Antenna&Propagation

RadiochannelsmodelsinADS
Nicolae CRISAN,PhD
Ligia CREMENE
2009 1
NicolaeCRISAN,LigiaCREMENE Technical
UniversityofClujNapoca Agilentdonation
program MasterTTM
PathlossinADS
LFS=pathloss infreespaceenvironment,indB
LRA=pathloss inruralareaenvironment,indB
LHT=pathloss inhillyterrainenvironment,indB
LTU=pathloss intypicalurbanenvironment,indB
LTS=pathloss intypicalsuburbanenvironment,indB
fc =propagation(carrier)frequency,inMHz
c =wavelengthassociatedwithpropagation(carrier)
frequency
D=majorantennadimension
HBS=basestationantennaheight,inmeters
HMS=mobilestationantennaheight,inmeters
R=distancebetweentransmitandreceiveantenna,inkm
2009 2
NicolaeCRISAN,LigiaCREMENE Technical
UniversityofClujNapoca Agilentdonation
program MasterTTM
Freespace
Freespacepathloss optionprovidesthedesignerwithan
optimisticmodel.This
optionisgiven(indB)by
LFS=+20log10fc+20log10R+32.4
Thereareawidevarietyofpathloss modelsthemost
widelyusedisHatas.Hatas
pathloss model[6]isbasedonanextensivedatabase
derivedbyOkumura[7]from
measurementsinandaroundTokyo.Hatas pathloss
modelscoverurban,rural,and
suburbanenvironmentsandincludethetransmitand
receiveantennaheights.
2009 3
NicolaeCRISAN,LigiaCREMENE Technical
UniversityofClujNapoca Agilentdonation
program MasterTTM
Hata model
ThetypicalurbanHata modelisgivenby
LTU=69.55+26.16log10fc13.82log10HBSa(HMS)
+(44.96.55log10HBS)log10R
Thecorrectionfactorforsmall tomediumsizecitiesisgivenby
a=(1.1log10fc0.7)HMS(1.56log10fc0.8)
Hatas urbanmodelisequivalenttoType=TUinpropagation
components.
ThetypicalsuburbanHata modelisgivenintermsofLTUwitha
correctionfactor:
LTS=LTU2[log10(fc/28)]25.4
Similarly,theruralHata modelisacorrectedformofLTUas
LRA=LTU4.78(log10fc)2+18.33log10fc40.94
Hatas ruralmodelisequivalenttoType=RAinpropagation
components.
2009 4
NicolaeCRISAN,LigiaCREMENE Technical
UniversityofClujNapoca Agilentdonation
program MasterTTM
Multipathandfading ADS
parameters
Definitions:
V=vehiclespeed,inm/s
Fc =propagation(carrier)frequency,inHz
c =propagation(carrier)frequency,inradian/sec
=Dopplerfrequency,inHz
m =maximumDopplerfrequency,inHz
S(t)=transmitted(RF)signal
s(t)=complexenvelopeoftransmittedsignal
R(t)=received(RF)signal
r(t)=complexenvelopeofreceivedsignal
n=randomamplitudeofnthsignalecho
n =phaseretardationofnthsignalecho
n =timedelayofnthsignalecho
Gt(,)=directivegainoftransmittingantennaasafunctionofelevationand
azimuthangles
Gr(,)=directivegainofreceivingantennaasafunctionofelevationand
azimuthangles
2009 5
NicolaeCRISAN,LigiaCREMENE Technical
UniversityofClujNapoca Agilentdonation
program MasterTTM
Fundamentals
Radiowavesarereceivednotonlyviadirectpathbutoftenbyscattering
offnumerousobjects.Delay,attenuationandcarrierphaseshiftaresome
ofthealterationsthetransmittedsignalexperiences.Thisprocesscanbe
modeledasalinearfilterwithrandomlytimevaryingimpulseresponse.
Inamultipathenvironment,atransmittedRFsignalis:
Isreceivedintheform:
2009 6
NicolaeCRISAN,LigiaCREMENE Technical
UniversityofClujNapoca Agilentdonation
program MasterTTM
Rayleighdistribution
Complex
envelope
The(lowpass)impulseresponseofthediscretechannelh(,t),istherefore
characterizedbyseveraldiscretepathseachhavingaspecificdelayand
attenuation.
Signalfadingoccursduetodestructiveorconstructiveadditionofalarge
numberofphasors.Ifh(,t)ismodeledasazeromeanGaussianprocess,the
envelope|h(,t)|atanytimeisRayleighdistributed.
2009 7
NicolaeCRISAN,LigiaCREMENE Technical
UniversityofClujNapoca Agilentdonation
program MasterTTM
Dopplerspectrum
Thetransformofh(,)withrespecttotime,givesthespectrumoftime
variationS(,),generallyreferredtoasdelayDopplerspreadfunction[1].
ThevariablerepresentstheDopplerfrequencyshiftduetochangesin
theelectricalpathlengthasaresultofmobilemovement.Fortwo
verticallypolarizedtransmitandreceiveantennasandhorizontal
propagationofplanewaves[2],theDopplerspectrumis:
isthemaximumDopplershiftdueto
vehiclespeed
2009 8
NicolaeCRISAN,LigiaCREMENE Technical
UniversityofClujNapoca Agilentdonation
program MasterTTM
Rician spectrum
WhenadirectpathexiststhespectrumisRician andisgivenby:
withk1,k2,k3constantsrelatedtoproportionofdirectandscattered
signalandthedirectwaveangleofarrival.Assumingthewidesense
stationaryuncorrelatedscattering(WSSUS)[3],theaveragedelay
profilesandDopplerspectrainformationisneededforthesimulation
ofradiochannel.Delayprofiles[4]P()canbemeasured(or
approximated)as:
thepowerassociatedwitheachpath
2009 9
NicolaeCRISAN,LigiaCREMENE Technical
UniversityofClujNapoca Agilentdonation
program MasterTTM
ADSschematics
Assumingauniformdistributionofindependentscatterers inthe
horizontalplane,eachwithaDopplershiftrelativetothevelocityofthe
mobile,thedelayDopplerspreadfunctionS(,)andtheimpulse
responseofthechannelcanbeconstructed.Awideband,frequency
selective,multipathfadingmodelcanthereforebeconstructedusinga
tappeddelaylinefilter.
2009 10
NicolaeCRISAN,LigiaCREMENE Technical
UniversityofClujNapoca Agilentdonation
program MasterTTM
JakesmodelinADS
TogenerateaRayleighfadingprofileforeachpath,independentAWGN
sources(incascadewithafilterrepresentingtheeffectsofDoppler
spread)canbeused;
Jakes[5]proposesamoreefficientalternative; inJakesmodelanumber
oflowfrequencyoscillatorsareusedtogeneratesignalsthatareadded
together.Theamplitudeandphasesoftheseoscillatorsarechosensothat
thepdf oftheresultantphaseapproximatestoauniformdistribution.The
spectrumoftheresultingcomplexfunctionapproximatestheDoppler
spectrum.
2009 11
NicolaeCRISAN,LigiaCREMENE Technical
UniversityofClujNapoca Agilentdonation
program MasterTTM
ADSchannelmodelsaspects
Antennaandpropagationmodelssimulateradio
channeleffectsonthetransmittedsignal.Theseeffects
includesignalfadingandpathloss.Bothantennaand
propagationchannelmodelsareTSDFcomponents
withinputandoutputtimedsignals.
Antennamodelsareidentifiedbytheircoordinateand
gain.Formobileantennas,thevelocityvectorisalso
includedintheparameters.Multipleantennainputs
provideflexibilityforaddingcontributionsfromvarious
noiseorfadingchannels.Thepropagationchannel
modelsaretypicallyidentifiedbythetypeoffading,
thespecificationofpowerdelayprofile,andwhether
pathloss istobeactivated.
2009 12
NicolaeCRISAN,LigiaCREMENE Technical
UniversityofClujNapoca Agilentdonation
program MasterTTM
GSMchannel
2009 13
NicolaeCRISAN,LigiaCREMENE Technical
UniversityofClujNapoca Agilentdonation
program MasterTTM
GSMchannelresults
2009 14
NicolaeCRISAN,LigiaCREMENE Technical
UniversityofClujNapoca Agilentdonation
program MasterTTM
FlatEarthchannel
2009 15
NicolaeCRISAN,LigiaCREMENE Technical
UniversityofClujNapoca Agilentdonation
program MasterTTM
FlatEarthchannel
Distanceisinmeters
Speedis120Km/h
Initialdistanceis30m
Carrierfrequency1850MHz
Envelopeofthereceived
signalindB
Deepfadingispresent
between100 1000m
2009 16
NicolaeCRISAN,LigiaCREMENE Technical
UniversityofClujNapoca Agilentdonation
program MasterTTM
References
[1]J.D.Parsons,TheMobileRadioPropagationChannel,Halsted
Press,1992.
[2]R.H.Clarke,AStatisticalTheoryofMobileRadioReception,
TheBellSystemTechnicalJournal,JulyAugust1968.
[3]R.Steele,MobileRadioCommunications,Pentech Press,1992.
[4]GSM05.05Recommendation,RadioTransmissionandReception.
[5]W.C.Jakes(Editor),MicrowaveMobileCommunications,John
Wiley&Sons,1974.
[6]M.Hata,EmpiricalFormulaforPropagationLossinLandMobile
Radio,IEEETrans.VT29,pp.317325,August1980.
[7]Y.Okumura,FieldStrengthanditsVariabilityinVHFandUHF
LandMobileService,ReviewofElectricalCommunication
Laboratory,Vol 16,pp.825873,SepOct.1968.
[8]Agilenttutorials
2009 17
NicolaeCRISAN,LigiaCREMENE Technical
UniversityofClujNapoca Agilentdonation
program MasterTTM