Experimental Investigations of Switching

Overvoltages in 110 kV Network of Power

System of Montenegro
Sreten D. Skuletic, Fellow, IEE, and Predrag Mijajlovic

AbstractIn the paper a part of comprehensive experimental
investigations of switching overvoltages in the segment of 110 kV
transmission network of the electric power system (PS) of
Montenegro is given, analyzed and discussed. The performed
experimental investigations are the first investigations of such
kind of problems ever performed in the transmission network of
PS of Montenegro. A number of obtained very valuable data
allows complex and sensitive analysis not only about the
characteristics of the possible switching overvoltages which can
appear during the period of exploitation, but also about their
influences on the observed lines and their elements, as well as on
the segment of the observed transmission network. The measured
data could be also used for the risk assessment and analysis of the
electric breakdown of the insulation of lines, as well as for the
drawing the recommendations and conclusions about future
exploitation and possible improvements of the particular
components and the entire observed system.

Index Termselectric breakdown, experiment, insulation,
overhead line, risk analysis, switch (circuit breaker), switching
overvoltage.
I. INTRODUCTION
During the period of exploitation all elements and
equipment of power system are stressed both by continuous
normal voltage and by relatively slow dynamic and fast
transient overvoltages.
The weak link in the chain of reliability of equipment is
still the insulation. For insulation to withstand the various
stresses, it has to be carefully designed, coordinated and
properly tested. To achieve an economically and technically
sound design for equipment insulation, adequate information
needs to be acquired, for both systems components and
devices. One should be able to calculate and measure not only
normal voltage but also all possible stresses.
The voltage stresses on transmission network insulation are
found to have a variety of origins. In normal operation AC or
DC voltages do not stress the insulation severely. But, the
voltage stresses originated by different types of overvoltages
can be very severe. So, they have become the governing factor
in the design of insulation for high voltage systems and their
elements.

This work was supported by the Electric Power Industry of Montenegro.
S. D. Skuletic is with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of
Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro (e-mail: skuletic@cg.ac.yu).
P. Mijajlovic is with the Electric Power Industry of Montenegro, 81000
Podgorica, Montenegro (e-mail: elpress@cg.yu).
The examination of overvoltages on the power system
includes a study of their different characteristics, such as:
magnitudes, shapes, durations, frequency of occurrence, and
so on. This study should be performed not only at the point
where an overvoltage originates but also at all other points
along the transmission network to which the surges may
travel. It is very important to mention that during the period of
exploitation it is needed, from time to time, to check the
insulation level and the states of all equipment and devices.
This can be done only by experimental investigation, directly
on the observed system or in the adequate licensed high
voltage laboratories.
This paper is dealing with the problems influenced by only
one type of possible overvoltages switching overvoltages,
which are part of internal overvoltages (generated by changes
in the operating conditions of the network). The recent
experimental investigations in the segment of 110 kV
transmission network of the PS of Montenegro is explained in
details, and a part of obtained data is shown, analyzed and
discussed. In addition to the results about switching
overvoltages and their analysis, the risk assessment and the
analysis of the electric breakdown of the insulation of the
observed lines are also performed and discussed.
II. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS AND OBTAINED RESULTS
A. Electric Power System of Montenegro
The present capacity of electric power system (PS) of
Montenegro for generation of electricity is 868 MW, from
what: 658 MW (or 75.6%) in hydro power plants, and 210 (or
24.4%) in thermal power plant. PS consists of: two big hydro
power plants: HPP "Perucica" with P = 307 MW [(5x38) +
(2x58.5)], and HPP "Piva" with P=342 MW (3x114); as well
as 7 very old small hydro power plants, (with total generating
capacity of 9 MW, and average annual production of 21
GWh/yr.), and only one thermal power plant: TPP "Pljevlja"
with P = 1x210 MW. The average annual production from all
power plants is about 3000 GWh/year.
The main characteristic of the consume in PS of
Montenegro is predominant need for constant energy (more
than 60% in normal working regime). The average annual
consumption is about 4000 GWH/year, which means that
0-7803-7967-5/03/$17.00 2003 IEEE
Paper accepted for presentation at 2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference, June 23th-26th, Bologna, Italy

Montenegro has average yearly shortage of electricity of about
30%, with the expressed trend to increase in the future.
Transmission network of PS of Montenegro consists of 24
busbars connected with 50 lines and transformers. The
transmission lines are at three voltage levels: 110 kV, 220 kV
and 380 kV. From total number of circuits (50): 41 are
overhead lines (27 - 110 kV lines with total length of 657 km,
10 - 220 kV lines with total length of 318 km and 4 - 380 kV
lines with total length of 254 km) and the rest 9 are power
transformers (5 - 110/220 kV, 2 - 110/380 kV and 2 - 220/380
kV). In the observed transmission system there are no
underground cables.
B. Experimental Investigations
In the Electric Power Industry of Montenegro (EPCG),
which still has a monopoly in everything connected with
production, transmission and distribution of electricity in
Montenegro, there are no any valuable data about switching
overvoltages in its transmission network. So, the main goals
of this experimental investigation were to collect the data
about possible switching overvoltages in the transmission
network, and to attempt to establish the reasons of their
appearances, as well as to investigate the insulation
coordination in the transmission network and its equipment
and to analyze the risks of possible electric breakdown of the
line's insulation.
The experimental investigations are performed during June
2002. on four 110 kV unloaded transmission overhead lines,
which are a segment of a transmission network of PS of
Montenegro. On each observed lines the fast transient
overvoltages caused by closing or opening (tripping) of the
associated circuit breakers at the beginning, as well as at the
far end of the observed unloaded transmission lines are
measured, recorded and analyzed. So, the eights different
tested configurations have been taken into consideration
(Table I). In Table I the basic parameters of all performed
operations on the observed configurations, as well as the basic
characteristics of chosen samples of overvoltages during both
opening and closing operations are shown. Configurations are
marked with letters A, B, C and D, with the subscript "1" for
the beginning and "2" for the far end of the observed line.
The switching overvoltages are measured and recorded for
all three phases of the observed lines, by using the available
measuring equipment: two-channel digital oscilloscopes
Hawlet Placard 54520A, 500 MHz, and Hitachi VC 7102, 100
MHz; and three-channels 8 bit digital transient recorder PTR-
3, with the synchronous sample selections on all three
channels; by using the capacitive voltage measurement
systems connected on all three phases at the beginning of the
observed 110 kV transmission line, and the needed
transformers, dividers and other equipment. The frequency of
a sample selection was 1MHz.
For better understanding of the performed experimental
investigations, considering the limited available space, only
the basic, very simple scheme that has been used for the
experiments for all observed configurations, is given on the
Fig. 1. It shows only the main concept, equipment and
components used for experiments.
The total number of performed closing and opening
manipulations during this investigation was 102, from which
306 different diagrams have been recorded. For the future
investigation of different configurations and switching
operations 164 characteristic samples of obtained switching
overvoltages are selected, and they are further analyzed and
discussed.
All obtained results are recorded and presented on tables,
graphics and diagrams. For the purpose of the analysis
presented in this paper, only a part of the representative
obtained experimental results is shown on the tables and
diagrams, and then analyzed and discussed.
As a representative sample only the results obtained for one
of the observed lines, transmission line that connect 110 kV
substations between cities Podgorica and Budva, marked as
"Podgorica 1- Budva" (C
1,2
), are shown, described and
analyzed in details.
C. Obtained Results
The observed 110 kV transmission line "Podgorica 1 -
Budva" (marked in Table I with C) has length of 41 km. It has
been opening and closing in unloaded state with the air circuit
breaker in substation (TS) Podgorica and with minimum oil
circuit breaker in substation (TS) Budva. The used circuit
breakers are quite old and domestic production.
A number of different results about the overvoltages that
can appear on the observed line, their behavior, magnitudes,
shapes, durations, polarities, frequencies of occurrence, as
well as about the behavior of circuit breakers in the different
possible situations of their exploitation, orders and angles of
contacts closing, dissipation of circuit breaker poles, and so
on, is recorded and processed.
Five series of opening and closing operations of the
observed unloaded 110 kV transmission line are performed
with the air circuit breaker in the TS "Podgorica 1". For all
circuit breaker operations the transient voltages on all three
phases u
0
, u
4
and u
8
are recorded at the beginning of the line
in TS "Podgorica 1". The recorded transient voltages in per
unit values (p.u.) are given in Table II.

TABLE II
OVERVOLTAGES AT THE BEGINNING OF THE LINE "PODGORICA 1 - BUDVA" IN
TS "PODGORICA 1" CAUSED BY THE OPERATIONS OF THE CIRCUIT BREAKER
IN TS "PODGORICA 1"
Ordi-
nary
No
Circuit breaker
operations
(C-closing;
Maximal values of
switching overvoltages
O-opening) and
time of operation
u
0

(p.u.)
u
4

(p.u.)
u
8

(p.u.)
1. C - 19
47
1,00 1,00 1,02
2. O - 19
52
1,00 1,00 1,00
3. C - 19
54
1,13 1,11 1,00
4. O - 19
58
1,00 1,00 1,00
5. C - 20
02
1,00 1,00 1,02
6. O - 20
06
1,00 1,00 1,00
7. C - 20
11
1,00 1,00 1,05
8. O - 20
23
1,00 1,00 1,00
9. C - 20
26
1,08 1,00 1,00
10. O - 20
31
1,00 1,00 1,00


During the closing operations the highest recorded
transient voltage was 1.13 p.u. The durations of the transient
proceses during those closing operations were very short (only
some ms), and the dissipations of the circuit breakers' poles
were less than 4.5 ms.
It is obvious that after the opening operations with the air
circuit breaker in TS "Podgorica 1" the transient process in all
three phases were very mute, and without any overvoltages.
The appearances of the electric arc reignitions between the air
breakers' contacts were not recorded.
During the same experiments the ten series of opening and
closing operations of the same observed unloaded 110 kV
transmission line is performed with the minimum oil circuit
breaker in TS "Budva". For the all circuit breaker operations
the transient voltages on all three phases u
0
, u
4
and u
8
are
recorded at the end of the line in TS "Podgorica 1". The
recorded transient voltages in per unit values are given in
Table III.
TABLE III
OVERVOLTAGES AT THE END OF THE LINE "PODGORICA 1 - BUDVA" IN TS
"PODGORICA 1" CAUSED BY THE OPERATIONS OF THE CIRCUIT BREAKER IN
TS "BUDVA"


The highest recorded transient voltage during the closing
operations was 1.82 p.u. The durations of the transient
proceses during those opening operations were also very short
(only some ms), and the dissipations of the circuit breaker
poles were less than 5 ms.
During the opening operations of the minimum oil circuit
breaker in TS "Budva", the arc and its reignition between the
circuit contacts were recorded, as well as quite high values of
switching overvoltages. Mostly that were multiple arc
reignitions and restrices. In ten performed opening operations
the arc and its multiple reignitions are recorded eight times.
The highest recorded transient voltage was 2.46 p.u.
From a number of obtained and very interesting results for
the transient voltages on all three phases u
0
, u
4
and u
8
at the
far end of the observed unloaded 110 kV transmission line
"Podgorica 1 - Budva", during the closing and opening
operations with the minimum oil circuit breaker in TS
"Budva", only a part, very characteristic, is given on Fig. 2 to
Fig. 9.


v
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
p
.
u
.
)

time (ms)

Fig. 2. Transient phase voltages u
0
, u
4
i u
8
at the end of the observed
transmission line ("Podgorica 1 - Budva") during the opening of minimum oil
circuit breaker in TS Budva.
Ordi
nary
No
Circuit breaker
operations
(C-closing;
Maximal values of
switching overvoltages
Arc
reign-
ition
O-opening) and
time of operation
u
0

(p.u.)
u
4

(p.u.)
u
8

(p.u.)
(restri-
kes)
1. C 17
12
1,70 1,31 1,10 No
2. O 17
19
2,28 1,50 1,62 Yes
3. C 17
29
1,22 1,78 1,61 No
4. O 17
34
1,00 1,00 1,00 No
5. C 17
37
1,64 1,55 1,00 No
6. O 17
44
1,00 1,00 1,00 No
7. C 17
47
1,38 1,78 1,20 No
8. O 17
54
1,00 1,25 1,20 Yes
9. C 18
01
1,00 1,45 1,61 No
10. O 18
07
1,43 1,96 2,46 Yes
11. C 18
20
1,61 1,82 1,07 No
12. O 18
28
2,22 1,58 1,00 Yes
13. C 18
34
1,06 1,23 1,73 No
14. O 18
43
2,33 1,48 1,60 Yes
15. C 18
50
1,65 1,36 1,05 No
16. O 18
56
1,20 1,00 1,00 Yes
17. C 19
02
1,47 1,65 1,43 No
18. O 19
07
1,50 1,15 1,08 Yes
19. C 19
16
1,06 1,20 1,73 No
20. O 19
29
1,38 1,81 1,17 Yes



v
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
p
.
u
.
)

time (ms)

Fig. 3. Transient phase voltages u
0
, u
4
i u
8
at the end of the observed
transmission line ("Podgorica 1 - Budva") during the opening of minimum oil
circuit breaker in TS Budva.


(file Mem3_011.adf; x-var t) u(t)
0 13 26 52 65
-2.50
-1.74
-0.98
-0.22
0.54
1.30
*10
-3
I0 18:43

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
p
.
u
.
)

39
time (s)

Fig. 4. Transient phase voltage u
0
at the end of the observed transmission line
("Podgorica 1 - Budva") during the opening of minimum oil circuit breaker in
TS Budva.


(file Mem4_011.adf; x-var t) u(t)
0 13 26 39 52 65
-1.10
-0.65
-0.20
0.25
0.70
1.15
1.60
*10
-3
I4 18:43

Fig. 5. Transient phase voltage u
4
at the end of the observed transmission line
("Podgorica 1 - Budva") during the opening of minimum oil circuit breaker in
TS Budva.



(file Mem3_012.a df; x-var t) u(t)
0 13 26 52 65
-1.2500
-0.8417
-0.4333
-0.0250
0.3833
0.7917
1.2000
*10
-3
I0 18:56

39
time (s)
Fig. 6. Transient phase voltage u
0
at the end of the observed transmission line
("Podgorica 1 - Budva") during the opening of minimum oil circuit breaker in
TS Budva.

(file Mem4_012.adf; x-var t) u(t)
0 13 26 39 52 65
-1.10
-0.64
-0.18
0.28
0.74
1.20
*10
-3
I4 18:56

Fig. 7. Transient phase voltage u
4
at the end of the observed transmission line
("Podgorica 1 - Budva") during the opening of minimum oil circuit breaker in
TS Budva.
(file Mem1_010.adf; x-var t) u(t)
10 15 20 25 35 40 45
-1.05
.75
.45
.15
0.15
0.45
0.75
1.05
*10
-3
U0 18:01

30
time (s)
-0
-0
-0
v
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
p
.
u
.
)

Fig. 8. Transient phase voltage u
0
at the end of the observed transmission line
("Podgorica 1 - Budva") during the closure of minimum oil circuit breaker in
TS Budva.

(file Mem2_010.adf; x-var t) u(t)
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
-1.2
-0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
*10
-3
U4 18:01

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
p
.
u
.
)

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
p
.
u
.
)

time (s)

time (s)
Fig. 9. Transient phase voltages u
4
at the end of the observed transmission line
("Podgorica 1 - Budva") during the closure of minimum oil circuit breaker in
TS Budva.

D. Analysis of the Obtained Results
From the obtained diagrams of the transient voltages
during series of experiments with opening and closing
operations of the observed unloaded 110 kV transmission
lines and after their processing and serious and versatile
analysis one can drawn the following conclusions:
v
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
p
.
u
.
)


- The switching overvoltages at the beginning of the
observed unloaded 110 kV transmission line during the
closing operations with the air circuit breaker in the TS
"Podgorica 1" were not significant - the highest recorded
transient voltage was 1.13 p.u. (Table I and Table II).
- From all obtained results one can see that the switching
overvoltages at the far end of the observed unloaded 110 kV
transmission lines during the closing operations were very
close to the overvoltages recorded in the similar transmission
lines in PS of Serbia and Montenegro [1]; the highest recorded
transient voltage was 2.14 p.u. (configuration A2 -Table I).
Those overvoltages depend on the instants of circuit breaker
contacts closure.
v
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
p
.
u
.
)

- The dissipations of closing time of circuit breaker poles
(time between the closure of first and last circuit pole) were in
the accepted limitations (#10 ms).
time (s)
- During the opening operations with pneumatic and SF
6

circuit breakers there were no recorded neither arc nor high
overvoltages.
- The reignitions of arc appearances - arc restrikes (usually
multiple) were recorded during the opening operations of
minimum oil circuit breakers, mainly caused by very low
dielectric strength of used oil. The highest recorded transient
voltage in those cases was 2.46 p.u. (Table I and Table III -
configuration C
2
).
- The dissipations of opening time of circuit breaker poles
(time between the opening of first and last circuit pole) were
in the accepted limitations (#10 ms).
- Obviously, the switching overvoltages were not great at
the beginning, but they could be very high at the far end of the
observed 110 kV transmission lines.

III. ELECTRIC BREAKDOWN RISKS ASSESSMENT
The electric breakdown risk (R) is one of the basic
reliability parameters of the insulation of high voltage
equipment and elements. For the phase line insulation it can
be calculated with the expression [2]:

( )( )( ) [

=

= =
j
n
i j i j i j
d
j
N
i
P P P
N
R
, , 8 , , 4 , , 0
1 1
1 1 1 1
1
]
, (1)

where:
P
0,j,i
, P
4,j,i
,P
8,j,i
- are probabilities of electric breakdown of
insulation constructions of the phases 0, 4 and 8, of j-th
power-line pole during the period that they are exposed to the
overvoltages caused by i-th operation of circuit breaker
opening or closing,
N - number of line closing or opening,
d - number of power-line poles,
n
j
-number of insulation constructions by phase of power-line
pole.
For the analysis of lines reliability, when the electric
breakdown risk (R) is known, the following reliability
parameters are also needed:
- the expected yearly number of breakdowns (flashovers)
in the insulation:
N
b
= N
y
R , (2)

- the mean time between two consecutive electric
flashovers, or failures:
T
b
=
R N N
y b
1 1
= , (3)
where: - N
y
is the number of expected circuit breaker
operations during the year.
Using the known data about the number of insulation
constructions by phases of power-line pole, and the measured
values about maximal switching overvoltages caused by their
circuit breakers' closing and opening operations, the electric
breakdown risks for the observed 110 kV transmission lines
were calculated (Table IV). Mean time intervals between two
consecutive electric breakdowns on the lines are calculated
and given in Table IV, too.
It is evident that reliability of all observed lines, but line
"Podgorica 1 - Budva", is very high, much higher than it is
needed. It was the main reason that this line was chosen for
further detailed analysis and seriously taken into
consideration.

IV. CONCLUSIONS
During the experimental investigations of switching
overvoltages in 110 kV network of PS of Montenegro a
number of very valuable data was measured, processed and
analyzed.
Although a number of different results about the
overvoltages that can appear on the observed lines is recorded
and processed, as a very good representative sample only one
line is observed and analyzed, because the analyzed data about
this line gives very good picture for all other observed lines.
The obtained data could be used as a very valuable
resource for the future analysis of the existing overvoltages,
their behavior, magnitudes, shapes, durations, polarity,
frequency of occurrence, as well as about the behavior of
circuit breakers in the different exploitation possibilities,
orders and angles of contacts closing, dissipation of circuit
breaker poles, control of instants of circuit breakers' poles
opening and closing and so on. They also can be used for the
analysis of the other existing problems and appearances in the
observed PS.
By using the measured data about the maximal values of
switching overvoltages, the electric breakdown risks and mean
time interval between two consecutive electric breakdowns on
the lines could be calculated. Those data allow the reliability
and risk analysis and assessment of the endanger of each
systems element.
The measured, collected and processed experimental data,
together with the available data and theoretical and
experimental research activities published in the literature,
will allow a number of very worth analysis and conclusions
about the present state of the observed part of PS, as well as
for preparation of the recommendations for future work and
possible improvements in transmission network of PS of
Montenegro.
The field experience, the measurements and the performed
analysis could be very interesting for everybody involved in
problems connected with overvoltages and their computer
simulations. The obtained and presented material can be very
useful for testing and validation of old and new computer
models for overvoltages simulations and analysis.

V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of
colleagues from the Electric Power Industry of Montenegro
and Electro Technical Institute "Nikola Tesla" Belgrade, as
well as for their help and support during the experimental
investigations and the work on the original version of this
document.


VI. REFERENCES
[1] Z. Zdravkovic and P. Vukelja, "Switching overvoltages and risk of
flashover on Yugoslav 400 kV transmission lines", IEE Proceedings-C
Vol.139, No.2. March 1992. pp.141-151.
[2] Z. Zdravkovic, P. Vukelja, R. Naumov, M. Vucinic, "Overvoltages
During Switching of 400 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV Circuit Breakers in
High Voltage Networks", IPST '99, Budapest, Hungary, May 1999.
pp.179-185.
[3] International Standard IEC 71-2: Insulation coordination, Part 2:
Application guide, 1996.
[4] H. Schmitt, W. Winter, "Simulation of Lightning Overvoltages in
Electrical Power System", in Proc. International Conference on Power
System Transients - IPST' 01, Rio de Janeiro, 2001.
[5] J. R. Lucas, "Insulation Co-ordination", Transactions of the IEE, vol. 3,
No 1, Colombo, 2001. pp. 167-183.






VII. BIOGRAPHIES
Sreten Skuletic FIEE (M1993, F94) was born
in Niksic, Montenegro, Yugoslavia, on June 24,
1949. He graduated in 1972. from the Faculty of
Electrical Engineering, Podgorica, University of
Belgrade.
Just after the graduation he has got a job with
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, and he is now
Full Professor with University of Montenegro.
He took his MS degree in 1975 and PhD in 1981.
His main research fields of interest are in power
systems, high voltages technique, reliability,
grounding, energy sources...
He is on the rosters of UNIDO, UN DTCD and UNESCO. He is Fellow of
IEE. He has published 142 references.

Predrag Mijajlovic was born in Podgorica,
Montenegro, Yugoslavia, on November 20, 1966.
He graduated from the Faculty of Electrical
Engineering, University of Montenegro. He is
postgraduate student at the same Faculty.
His employment experience included the
Electric Power Industry of Montenegro, where he
is now on the position of leading engineer for
maintenance of power system elements. His
special fields of interest included maintenance of
electric power substations.


































CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPES
Network 110 kV
110 kV 110 kV
110 kV UNLOADED TRANSMISSION OVERHEAD LINES
TS 220/110/35 k V Podgorica 1
HPP Perucica
TS 400/110/35 kV Podgorica 2
TS 110/35 kV Budva
TS 110/35 kV Bar
NETWORK 110 kV
Circuit Breaker
Circuit Breaker




Fig. 1. Basic shame for the experiments for all observed configuration










TABLE I
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLES OF OVERVOLTAGES DURING CLOSING AND OPENING OF OBSERVED 110 KV OVERHEAD LINES



Tested
Configuration
Number of
circuit
breaker
operations
Number of
elements of
overvoltages
sample

Maximal (U
max
) and mean (U
sr
) values of
overvoltages sample at line end
U
max
(p.u.) U
sr
(p.u.)

Number of openings
with an electrical arc
restrikes

Dissipation of
circuit breaker poles

Closing 5 10 1.17 1.06 - A
1
Opening 5 - 1 1 -
< 3 ms
Closing 10 24 2.14 1.53 - A
2
Opening 10 - 1 1 -
< 2 ms
Closing 5 5 1.12 1.08 - B
1

Opening 5 - 1 1 -
< 3.5 ms
Closing 6 9 1.77 1.52 - B
2

Opening 6 - 1 1 -
< 10 ms
Closing 5 6 1.13 1.07 - C
1

Opening 5 - 1 1 -
< 4.5 ms
Closing 10 28 1.82 1.44 - C
2

Opening 10 20 2.46 1.61 8
< 5 ms
Closing 5 12 1.08 1.04 - D
1

Opening 5 - 1 1 -
< 5 ms
Closing 10 29 1.74 1.34 - D
2

Opening 10 21 1.98 1.42 8
< 5 ms






TABLE IV
ELECTRIC BREAKDOWN RISKS ON 110 KV OVERHEAD UNLOADED LINES DURING THEIR CLOSING AND OPENING



110 kV Overhead line

Breakdown Risk
Mean time interval between two consecutive electric
breakdown on the line
(in years)
Closing Opening Closing Opening
"Podgorica 1-Peru}ica II" < 10
-4
0 > 500
"Podgorica 1-Podgorica 2/I" < 10
-4
0 > 500
"Podgorica 1-Budva" < 10
-4
0,00465 > 500 10,7
"Podgorica 1-Bar" < 10
-4
< 10
-4
> 500 > 500