J Walker. "Ground water quality
concerns about nitrogen," in Nitrogen Management and
Ground Water Protection," Ed. R. F. Follet,
Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company Inc, 1989,pp.
1-20.
[11] K.A. Nelson, R.J. Dwayne Miller, D.R. Lutz, and M.D.
Fayer, "Optical generation of turntable ultrasonic
waves," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 53, no. 2, Feb.,
pp. 1144-1149.
[12] S. Chandra and C.T. Avedisian, "On the collision of a
droplet with a solid surface," Proc. R. Soc. Lond., vol A
432, pp. 13-41,1991.
[13] T. Land, "Web extension to American Psychological
Association style (WEAPAS)," [Online document], 1996
Mar 31(Rev 1.2.4), [cited 1996 Sept 14], Available
HTTP: http://www.nyu.edu/pages/psychology/WEAPAS
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Related Sites:
Documentation Introduction | IEEE Documentation Style | EWC Bibliography
Builder
This webpage covers the aspects of citation listed at left below. To move directly
to information on the bibliography (also called references), click on the righthand
column:
Principles of Citation
• after any fact or phrasing that you have taken from an outside source.
• after the name of an author you are summarizing.
As the name of this style implies, the citation includes NAME and DATE, that is,
the last name of the author, and the date of publication. Sometimes the citation
will also need to include the page number(s) of the original source. So a basic
example looks like this:
Or, to put a real face on it, a book or article by Neil Postman would look like this:
Note: Because the sample citations are hyperlinks to the sample bibliography,
they will appear to be underlined on most browsers. Ordinarily, citations should
not be underlined.
Work by a Option 1: The name and the date of the source can be enclosed in
Single author parentheses either when the work is first mentioned or after the
information drawn from the source.
One influential study (Tung 1982) raised
the same question.
• General Reference
• Paraphrase
• Direct Quotation.
General references, like all of the examples above, refer to the entirety of
a study rather than a specific page or concept. This is the most common
type of reference in technical writing.
Paraphrase typically involves the summary of a single part of another
author's work, for example:
Note that the writer has included the page number here because the
information comes from a specific point in the original work. Chandra
and Avedisian's original looked like this:
The writer has determined that only the comparison between movies and
stillflash pictures is important enough to repeat, and rephrased to
emphasize that comparison. Even though the writer does not use the exact
words, the paraphrased detail still comes from Chandra and Avedisian,
who listed six different sources to defend their point. An author who
uses Chandra and Avedisian's statement is ethically obligated to give
them credit. Without proper documentation, the statement would at best
function as mere opinion, and would be of little or no professional value;
at worst, it would be plagiarism.
Direct quotation is not used much in technical writing, often only when
one is trying to show how stupid another writer is; however, occasionally,
you might encounter something written so well, you just have to quote it.
Here is a sample below:
The writer took a piece of information directly from page 650, reproduced
it word-for-word, and gave appropriate credit to the original authors.
(Square brackets signify the addition of clarification material to the quoted
passage.)
A Word of Warning: Where you place the citation can have significant
impact on meaning. These two examples mean different things, even
thought the words are the same:
Example 1 Example 2
The left-hand sentence means Akao et al.'s photographs are hard to reproduce, whereas
the sentence on the right means that Akao et al. claimed that some other (unspecified)
photos are hard to reproduce. In the first instance, the reader will assume you tried to
reproduce Akao et al.'s photos, and in the second, the reader will assume that Akao at al.
tried to reproduce photos. So in positioning the citation, make sure it indicates what you
intend.
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Earlier sections of the Accurate Documentation web collection describe how, when, and
why you should document your work.
WHICH VERSION?
This popular utility is now available in two documentation styles. While nearly every
engineering discipline has its own documentation style, we have tried to provide two
basic and widely useful models. Either will enable you to create an accurate reference
list for books and articles. For other sources see the two parallel "How to Document"
pages.
The word "plagiarism" comes from a Latin word meaning "kidnapper," because a
plagiarist is one who makes off with another person's ideas. Whether intentional
or unintentional, it is a breach of professional or academic trust, in which a person
takes credit for someone else's work.
Knowing how to plagiarize is an invaluable skill because it can
Seriously, though, if you know how to do it, you know how to avoid it. And you
want to avoid it. The University of Toronto's position on plagiarism is clear. It
looks like this:
That word "knowingly" doesn't get you out of trouble because the university
understands that as including "should have known." And any student who gets as
far as university, should know. And yes, students do lose their degrees over
plagiarism charges.
So how exactly do you do it? If you are like most students, it's what a priest might
call a "sin of omission," that is, you do it by leaving something out, rather than by
intentionally doing something.
Most often, the problem occurs when you do not include the citation in the
text of your paper. Citation is covered on our Documenting Sources site.
Citation comprises half of how you document your source. It is the half that is
most troubling for students because it raises questions:
• what do I have to cite?
• when do I quote?
• how can I impress the TA or prof with my ideas if I have to keep telling
where I got them?
This last question lies at the heart of plagiarism. None of us wants to look stupid.
The definition of plagiarism in the U of T code suggests how plagiarism makes us
look stupid:
Rather than being a pervert, understand this: using sources adds value. It gives
ideas authority; it provides evidence. One of the major problems we see in
Engineering papers is a failure to give evidence. Sources provide evidence. Part
of how we look smart is by using sources correctly. We need to be able to decide
which authors to use, how to work them into our writing, and when we absolutely
have to quote. Also, and more importantly, your prof or TA will be more
impressed by your work if you can synthesize several sources; that means, you
draw conclusions and construct your own idea by putting the source together in a
new or interesting way.
If you're still looking for more on plagiarism, check out the University of Toronto
Advice on Writing site, where you can find the useful document on How Not to
Plagiarize. For a bigger picture see our site on Documenting sources. You might
also be interested in playing around with our Plagiarism Self-Test, a kind of on-
line quiz that helps you understand plagiarism better by looking at examples.