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Siemens Protection Devices Ltd.

,
PO Box No. 8, Hebburn, Tyne & Wear,
NE31 1TZ, England


Technical application notes and selection of Tripping Relays:



Introduction.

DC relays associated with a tripping function (Trip Relays) are generally used within
the protection scheme to either:

1. Co-ordinate the tripping outputs of several protection devices
2. Multiply the number of available contacts
3. Increase the contract rating
4. Act as a Sacrificial relay between the protection and circuit breaker

Type 7PG15/TR relays are a range of multi-contact attracted armature all or nothing
relays designed to both IEC 255-5 and to BS142. A wide range of models are
available to meet the requirements of the electric supply industry.

They have a high speed, positive action and are of robust design for a long, reliable
service life.




Figure 1 Typical DC Tripping Scheme Single pole switched.



N.B.
The circuit shown is typical for a latched trip relay. Reset connections not shown.




Siemens Protection Devices Ltd.,
PO Box No. 8, Hebburn, Tyne & Wear,
NE31 1TZ, England


Figure 2 Typical DC Tripping Scheme - Double pole switched.



N.B.
The circuit shown is typical for a latched trip relay. Reset connections not shown.



Low Burden TR1 series.

Type TR1 relays are suitable for application for tripping and auxiliary duties where
immunity to capacitance discharge is not required or the circuit is designed in such a
way the relay operation is not effected by such currents.

Low burden relays are generally installed where the wiring from the initiating contact
is local to the trip relay and therefore not subject to capacitive discharge currents that
could cause incorrect operation. Alternatively the scheme can be designed using an
initiating contact in both the positive and negative circuit (double pole switched),
figure 2 of the trip relay coil.

These relays are not intended for use with current operated series follower relays.


High Burden TR2 series.

Type TR2 relays have a high burden (relative to TR1) and thus have immunity to
capacitance discharge currents which can arise due to earth faults on DC battery
systems. A high burden also provides reliable operation of current operated series flag
or repeat elements (such as type FR).




Siemens Protection Devices Ltd.,
PO Box No. 8, Hebburn, Tyne & Wear,
NE31 1TZ, England

Application.

Trip Relays are required to meet a number of criteria for correct, reliable operation
and to exhibit immunity to both induced voltages and maloperation when earth faults
are present within the DC supply system.

The type TR1xx / 7PG15 relay is designed to meet or exceed the requirements of the
UK standard EATS 48-4 category EB1
.
The type TR2xx / 7PG15 relay is designed to meet or exceed the requirements of the
UK standard EATS 48-4 category EB2.

This standard defines the required performance to be met by relays when used as
tripping relays.





Voltage levels.

The specified minimum operating voltage for EATS 48-4 category EB1 and EB2
relays is 50% of the Battery Nominal Working Voltage. This is in line with associated
standards for circuit breaker trip coils, which traditionally must also operate at 50% of
nominal volts.

The 50% voltage level has been chosen to ensure correct operation of the tripping
systems even when there is a loss of charger supply for considerable periods.

As the relay is guaranteed to operate at 50%of nominal volts, it is designed and set
to operate at an even lower level.
This guarantees correct operation at 50 % voltage, and allows for manufacturing
tolerance on devices.
Consequently it will be found that relays will operate below 50% of rated voltage,
this is normal and correct.















Siemens Protection Devices Ltd.,
PO Box No. 8, Hebburn, Tyne & Wear,
NE31 1TZ, England
Earth Leakage currents.

EATS 48-4 specifies a minimumoperating current below which a relay must not
operate. This is designed to provide immunity to Earth Leakage currents expected in
service conditions.

Category EB1:
For 30 & 48V DC relays, the specified minimum operating current is 10mA.
For 125V DC relays, the specified minimum operating current is 25mA.

Category EB2:
For 30 & 48V DC relays, the specified minimum operating current is 20mA.
For 125V DC relays, the specified minimum operating current is 50mA.

Example:
Consider the application of an earth fault to the wiring between a protection device
output contact and the trip relay coil:
As the 125V battery is centre point earthed, the maximum applied voltage will be
62.5V.

Typically a battery earthing resistor is of 6000 Ohm (or greater) resistance.

In the worst case (neglecting the effect of wiring and relay coil resistance), the
maximum earth fault current which can flow is (62.5/6000) 10.4 mA.

This exceeds the minimum operating current of an EB1 class relay, which would tend
to maloperate. However, this is less than 21% of the minimum current required to
operate an EB2 class relay.

I n this case an EB2 class relay will not operate for an earth fault, an EB1 class
relay will operate.





Capacitive Discharge currents.

In general, D.C. relays with low minimum operating current and high operating
speeds are liable to be operated by capacitance currents. Capacitance currents may
flow through the relay coil circuit if, for example, an earth fault occurs on the D.C.
circuits associated with the relay. Relays are less liable to maloperation if they:

1) Have both sides of their coils switched.
2) Have no external wiring associated with them. For example, where the relays
are directly mounted on metal-enclosed switchgear or where all the wiring
connected to the coils of the devices is confined to within the relay room and
is not taken directly to any external device.


Siemens Protection Devices Ltd.,
PO Box No. 8, Hebburn, Tyne & Wear,
NE31 1TZ, England
Unless these conditions apply or additional precautions are taken, the relays should be
regarded as being at risk of a maloperation due to a capacitive discharge resulting
from an earth fault.

Under healthy conditions, the supply wiring will carry a capacitive charge to earth,
maintained by the battery voltage.

EATS 48-4 specifies a capacitance discharge test to ensure that relays remain stable in
the event of an earth fault causing the energy (stored in the cable / earth capacitance )
to discharge through the relay coil and associated components.

This test requires an EB2 relay to withstand the discharge of a capacitor (10
microfarad, charged to 150V DC) without operating.

This value of capacitance is greater than that seen in real applications; the energy
applied to the relay under test is therefore greater than that experienced in use.

TR2xx / 7PG15 series relays have all been tested as above.
No operation took place, therefore they have passed this test.

Where relays are at risk of a maloperation due to a capacitive discharge, category EB2
/ High Burden devices provide the highest immunity and should be used.


Trip relay timing measurement

Background:

SPDL Tripping Relays operate in a maximum time of 10ms.
The time being measured from relay initiation on full supply voltage until first closure
of the tripping contact.

Fundamentally, there are two measurements which may be taken from such a relay:
"First Touch" - the time taken for the first make of the output contacts of the relay.
"Fully Home" - the time taken for the relay to operate, close its output contacts fully
and all related contact wipe/bounce to cease.

SPDL published operating times are "First Touch" times.
The use of First Touch time is specified by IEC 61810, BS142 & DIN41215, which
are the applicable standards for these devices.

It has been proposed that the Trip Relay should be Fully Home within 10ms; it was
suggested that the contact wipe/bounce seen on these devices can cause a significant
delay to Circuit Breaker tripping.

This is not the case; in practice, much of the measured contact bounce is created by
varying resistance as the contacts wipe against each other. This characteristic of

Siemens Protection Devices Ltd.,
PO Box No. 8, Hebburn, Tyne & Wear,
NE31 1TZ, England
contact operation is not detrimental to contact performance in normal operation,
actual contact separation being limited to extremely small transients.

CB tripping circuits will operate from voltages over 24V DC and the contacts initiate
relays/coils with sufficient burden and inductance that, once the circuit has made, any
minor contact variations do not interrupt the circuit. Current continues to flow whilst
the contacts wipe/bounce against each other. This further supports the standard
specification of first touch as the correct point for timing.

Evaluation testing suggests the maximumdelay to a tripping circuit, due to contact
wipe/bounce will be in the order of 2ms.

Testing:

Many commercially available site test sets/timers do not perform a true "First Touch"
time measurement. The timer response to contact wipe/bounce is usually not
published or defined, and the extent to which the results are affected is not readily
predicted. Therefore the times recorded by this equipment will not be "First Touch" or
"Fully Home", but an undefined measure of the timers reaction to the relay contact
characteristics.

For trip relay timing a true first touch timer must be used, otherwise acceptable test
limits must be revised to allow for the incorrect readings of the test equipment.

In modern test equipment, the voltages used are often not sufficient to provide a
wetting voltage that would maintain the circuit whilst the contacts are wiping.
SPDL recommend a minimum of 24V DC as a wetting voltage, based upon the
contact materials used.

When used on otherwise unburdened contacts, commercial timing test sets are likely
to measure the operating times of all trip relays as slower than design, but the
characteristics of contact make & wipe on SPDL TR relays makes them prone to the
measured time being outside of acceptable limits.

Whilst this is indicative of how electronic circuits might see a closing contact, it is not
representative of how tripping circuits operate.

The true tripping time can only be measured when contacts are performing tripping
duty.












Siemens Protection Devices Ltd.,
PO Box No. 8, Hebburn, Tyne & Wear,
NE31 1TZ, England
Contact Resistance Measurement.

In order to correctly measure the contact resistance of any electromechanical relay the
following method must be adopted:

An external power supply of at least 24 Volts and a series resistor should be used to
pass a measured current through each contact pair, the resistance is to be calculated
from the applied voltage and current.

A multimeter cannot be relied upon to indicate the contact state correctly due to the
minimum wetting voltage required by the contact tip material. As the multimeter
battery is 9 volts or less, any measured resistance values will be unreliable, incorrect
and too high in value.



Conclusion.

TR2xx / 7PG15 relays are compliant with EATS 48-4, and are immune to
maloperation due to earth leakage currents. The low pickup voltage does not make the
relay prone to maloperation by earth fault current. The limiting factors are the battery
earthing resistor and the minimum operating current. In practice the immunity to
maloperation is further increased by the resistance of the relay coil, site wiring and the
use of a higher value battery earthing resistor.

Maloperation due to capacitance discharge is not possible as the TR2xx / 7PG15
devices have all passed the required capacitance discharge test at energy levels greater
than those seen in practice.

Relay operating times, when measured correctly, will be less than 10ms. The correct
test equipment and test method must be used as discussed above.





M. Holden
PLM & Senior Applications
Engineer,
Siemens Protection Devices Ltd.
09-01-2013

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