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Illegal Drug Business

Intro
The illegal drug business is a global black market consisting of the cultivation,
manufacture, distribution and sale of illegal drugs. While some drugs are legal to
possess and sell, in most jurisdictions laws prohibit the trade of certain types of drug.
The illegal drug business operates similarly to other underground markets. Various drug
cartels specialize in the separate processes along the supply chain, often localized to
maximize production efficiency. Depending on the profitability of each layer, cartels may
vary in size, consistency, and organization. The chain ranges from low-level street
dealers who may be individual drug users themselves, through ethnicity-based street
gangs and contractor-like middlemen, up to multinational empires that rival
governments in size.
Illegal drugs may be grown in wilderness areas, on farms, produced in indoor or outdoor
residential gardens or indoor hydroponic grow-ops, or manufactured in drug labs
located anywhere from a residential basement to an abandoned facility. The common
characteristic binding these production locations is that they are discrete to avoid
detection, and thus they may be located in any ordinary setting without raising notice.
Much illegal drug cultivation and manufacture takes place in developing nations,
although production also occurs in the developed world.
In locales where the drug trade is illegal, police departments as well as courts and
prisons may expend significant resources in pursuing drug-related crime. Additionally,
through the influence of a number of black market players, corruption is a problem,
especially in poorer societies.
Consumption of illegal drugs is widespread globally. While consumers avoid taxation by
buying on the black market, the high costs involved in protecting trade routes from law
enforcement lead to vastly inflated prices.
Additionally, various laws criminalize certain kinds of trade of drugs that are otherwise
legal (for example, untaxed cigarettes). In these cases, the drugs are often
manufactured and partially distributed by the normal legal channels, and diverted at
some point into illegal channels.
Finally, many governments restrict the production and sale of large classes of drugs
through prescription systems.

Origins
In jurisdictions where legislation restricts or prohibits the possession or sale of drugs,
most commonly psychoactive drugs, potential drug buyers and sellers are unable to
transact in the open. Only illegal drug trade remains an option, and when such trade
occurs a black market is created.
Since the drug transaction itself is illegal, any participants in the trade are by definition
criminal. With no significant additional cost to being convicted of drug charges, previous
convicts hold a competitive advantage in providing illegal drug products.
History

1921 photograph of Chinese Maritime Officers with 300lbs of smuggled morphine
shipped in cylinders of soda sulphate from Japan.
The Illegal drug business has existed for as long as the drugs themselves have existed.
However, the trade of drugs was fully legal until the introduction of drug prohibition. The
history of the illegal drug business is thus closely tied to the history of drug prohibition.
In the First Opium War, Great Britain attempted to force China to allow British
merchants to trade in opium with the general population of China. Although illegal by
imperial decree, smoking opium was common in the 1800s and was believed to cure
many health problems.
Additional History
Illegal drugs trade: Evolution of Drug Markets and Variable Characteristics of
Suppliers
Notwithstanding the large number of illegal drug users worldwide and themagnitude of
the world drug economy, the illegal drug trade is a relatively new phenomenon. In fact,
only in the last three decades of the 20th century did it assume mass proportions. Until
about the beginning of the 20th century, all psychoactivedrugs could be freely produced
and consumed not only in Asia and Latin America, but also in Western countries. The
production, trade, and consumption of opium, coca, and their derivatives began to be
severely regulated and then largely prohibited (except for limited medical purposes) only
after the first International Opium Convention was concluded in The Hague in 1912. The
new international drug control regime, whose enforcement was entrusted after World
War I to the League of Nations and after World War II to the United Nations, seemed
quite successful at first. During the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s the consumption of all
prohibited substances rapidly declined in the United States, Europe, and many Asian
nations (scholars debate the extent to which the interwar decline is attributable to
increasing prohibition rather than other factors, above all, changing medical and public
attitudes toward drugs; see Courtwright 2001; Berridge 1999). Under pressure from the
United States, cannabis trade and possession were also increasingly restricted and,
finally, subjected to the international drug control regime in the early 1960s.
From the 1960s onward, the demand for heroin, cocaine, and cannabis rose again, first
in the United States and then in Western Europe. At the end of the 20th century, it also
grew in the second (former communist) and third-world countries.The postwar
expansion of illicit drug usewas caused by contingent events such as the Vietnam War,
which brought thousands of young American soldiers into contact with heroin and
macrosocial changes. Among the latter, two aremost important: (1) the rise of a youth
mass subculture, which resorted to illegal psychoactive substances to distinguish itself
from the mainstreamculture, and (2) technological progress, which made
communication, travel, and trade in both legal and illegal commodities easier and faster.
From the 1960s onward, the rising demand for illicit drugs fostered the development of
drug distribution systems able to transfer drugs fromproducers to consumers. In the
beginning, illegal drugs were imported by the consumers themselves, who used some
of themand sold the restwithin a close circle of friends. Itwas a sort of ants trafficking.
Soon, however, in both the United States and Western Europe the professional role of
the drug dealer began to consolidate. In a few years, the development of a large-scale
drugmarket fostered the progressive entry of professional criminals into the drug
business.
In source countries,where the state authorities are often unable or unwilling to enforce
the international prohibition regime, large organizations have sometimes emerged to
coordinate opium poppy and coca cultivation and to process heroin and cocaine. In
northern Burma, for example, the refinement and export of heroin were first organized
by the nationalist Chinese Kuomintang Army and,more recently, by several armies
representing local ethnicminorities. Much of the coca cultivation in Colombia also takes
place in the inland areas controlled by guerrilla and paramilitary movements, particularly
the FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia). In developed countries,
the constraints deriving from the illegal status of the drugs have so far prevented the
consolidation of large-scale, hierarchically organized drug-trafficking enterprises. These
constraints arise from two facts: all illegal market actors particularly drug traffickers and
dealers are obliged to operate (1) without the state and (2) against the state.
Since the goods and services they provide are prohibited, illegal market suppliers
operate without the state; they cannot resort to state institutions to enforce contracts
and have the violations of contracts prosecuted. As a result, property rights are poorly
protected, employment contracts can hardly be formalized, and the development of
large, formally organized, enduring companies is strongly discouraged.
All suppliers of illegal commodities specifically drugs are also required to operate
against the state, that is, under the constant threat of being arrested and having their
assets confiscated by law enforcement institutions. They therefore try to organize their
activities to assure that the risk of police detection is minimized. Incorporating drug
transactions into kinship and friendship networks and reducing the number of customers
and employees are two of the strategies that drug entrepreneurs most often employ to
reduce their vulnerability to law enforcement efforts (Reuter 1985).
Empirical research confirms these insights. In Europe and North America, the great
majority of drug deals, even those involving large quantities, are carried out by
numerous, relatively small, and often ephemeral enterprises. Especially at the
intermediate and lower levels, many dealers work alone, either to finance their own drug
habits or,more rarely, to earn fast money. Many drug distributors are members of ethnic
minorities who either exploit direct connections to source countries or are pushed into
dealing by lack of rewarding alternatives in the legitimate economy. At the retail level
and in closed settings, drugs are also often distributed by inconspicuous persons who
have no contact with the underworld.
For the same reasons, the relationships among illegal drug enterprises generally involve
competition rather than collusion. The best evidence against control is simply the ease
with which new sellers enter and the speed with which dealers depart. There may be
rents for various capacities, but certainly no power to exclude.Throughout Europe
andNorthAmerica, moreover, drug-dealing firms are price-takers rather than price-
givers: that is, none of them is able to influence the commoditys price appreciably by
varying the quantity of the output it sells. The continuing decline of prices during the 20-
year period 1985 2005 at all levels of the market in heroin and most other drugs
suggests that, ifmarkets power ever existed, it has by now been dissipated.
The danger that the contemporary illegal drugs industry represents for the world
economy is not limited to its turnover and the number of people it involves as producers,
traffickers, and users. Two further aspects need to be considered.The industry is a
major source of corruption, violence, and instability in a number of drug-producing and
transit countries its collateral effects being occasionally reinforced by the war on drugs
itself.Moreover, the international routes and networks that have been developed for the
transportation of illegal drugs from source countries to the final consumer nations (and
for bringing back the money the other way round) can be used for a plurality of other
illicit goals, ranging from human smuggling and trafficking to terrorism financing.

Illegal trade of legal drugs
Legal drugs can be the subject of smuggling and illegal trading if the price difference
between the origin and the destination are high enough to make it profitable, due to high
taxes or other restrictions in the destination locale. If a large price difference exists
without legal restrictions, then legal trade of drugs can take place between the two
markets.
Alcohol and tobacco
With taxes on tobacco much higher in the United Kingdom than on mainland Europe
there exists a sizable untaxed cigarette market in the UK. Likewise in other regions
where high-tax and low- or no-tax societies exist nearby, such as Canada and parts of
the United States as well as various Indian reservations. It is also illegal to sell or give
tobacco or alcohol to minors in some of these areas, which is considered smuggling
throughout most Economically Developed Countries.
Prescription drugs
Some prescription drugs are also available by illegal means, eliminating the need to
manufacture and process the drugs. For example, prescription opioids such as the
group of the fentanyl analogues are much stronger than heroin found on the street.
They are sourced either from stolen or partly divided prescriptions sold by medical
practices and occasionally from Internet sale. Benzodiazepines, in particular
temazepam and flunitrazepam, are also frequently diverted to the black market through
forged prescriptions, pharmacy robberies and doctor shopping. In Malaysia and
Singapore, there occurs similar diversion of nimetazepam. However, it is much easier to
control traffic in prescription drugs than in banned drugs because the manufacturer is
usually an originally legal enterprise and thus the leak can often be readily found and
countered. There might also be an advantage in reduced risk of contaminated or poor to
outright toxic produce common with illegal clandestine laboratory production.
Internet and controlled substances
"No Prescription Websites" (NPWs) offer to sell controlled substances without a valid
prescription. NPWs were first recognized by the U.S. Justice Department in 1999,
indicating that such sites had been operating at least through the late 1990s. NPWs
enable dealers and users to complete transactions without direct contact, meanwhile
many NPWs accept credit cards, others only accept cash thereby further reducing any
paper trail. Many NPWs are hosted in countries in which specific categories of
controlled substances are locally legal (e.g. prescription opioids in Mexico), but because
of the global nature of the internet, NPWs are able to do (mostly illegal) business with
customers around the globe. In addition to prescription opioids, stimulants, and
sedatives, steroids are often widely distributed. To date, no websites have been found
selling illegal drugs like heroin, or illegal amphetamine derivatives. Some police have
uncovered several instances of drug vendors or drug rings using Craigslist personal ads
to solicit drug business using code words and phrases. All other categories of drugs are
available online.
2004 saw the conclusion of Operation Web Tryp, focusing on companies selling so-
called research chemicals, legal psychedelic phenethylamines and tryptamines on the
Internet.
Foreign intervention
Some nations that criminalize drug trade have a policy of interfering heavily with foreign
states. In 1989, the United States intervened in Panama with the goal of disrupting the
drug trade coming from Panama. The Indian government has several covert operations
in the Middle East and Indian subcontinent to keep a track of various drug dealers.
Size of illegal drug trade
Some estimates placed the value of the global trade in illegal drugs at around US$400
billion in the year 2000; that, added to the global trade value of legal drugs at the same
time, totals to an amount higher than the amount of money spent for food in the same
period of time. In the 2005 United Nations World Drug Report, the value of the global
illicit drug market for the year 2003 was estimated at US$13 billion at the production
level, at US$94 billion at the wholesale level, and US$322 - $400
[2]
billion based on
retail prices and taking seizures and other losses into account.
Violent resolutions
Because disputes cannot be resolved through legal means, participants at every level of
the illegal drug industry are inclined to compete with one another through violence. In
the late 1990s in the United States, the FBI estimates that 5% of murders were drug-
related.
[3]

Many have argued that the arbitrariness of drug prohibition laws from the medical point
of view, especially the theory of harm reduction, worsens the problems around these
substances.
Minors and the illegal drug business
The U.S. government's most recent 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health
(NSDUH) reported that nationwide over 800,000 adolescents ages 12-17 sold illegal
drugs during the 12 months preceding the survey. [1] The 2005 Youth Risk Behavior
Survey by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that
nationwide 25.4% of students had been offered, sold, or given an illegal drug by
someone on school property. The prevalence of having been offered, sold, or given an
illegal drug on school property ranged from 15.5% to 38.7% across state CDC surveys
(median: 26.1%) and from 20.3% to 40.0% across local surveys (median: 29.4%). [2]
Despite over $7 billion spent annually towards arresting [3] and prosecuting nearly
800,000 people across the country for marijuana offenses in 2005 (FBI Uniform Crime
Reports), the federally-funded Monitoring the Future Survey reports about 85% of high
school seniors find marijuana easy to obtain. That figure has remained virtually
unchanged since 1975, never dropping below 82.7% in three decades of national
surveys. [4]
Trade of specific drugs
The price per gram of heroin is typically 8 to 10 times that of cocaine on US streets.[5]
Generally in Europe (except the transit countries Portugal and the Netherlands), a
purported gram of street Heroin, which is usually between 0.7 and 0.8 grams light to
dark brown powder consisting of 5-10%, less commonly up to 20%, heroin base, is
between 30 and 70 euros, which makes for an effective price of pure heroin per gram of
between 300 and 2000 euros.
The purity of street cocaine in Europe is usually in the same range as it is for heroin, the
price being between 50 and 100 euros per between 0.7 and 1.0 grams. This totals to a
cocaine price range between 500 and 2000 euros.
Anabolic steroids
According to the Office of National Drug Control Policy, anabolic steroids are relatively
easy to smuggle into the United States. Once there, they are often sold at gyms and
competitions as well as through mail operations.
Cannabis

A box of Cannabis
In World Drug report 2006 UNODC focused on The New cannabis, distribution of
stronger marijuana with more THC and its health effects.
[4]

When cannabis is not grown in large-scale "grow ops" warehouses or other large
establishments such as mountain ranges or grown for limited distribution in small-scale
such as under houses or backyard projects, it is usually imported from Canada, Mexico
or farther south {citation}. Most of the cannabis sold commercially in the U.S. is grown in
hidden grow operations with the majority grown in the Midwest or in the California area
which naturally has some of the world's best soil for growing crops. Much of the
cannabis in the United States is imported from Mexico, however this cannabis is usually
low quality sometimes referred to as brown bud, regs, regular, schwag, mersh, or dirt
weed. The packaging methods used are often crude resulting in compressed or
"bricked" weed. The cannabis imported from British Columbia in Canada, known as BC
bud, is usually of higher quality than most cannabis grown in the United States (though
cannabis from Northern California has a similar reputation) and is highly sought after.
Around 40% of US marijuana is grown inside of the country. More and more cannabis is
being grown in United States or transported from Canada while less cannabis comes
from the Mexican border due to its low quality.
Psilocybin mushrooms
Psilocybe mushrooms grow naturally in most climates, thus this drug market is
financially less lucrative, even though there is no doubt a certain kind of commercial
growing of the Psilocybe mushrooms, half-legally in the Netherlands and illegally from
different stages of maturity/manufacture of chewable dried mushroom tissue.
Psychonauts will often grow these mushrooms or pick them for themselves as they are
common to find in many places of the world.
Alcohol
In some areas of the world, particularly in and around the Arabian peninsula, the trade
of alcohol is strictly prohibited. For example, Pakistan bans the trade because of its
large Muslim population. Similarly, Saudi Arabia forbids the importation of alcohol into
its kingdom, however, alcohol is smuggled in very high quantities. Fugitive Cassandra
Dickerson was a noted crminal smuggler responsible for 90% of the alcohol being
smuggled into Saudi Arabia in 2003.[6] In other areas it is considered like any other
beverage, and is legal. In still other areas, there is an age limit for consumers, and a
license is necessary to sell alcohol.
Pure alcohol or liquids with high alcohol content over a certain percentage or proof,
calculated by volume or weight, are also banned in many countries. In Russia, for
example, rubbing alcohol is a scheduled drug on par with heroin, and theoretically has
the same legal penalties.
Tobacco
The illegal trade of tobacco is motivated primarily by increasingly heavy taxation. When
tobacco products such as name-brand cigarettes are traded illegally, the cost is as little
as one third that of retail price due to the lack of taxes being applied as the product is
sold from manufacturer to buyer to retailer. It has been reported that smuggling one
truckload of cigarettes within the United States leads to a profit of 2 million U.S. dollars.
[7]
The source of the illegally-traded tobacco is often the proceeds from other crimes, such
as store and transportation robberies.
Sometimes, the illegal trade of tobacco is motivated by differences in taxes in two
jurisdictions, including smuggling across international borders. Smuggling of tobacco
from the US into Canada has been problematic, and sometimes political where trans-
national native communities are involved in the illegal trade.
The kingdom of Bhutan made the sale of tobacco illegal in December 2004, [8] and
since this time a flourishing black market in tobacco products has sprung up. In 2006,
tobacco and betel nut were the most commonly seized illicit drugs in Bhutan. [9]
Opium
International illicit trade in opium is relatively rare. Major smuggling organizations prefer
to further refine opium into heroin before shipping to the consumer countries, since a
given quantity of heroin is worth much more than an equivalent amount of opium. As
such, heroin is more profitable, and much stronger, because heroin metabolizes directly
into the main naturally-occurring psychoactive substance in opium - morphine.
Heroin/Morphine
Heroin is smuggled into the United States and Europe. Purity levels vary greatly by
region with, for the most part, Northeastern cities having the most pure heroin in the
United States (according to a recently released report by the DEA, Elizabeth and
Newark, New Jersey, have the purest street grade A heroin in the country). Heroin is a
very easily smuggled drug because a small, quarter-sized vial can contain hundreds of
doses. Heroin is also widely (and usually illegally) used as a powerful and addictive
drug that produces intense euphoria, which often disappears with increasing tolerance.
This 'rush' comes from its high lipid solubility provided by the two acetyl groups,
resulting in a very rapid penetration of the blood-brain barrier after use. Once in the
blood stream, heroin is rapidly converted to morphine. The morphine then binds to the
opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, causing the subjective effects. Heroin and
morphine can be taken or administered in a number of ways, including snorting and
injection. They may also be smoked by inhaling the vapors produced when heated from
below (known as "chasing the dragon"). Penalities for smuggling heroin and/or
morphine are often harsh in most countries. Some countries will readily hand down a
death sentence for the illegal smuggling of heroin or morphine, which are both,
internationally, Schedule I drugs under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. In
various Asian countries, including Singapore and Malaysia, heroin and morphine are
classed by themselves and penalities for their use, possession, and/or trafficking are
more severe than all other drugs, including other opioids and cocaine.
Methamphetamine (Meth)
In some areas of the United States, the trade of methamphetamine is rampant. Because
of the ease in production and its addiction rate, methamphetamine is a favorite amongst
many drug distributors.
According to the Community Epidemiology Work Group, the numbers of clandestine
methamphetamine laboratory incidents reported to the National Clandestine Laboratory
Database decreased from 1999 to 2004. During this same period, methamphetamine
lab incidents increased in midwestern States (Illinois, Michigan, and Ohio), and in
Pennsylvania. In 2004, more lab incidents were reported in Illinois (926) than in
California (673). In 2003, methamphetamine lab incidents reached new highs in Georgia
(250), Minnesota (309), and Texas (677). There were only seven methamphetamine lab
incidents reported in Hawaii in 2004, though nearly 59 percent of substance abuse
treatment admissions (excluding alcohol) were for primary methamphetamine abuse
during the first six months of 2004
Methamphetamine is sometimes used in an injectable form, placing users and their
partners at risk for transmission of HIV and hepatitis C
publication of the study. In the sixth meeting of the B committee the US representative
threatened that "If WHO activities relating to drugs failed to reinforce proven drug
control approaches, funds for the relevant programmes should be curtailed". This led to
the decision to discontinue publication. A part of the study has been
recuperatedAvailable are profiles of cocaine use in 20 countries.










PHOTOS


Heroin

Heroin is an opiate processed directly from the extracts of the opium poppy. It was
originally created to help cure people of addiction to morphine. Upon crossing the blood-
brain barrier, which occurs soon after introduction of the drug into the bloodstream,
heroin is converted into morphine, which mimics the action of endorphins, creating a
sense of well-being; the characteristic euphoria has been described as an orgasm
centered in the gut. One of the most common methods of heroin use is via intravenous
injection.
Cocaine

Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca
plant. It is both a stimulant of the central nervous system and an appetite suppressant,
giving rise to what has been described as a euphoric sense of happiness and increased
energy. It is most often used recreationally for this effect. Cocaine is a potent central
nervous system stimulant. Its effects can last from 20 minutes to several hours,
depending upon the dosage of cocaine taken, purity, and method of administration. The
initial signs of stimulation are hyperactivity, restlessness, increased blood pressure,
increased heart rate and euphoria. The euphoria is sometimes followed by feelings of
discomfort and depression and a craving to experience the drug again. Sexual interest
and pleasure can be amplified. Side effects can include twitching, paranoia, and
impotence, which usually increases with frequent usage.
Methamphetamine

Methamphetamime, popularly shortened to meth or ice, is a psychostimulant and
sympathomimetic drug. Methamphetamine enters the brain and triggers a cascading
release of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin. Since it stimulates the mesolimbic
reward pathway, causing euphoria and excitement, it is prone to abuse and addiction.
Users may become obsessed or perform repetitive tasks such as cleaning, hand-
washing, or assembling and disassembling objects. Withdrawal is characterized by
excessive sleeping, eating and depression-like symptoms, often accompanied by
anxiety and drug-craving.
Crack Cocaine

Crack cocaine, often nicknamed crack, is believed to have been created and made
popular during the early 1980s . Because of the dangers for manufacturers of using
ether to produce pure freebase cocaine, producers began to omit the step of removing
the freebase precipitate from the ammonia mixture. Typically, filtration processes are
also omitted. Baking soda is now most often used as a base rather than ammonia for
reasons of lowered odor and toxicity; however, any weak base can be used to make
crack cocaine. When commonly cooked the ratio is 1:1 to 2:3 parts
cocaine/bicarbonate.
LSD

Lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD, LSD-25, or acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug
of the tryptamine family. Arguably the most regarded of all psychedelics, it is considered
mainly as a recreational drug, an entheogen, and a tool in use to supplement various
types of exercises for transcendence including in meditation, psychonautics, and illegal
psychedelic psychotherapy whether self administered or not. LSDs psychological
effects (colloquially called a trip) vary greatly from person to person, depending on
factors such as previous experiences, state of mind and environment, as well as dose
strength. They also vary from one trip to another, and even as time passes during a
single trip. An LSD trip can have long term psychoemotional effects; some users cite the
LSD experience as causing significant changes in their personality and life perspective.
Widely different effects emerge based on what Leary called set and setting; the set
being the general mindset of the user, and the setting being the physical and social
environment in which the drugs effects are experienced.
Ecstasy

Ecstasy (MDMA) is a semisynthetic psychedelic entactogen of the phenethylamine
family that is much less visual with more stimulant like effects than most all other
common trip producing psychedelics. It is considered mainly a recreational drug thats
often used with sex and associated with club drugs, as an entheogen, and a tool in use
to supplement various types of practices for transcendence including in meditation,
psychonautics, and illicit psychedelic psychotherapy whether self administered or not.
The primary effects of MDMA include an increased awareness of the senses, feelings of
openness, euphoria, empathy, love,happiness, heightened self-awareness, feeling of
mental clarity and an increased appreciation of music and movement. Tactile
sensations are enhanced for some users, making physical contact with others more
pleasurable. Other side effects, such as jaw clenching and elevated pulse, are common.
Opium

Opium is a resinous narcotic formed from the latex released by lacerating (or scoring)
the immature seed pods of opium poppies (Papaver somniferum). It contains up to 16%
morphine, an opiate alkaloid, which is most frequently processed chemically to produce
heroin for the illegal drug trade. Opium has gradually been superseded by a variety of
purified, semi-synthetic, and synthetic opioids with progressively stronger effect, and by
other general anesthesia. This process began in 1817, when Friedrich Wilhelm Adam
Sertrner reported the isolation of pure morphine from opium after at least thirteen
years of research and a nearly disastrous trial on himself and three boys.
Marijuana

Cannabis, known as marijuana in its herbal form, is a psychoactive product of the plant
Cannabis sativa. Humans have been consuming cannabis since prehistory, although in
the 20th century there was a rise in its use for recreational, religious or spiritual, and
medicinal purposes. It is estimated that about four percent of the worlds adult
population use cannabis annually. It has psychoactive and physiological effects when
consumed, usually by smoking or ingestion. The minimum amount of THC required to
have a perceptible psychoactive effect is about 10 micrograms per kilogram of body
weight. The state of intoxication due to cannabis consumption is colloquially known as a
high; it is the state where mental and physical facilities are noticeably altered due to
the consumption of cannabis. Each user experiences a different high, and the nature of
it may vary upon factors such as potency, dose, chemical composition, method of
consumption and set and setting.
Psilocybin Mushrooms

Psilocybin mushrooms (also called psilocybian mushrooms) are fungi that contain the
psychedelic substances psilocybin and psilocin, and occasionally other psychoactive
tryptamines. There are multiple colloquial terms for psilocybin mushrooms, the most
common being magic mushrooms or shrooms. When psilocybin is ingested, it is broken
down to produce psilocin, which is responsible for the hallucinogenic effects. The
intoxicating effects of psilocybin-containing mushrooms typically last anywhere from 3 to
7 hours depending on dosage, preparation method and personal metabolism. The
experience is typically inwardly oriented, with strong visual and auditory components.
Visions and revelations may be experienced, and the effect can range from exhilarating
to distressing. There can be also a total absence of effects, even with large doses.
PCP

PCP (Phencyclidine) is a dissociative drug formerly used as an anesthetic agent,
exhibiting hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects. It is commonly known as Angel Dust,
but is also known as Wet, Sherm, Sherman Hemsley, Rocket Fuel, Ashy Larry,
Shermans Tank, Wack, Halk Hogan, Ozone, HannaH, Hog, Manitoba Shlimbo, and
Embalming Fluid, among other names. Although the primary psychoactive effects of the
drug only last hours, total elimination from the body is prolonged, typically extending
over weeks. PCP is consumed in a recreational manner by drug users, mainly in the
United States, where the demand is met by illegal production. It comes in both powder
and liquid forms (PCP base dissolved most often in ether), but typically it is sprayed
onto leafy material such as marijuana, mint, oregano, parsley or Ginger Leaves, and
smoked. PCP has potent effects on the nervous system altering perceptual functions
(hallucinations, delusional ideas, delirium or confused thinking), motor functions
(unsteady gait, loss of coordination, and disrupted eye movement or nystagmus), and
autonomic nervous system regulation (rapid heart rate, altered temperature regulation).
The drug has been known to alter mood states in an unpredictable fashion causing
some individuals to become detached and others to become animated.
Alcohol


Tobacco

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