1

Lesson plan Particle theory of matter

States of matter
Lesson 1
Student book pages 89
Objectives

\se ideas aLoul ailicles lo exlain lle Lelavioui ol suLslances in lle
solid, liquid and gas slales
Overview
Tle ailicle lleoiy ol mallei is lundamenlal lo clemisliy. Tle simle
model inlioduced leie, llal all suLslances aie made u ol ailicles, exlains
clanges ol slale and ioeilies sucl as exansion. A moie comlex ailicle
model, involving aloms and Londing, exlains clemical clange. Sludenls
meel llis model lalei in lle couise.
A common misconcelion is llal solids, liquids and gases aie dieienl
lyes ol mallei. !n oidei lo avoid sludenls icling u llis idea, llis couise
emlasises llal any one suLslance loi examle walei can exisl in lliee
slales. Tle ailicles aie lle same in eacl slale. !l is only lle aiiangemenl
and Lelavioui ol lle ailicles llal diei.
Activities

Asl sludenls lo imagine lley lad a Lai ol clocolale. How many ieces
can lley divide il inlo' Could lley cul il inlo smallei and smallei ieces
loi evei' Tell llem llal Gieel lilosoleis wondeied aLoul a queslion
lile llis ovei 2500 yeais ago. Two ol llem Ieucius and Demociilus
llougll llal mallei was divided inlo liny seaiale Lils, will emly sace
Lelween. Tlis is lle ailicle lleoiy ol mallei. !l is a scienlilc model llal
exlains oLseivalions.

Dislay diagiams ol lle ailicle aiiangemenls ol a suLslance in ils lliee
slales. DesciiLe lle Lelavioui ol lle ailicles in eacl slale. !l ossiLle,
slow lle ailicle animalion on web link 1.1.

Practical 1.1: Sludenls examine samles ol suLslances, and decide
wlellei eacl is in ils solid, liquid oi gas slale. Tley considei low lle
ailicle model migll exlain lle ioeilies lley oLseive.

Demonstration 1: Tiy lo comiess samles ol sand, walei and aii in
sealed syiinges. Sludenls use ideas aLoul ailicles lo exlain lleii
oLseivalions. Pail 1 ol worksheet 1.1 suoils llis demonslialion.

Demonstration 2: Tiy lo oen lle melal lid on a ligllly closed jai. Poui lol
walei ovei lle melal lid and slow llal il is now easiei lo oen. Lxlain llal
lle melal las exanded. Tlis laened Lecause lle ailicles viLialed moie,
so laling u moie sace. Tle ailicles llemselves lave nol clanged al all.
Pail 2 ol worksheet 1.1 suoils llis demonslialion.

Discuss low lle ailicle model exlains all lle ioeilies oLseived.
Selecl queslions liom worksheet 1.2 queslions 1 lo 4 lo consolidale
sludenls` leaining liom lle lesson.
Extension
!ndividually oi in aiis, sludenls laclle queslion 5 on worksheet 1.2. Tlis
asls sludenls lo comaie exlanalions aLoul lle slale ol sand, lo cloose lle
Lesl, and lo give ieasons loi lleii cloice.
Homework
Workbook age 4.
Key words
ailicle, slales ol mallei, exands, conliacls
sealed
end
air
sealed
end
water
sealed
end
sand
CD resources

Practical 1.1

Worksheet 1.1

Worksheet 1.2

Web link 1.1

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3 2
Part 1: compression
1 A sludenl iesses lle lungeis on lle syiinges in lle diagiam.
Comlele lle laLle lo desciiLe lis oLseivalions.
\se ideas aLoul ailicles lo exlain lis oLseivalions.
State Observations Explanation using ideas about particles
solid
liquid
gas
Part 2: expansion on heating
2 A sludenl liied lo oen a melal lid on a glass jai. Tle lid wouldn`l oen.
Tle sludenl llen laced lle melal lid in lol walei. Tle lid oened easily.
a) DesciiLe lle clange in Lelavioui ol lle ailicles in lle melal lid
wlen lle lid gels waimei.
L) Lxlain wly llis clange in Lelavioui made il easiei lo oen lle lid.
3 A leaclei usled lle melal Lall lliougl lle iing in lle aaialus Lelow.
Sle lealed lle Lall sliongly. Sle liied lo usl il lliougl lle iing, Lul il
did nol go lliougl.
Diaw a ciicle aiound lle coiiecl woid oi liase in eacl giou ol bold
woids Lelow lo exlain wlal laened.
Wlen lle melal Lall was lealed, lle ailicles viLialed more / less.
Tlis made lle Lall smaller / bigger. Tle iing was nol lealed, so ils size
increased / decreased / stayed the same. Tle Lall could no longei ll
lliougl lle iing.
Extension
4 Tle lleimomelei in lle icluie measuies lle lemeialuie ol lle aii
aiound il.
Wlen lle aii lemeialuie incieases, lle ailicles in lle liquid alcolol gel
sligllly luillei aail.
a) Lxlain wly lle alcolol column iises wlen lle aii lemeialuie
incieases.
L) Piedicl low lle aiiangemenl and Lelavioui ol lle ailicles in liquid
alcolol clange wlen lle aii lemeialuie decieases.
Worksheet 1.1 Particle theory of matter
States of matter
Lesson 1
Objectives

To oLseive samles and decide wlellei eacl is in lle solid, liquid oi gas
slale

To use ideas aLoul ailicles lo exlain lle Lelavioui ol suLslances in lle
solid, liquid and gas slales
You will need:
Samles in sealed conlaineis, selecled liom: walei, liuil juice oi mill, lea,
deleigenl, soa, songe loam, eiasei, exanded olyslyiene, cooling oil,
iece ol iocl, iece ol wood, sand, oui, iice, niliogen, aii.
Safety:
Do nol oen any conlaineis.
Background

All suLslances aie made u ol ailicles.

A suLslance can exisl as a solid, a liquid oi a gas. Tlese aie lle slales ol
mallei.

Tle ioeilies ol a suLslance in ils lliee slales aie:
Q solid lxed slae
Q liquid ows, and lales lle slae ol ils conlainei
Q gas ows, sieads oul, and lales lle slae ol ils conlainei

Tle ailicle lleoiy exlains lle Lelavioui ol a suLslance in ils lliee slales.
Preparation
Diaw a laLle loi youi iesulls, lile llis one. Male il lll a wlole age.
Procedure
1 Iool caielully al a samle. !l you wisl, li lle conlainei. Do nol lale
lle lid o.
2 Decide wlellei lle samle is a solid, liquid oi gas.
3 Comlele lle lisl line ol youi laLle.
4 Reeal sles 13 loi lle ollei samles.
Questions
1 Cloose one solid samle. DesciiLe ils ioeilies. \se ideas aLoul
ailicles, and diaw a diagiam, lo exlain wly lle samle las llese
ioeilies.
2 Cloose one liquid samle. DesciiLe ils ioeilies. \se ideas aLoul
ailicles, and diaw a diagiam, lo exlain wly lle samle las llese
ioeilies.
3 Cloose one gas samle. DesciiLe ils ioeilies. \se ideas aLoul ailicles,
and diaw a diagiam, lo exlain wly lle samle las llese ioeilies.
4 ame one samle llal migll escae il you oened ils conlainei.
\se ideas aLoul ailicles lo exlain wly lle samle would escae.
5 Wlicl samles could you lold in youi land' Give lle slales ol llese
samles. \se ideas aLoul ailicles lo exlain wly you can lold llese
samles in youi land.
6 !ce is walei in lle solid slale. Suggesl low lle ailicles will clange wlen
ice Lecomes liquid walei.
Practical 1.1 Particle theory of matter
States of matter
Lesson 1
ame ol samle !s il in lle solid, liquid
oi gas slale'
Wly ! made llis decision.
(Wiile aLoul lle ioeilies ol lle samle)
sealed
end
air
sealed
end
water
sealed
end
sand
4
2
4
0
4
1
3
8
3
9
3
6
3
7
3
5

C
alcohol and dye
5 4
Lesson plan The pH scale and indicators Worksheet 1.2 Particle theory of matter
States of matter
Lesson 1
Material changes
Lesson 2
1 Comlele lle laLle lo summaiise lle ioeilies ol a suLslance in ils
solid, liquid and gas slales.
State In this state,
does the
substance have a
xed shape?
In this state, can
the substance
ow?
In this state,
does the
substance spread
out to ll its
container?
solid
liquid
gas
2 Diaw diagiams lo slow lle aiiangemenl ol ailicles in a suLslance in
ils solid, liquid and gas slales. DesciiLe lle Lelavioui ol lle ailicles in
eacl slale.
Diagram Behaviour of particles
solid
liquid
gas
3 \se ideas aLoul ailicles lo exlain:
a) Wly liquid cooling oil ows.
L) Wly a iece ol iocl las a lxed slae.
c) Wly niliogen gas llls ils wlole conlainei.
4 !magine a iece ol cale. !s il in lle solid, liquid oi gas slale, oi a mixluie
ol one oi moie ol llese' Give ieasons lo exlain youi answei.
Extension
5 Read lle exlanalions llal loui sludenls wiole aLoul sand. Ranl lle
exlanalions liom 1 lo 4, wleie 1 is lle Lesl exlanalion and 4 is lle
woisl. Give ieasons lo exlain youi answei.
Student Explanation Rank Reasoning
Ganila ! llinl llal
sand is a solid
Lecause ! can
lold il.
Halz Sand is a gas
Lecause il can
siead oul.
!la Sand is a liquid
Lecause you can
oui il liom
one conlainei
lo anollei.
1agad Lven llougl
sand can ow,
lle individual
giains ol sand
cannol ow.
Tlis means llal
sand is a solid.
Student book pages 4445
Objectives

Know lle H ol acidic, allaline and neulial solulions

\se indicalois lo measuie H

Considei lle suilaLilily ol aaialus
Overview
Tlis lesson Luilds on Material changes lesson 1. !l Legins Ly encouiaging
sludenls lo see lle need loi dislinguisling Lelween acids and allalis.
Sludenls llen male lleii own indicaloi and leain aLoul lle H scale.
Tle lisl ail ol lle lesson is an ooilunily lo counlei lle common
misconcelion llal only acidic solulions aie coiiosive. Tlis ail ol lle lesson
also ieinloices lle ideas llal acids lasle soui and allaline solulions leel soay.
Tle main aclivilies ol lle lesson, conceining indicalois, counlei a commonly
leld Leliel llal lle only lesl loi an acid is lo see il il 'eals somelling away`.
Activities

Dislay a Lollle conlaining a colouiless solulion. Asl sludenls lo discuss
low lley could lnd oul wlellei lle solulion is acidic, allaline oi neillei.
Could lley diinl il' Pul il on lleii slin' Dislay a second, idenlical,
Lollle will a coiiosive lazaid laLel. Does llis lel llem lo male a
decision' Poinl oul llal none ol lle suggeslions aLove is a good idea lle
lisl lwo aie iisly, and Loll acidic and allaline solulions can Le coiiosive.
A mellod ol dislinguisling acidic and allaline solulions is needed.

Demonstration: !nlioduce lle idea ol an indicaloi Ly dioing dilule
lydioclloiic acid, dilule sodium lydioxide and uie walei onlo ied and
Llue lilmus aei. Red lilmus luins Llue in lle iesence ol an allali and
acids luin Llue lilmus ied. Solulions llal aie neillei acidic noi allaline
(neulial solulions) do nol clange lle coloui ol lilmus.

Practical 19.1: Sludenls lollow lle insliuclions lo male eillei liLiscus
owei oi ied caLLage indicaloi. Tley caliLiale lle indicaloi Ly
discoveiing ils colouis in acidic, allaline and neulial solulions. Tlen,
lley use lle indicaloi lo lnd oul wlellei an unlnown solulion is acidic,
allaline, oi neulial. !l you wisl, sludenls could male indicaloi aei,
and use il loi lle olional lomewoil aclivily Lelow.

Worksheet 19.1 ieinloices leaining in lle lesson so lai. !l also gels
sludenls lo considei aaialus cloices.

Demonstration: !nlioduce univeisal indicaloi as a solulion wlose coloui
clanges accoiding lo low acidic oi allaline a solulion is. \se lle H
scale on Student book p4445 lo inlioduce H. Worksheet 19.2 suoils
leaining in llis aiea.
Extension
\se Student book p4445 lo inlioduce lle idea ol concenlialed and dilule
solulions.
Homework
Workbook age 19.
Optional sludenls use lle indicaloi aei made in practical 19.1 lo lesl
lle H ol solulions al lome. Solulions could include lea, liuil juice, soay
walei, sally walei and diinling walei.
Key words
univeisal indicaloi, lilmus indicaloi, dilule, concenlialed
CD resources

Practical 19.1

Worksheet 19.1

Worksheet 19.2
7 6
Indicators
Material changes
Lesson 2
Objectives

To male an indicaloi liom lanl maleiial

To lnd oul lle colouis ol lle indicaloi in acidic, allaline and neulial solulions

To use lle indicaloi lo lesl an unlnown solulion
You will need:

HiLiscus elals oi cloed ied
caLLage leaves, aLoul 20 g

Clean sand, aLoul 3 g

Ta walei

Samles ol acidic, allaline and
neulial solulions

Peslle and moilai

Bealei

!illei lunnel and lllei aei

4 lesl luLes in a lesl luLe iacl

Dioing ielle

Olional: 5 sliis ol lllei aei

!l maling ied caLLage indicaloi:
Bunsen Luinei oi similai, liiod
and gauze
Safety:
Weai eye ioleclion.
Do nol allow solulions lo slasl youi slin.
Do nol loucl lol aaialus.
Background

You can use an indicaloi lo dislinguisl Lelween acidic and allaline
solulions.

An indicaloi clanges coloui accoiding lo low acidic oi allaline a
solulion is.

!n llis iaclical you will male an indicaloi liom liLiscus oweis oi ied
caLLage leaves. You will lnd oul ils colouis in acidic, allaline and neulial
solulions. You will use youi indicaloi lo lesl an unlnown solulion.
Preparation
Diaw a laLle loi youi iesulls, lile llis one.
Procedure
1 Place lle liLiscus elals oi ied caLLage in lle moilai. Add lle sand.
2 Giind lle mixluie will lle eslle.
3 Add aLoul 10 cm
3
la walei.
4 !l you aie maling ied caLLage indicaloi, lianslei lle mixluie lo a Lealei.
Heal lle mixluie unlil il Loils. Conlinue lealing unlil lle coloui slails
lo come oul ol lle caLLage. !l you aie maling liLiscus indicaloi, you do
nol need lo leal lle mixluie.
5 !illei lle mixluie. Collecl lle solulion in a Lealei.
6 Poui aLoul 5 cm
3
ol acid inlo a lesl luLe. \se a ielle lo lale a lew
dios ol indicaloi liom lle Lealei. Add lle indicaloi lo lle acid in lle
lesl luLe. Recoid lle coloui ol lle mixluie.
7 Reeal sle 5 loi lle allaline and neulial solulions.
8 Reeal sle 5 loi lle unlnown solulion. Decide wlellei il is acidic,
allaline oi neulial.
9 !l youi leaclei asls you lo, use lle ielle lo lace a lew dios ol liquid
onlo lle sliis ol lllei aei. Allow lo diy. Tlis indicaloi aei is lo lesl
solulions al lome.
Practical 19.1 Making an indicator
Material changes
Lesson 2
Worksheet 19.1
1 A sludenl laces dios ol acidic, allaline and neulial solulions on lilmus
aei, as slown Lelow.
On eacl iece ol lilmus aei, coloui lle dio lo slow lle new coloui.
2 A sludenl males ied caLLage indicaloi. He adds il lo acidic, allaline,
neulial and unlnown solulions, as slown lo lle lell.
a) Wlal conclusion can you male aLoul lle unlnown solulion'
L) DesciiLe a lesl you could do lo inciease youi conldence in llis
conclusion.
Slale wlal maleiials you would need, and wlal you would execl lo
see il youi conclusion is coiiecl.

3 A sludenl las a solulion. He wanls lo lnd oul il il is acidic, allaline oi
neulial. He las lliee ideas.
a) !oi eacl idea, suggesl wlal lle sludenl migll lnd oul il le did eacl
lesl.
L) !denlily lwo ideas llal lle sludenl musl nol lesl, and exlain wly.
4 A sludenl wanls lo males liLiscus indicaloi and lesl il will acidic,
allaline and neulial solulions. Sle las lle aaialus Lelow.
a) Give lle name ol eacl iece ol aaialus.
L) Suggesl low lle sludenl could use eacl iece ol aaialus.
Extension
5 Coy lle laLle Lelow and wiile youi answei lo llis queslion in lle laLle.
A sludenl wanls lo male an indicaloi al lome.
a) Suggesl an alleinalive lo eacl iece ol aaialus in queslion 4 llal
lle sludenl migll lave al lome.
L) Slale wlellei eacl alleinalive is moie suilaLle, less suilaLle, oi equally
suilaLle lo lle aaialus in queslion 4. Give a ieason loi eacl cloice.
Laboratory apparatus Home apparatus Is the home apparatus
more suitable, less
suitable, or equally
suitable. Why?
acid UHGOLWPXVSDSHU
acid EOXHOLWPXVSDSHU
alkali UHGOLWPXVSDSHU
QHXWUDOVROXWLRQ EOXHOLWPXVSDSHU
acid
SLQN alkali
JUHHQ
QHXWUDO
EOXH
EOXH
0D\EH,VKRXOG
taste it?
6KDOO,SRXUVRPH
RQP\KDQG"
I wonder
if there was a hazard
label on the bottle?
Solution Colour
acid
allali
neulial
unlnown
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8
1 Coy and comlele lle laLle using lle liases in lle Lox.
moie llan less llan equal lo
Type of solution pH
acidic ____________ 7
allaline ____________ 7
neulial ____________ 7
2 A sludenl measuied lle H ol some solulions.
He used lle !nleinel lo lnd oul lle H ol some ollei solulions.
He wiole lle dala in lle laLle Lelow.
Solution pH Is the solution acidic,
alkaline or neutral?
Llood 7.4
uie walei 7.0
seawalei 7.6
Laling soda solulion 8.0
Llacl coee 5.0
lemon juice 2.0
vinegai 3.0
lydioclloiic acid 1.0
a) Comlele lle laLle lo slow wlellei eacl solulion is acidic, allaline
oi neulial.
L) Iisl lle suLslances in lle laLle in oidei ol decieasing acidily (mosl
acidic lisl).
c) Tle clail Lelow slows lle colouis ol univeisal indicaloi in solulions
ol dieienl H.
acidic QHXWUDO alkaline
FRORXURI
indicator
red RUDQJH yellow JUHHQ EOXH GDUNEOXH SXUSOH
\se lle clail and lle dala in lle laLle lo iedicl lle coloui ol
univeisal indicaloi in lle solulions Lelow.
i) Puie walei
ii) Baling soda solulion
iii) Vinegai
iv) Hydioclloiic acid
d) You cannol use univeisal indicaloi solulion lo lnd lle H ol Llood.
Suggesl wly.
e) Suggesl one ollei suLslance in lle laLle wlose H you cannol lnd
using univeisal indicaloi.
Extension
3 Tle asls in lle icluie eacl conlain 400 cm
3
ol olassium lydioxide
solulion.
Tle lwo solulions aie ol dieienl concenlialions.
a) Wlicl solulion is moie concenlialed'
L) Wlicl asl conlains moie walei'
c) Wlicl solulion is less dilule'
d) !n wlicl asl does lle allali lave a liglei concenlialion'
Worksheet 19.2 The pH scale
Material changes
Lesson 2
500
400
300
200
500
400
300
200
Flask A Flask B
JSRWDVVLXPK\GR[LGH
dissolved in water
JSRWDVVLXP
K\UGR[LGH
dissolved in
water