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This document describes the key components and processes involved in simplified television systems. It discusses camera tubes like vidicons and CCD cameras, and how they capture light information from scenes. It also explains the fundamentals of scanning, including how detail and bandwidth are related. Additional topics covered include aspects of TV terminology, interlaced scanning, test cards, resolution calculations, the transmitted TV signal structure, receiver block diagrams, tuning techniques like stagger tuning, and key video and deflection circuit components. The figures provided serve to illustrate these various technical topics at a high level.
This document describes the key components and processes involved in simplified television systems. It discusses camera tubes like vidicons and CCD cameras, and how they capture light information from scenes. It also explains the fundamentals of scanning, including how detail and bandwidth are related. Additional topics covered include aspects of TV terminology, interlaced scanning, test cards, resolution calculations, the transmitted TV signal structure, receiver block diagrams, tuning techniques like stagger tuning, and key video and deflection circuit components. The figures provided serve to illustrate these various technical topics at a high level.
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This document describes the key components and processes involved in simplified television systems. It discusses camera tubes like vidicons and CCD cameras, and how they capture light information from scenes. It also explains the fundamentals of scanning, including how detail and bandwidth are related. Additional topics covered include aspects of TV terminology, interlaced scanning, test cards, resolution calculations, the transmitted TV signal structure, receiver block diagrams, tuning techniques like stagger tuning, and key video and deflection circuit components. The figures provided serve to illustrate these various technical topics at a high level.
Авторское право:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Доступные форматы
Скачайте в формате PPS, PDF, TXT или читайте онлайн в Scribd
firing electrons at each of the pixels in the mosaic. • If light is striking that pixel, the photoresistive layer conducts and the pixel discharges into the conductive film, producing a voltage output across R. CCD Camera
• 2D array of photosensitive cells,
with data serially shifted out using bucket brigade shift register Simplified scanning representation. Scanning
• Note that the more detail there is in the
scene, the faster the signal will change and the greater the bandwidth of the signal. • The worst possible case is checked patterns eg. Checked patterns on peoples clothes, which can cause particular problems with colour TVs (see later). Scanning • With camera scanning, you can get difference frequency and aliasing effects where frequencies in the scene combine with the vertical scanning frequency to give sum and difference frequencies. • Examples:- Computer monitors (60Hz or 72Hz gives 10 Hz or 22 Hz difference frequency resulting in terrible flicker). Wheels on cars and wagons seem to stop (aliasing) TV Terminology
• Aspect ratio: The ratio of frame width to
frame height, usually 4:3 for TV although higher for widescreen and cinema. • Synchronisation: The matching of the camera scanning with the TV scanning. • Horizontal Retrace: Time taken for the electron beam to move back from the right to the left at the start of a new line. TV Terminology • Vertical retrace: Time taken to move from the bottom right to the top left at the start of a new frame. Loses about 40 lines on most TVs (these “lost” lines can be used to send teletext and other information on modern TVs) • Persistence: Length of time the image stays on the screen after the electrical signal is moved (too low gives flicker, too high gives motion blurring) TV Terminology • Frame frequency: number of times per second a frame is scanned (60 US, 50 UK, the same as the mains frequencies. • Flicker: perceived flashing of the image due to insufficient frame frequency or persistence. • Interlaced scanning: sending two interleaved fields with half the number of horizontal lines to reduce flicker without increasing data rate Interlaced scanning. Horizontal sync pulses. Vertical retrace interval video signal. BBC Testcard A - first testcard to be broadcast ITA testcard for measuring multipath ‘ghosting’ TV picture resolution
Effective vertical resolution = 0.7 x no. of
horizontal lines, giving approximately 339 pixels. Horizontal resolution is limited by signal bandwidth. Each line lasts 63 µ s with 10 µ s for the blanking period leaving 53 µ s. Effective horizontal resolution is 4x106x53x10- 6 x2=428. The horizontal:vertical pixel ratio is close to the Transmitted TV signal. TV receiver block diagram. VHF/UHF tuner block diagram. Stagger tuning.
For a television signal, the requirement is not how to
get a narrow high Q filter so much as how to get a relatively wide bandwidth filter which is reasonably flat in the passband but still has sharp falloff at the band edges.
The answer is to use several narrowband filters in
cascade with slightly different center frequencies. Stagger tuning. SAW filter. Ideal IF response curve. Wavetraps (notch filters)
• It is possible for stray carriers or
their harmonics to mix together and result in narrowband interference signals in some part of the desired signal. • These can be removed by wave- traps (notch filters). Wavetraps. Video section block diagram. Sync separator. Horizontal deflection block diagram. I HAVE TRIED TO SUMMARIZE THE WHOLE TV(RECEIVER)