Noise Figure Measurements

Noise Figure Measurements
Feb 24, 2009

Account Manager : Peter Caputo
Presented by : Ernie Jackson
Noise Figure Basics Page 2
Agenda
Overview of Noise Figure
Noise Figure Measurement Techniques
Accuracy Limitations
PNA-Xs Unique Approach
DUT
S
o
/N
o
S
i
/N
i
Gain
Noise
Contributors
Thermal Noise: (otherwise known as Johnson noise) is the kinetic
energy of a body of particles as a result of its finite temperature
P
therm
=kTB
Shot Noise: caused by the quantized and random nature of
current flow
Flicker Noise: (or 1/f noise) is a low frequency phenomenon where
the noise power follows a 1/f

characteristic
ERP =
+55 dBm
P
a
t
h

L
o
s
s
e
s
:

-
2
0
0

d
B
Transmitter:
ERP
Path Losses
Rx Ant. Gain
Power to Rx
Receiver:
Noise Floor@290K
Noise in 100 MHz BW
Receiver NF
Rx Sensitivity
C/N= 4 dB
+ 55 dBm
-200 dB
60 dB
-85 dBm
Why do we measure Noise Figure?
Example...
Choices to increase Margin by 3dB
1. Double transmitter power
2. Increase gain of antennas by 3dB
3. Lower the receiver noise figure by 3dB
-174 dBm/Hz
+80 dB
+5 dB
-89 dBm
Power to Antenna: +40dBm
Frequency: 12GHz
Antenna Gain: +15dB
Receiver NF: 5dB
Bandwidth: 100MHz
Antenna Gain: +60dB
out
in
N
S
N
S
F
=
in
N
S
out
N
S
a
N G ,
Reference: Harald Trap Friis: 1944: Proceedings of the IRE
The Definition of Noise Factor
or Noise Figure in Linear Terms
Noise Factor is a figure of merit that relates the Signal to
Noise ratio of the output to the Signal to Noise ratio of the
input.
Most basic definition was defined by Friis in the 1940s.
What is Noise Figure ?
Noise
Out
Noise in
a) C/N at amplifier input b) C/N at amplifier output
Measurement bandwidth=25MHz
Nin
Nout
Definition of Noise Figure
in
N
S
out
N
S
in
out
S
S
G Gain = =
a
N G ,
in a out
GN N N + =
Noise
Added
out
N
in
GN
a
N
1
f
2
f
+
=
in
in a
GN
GN N
NF log 10 (dB)
out
in
N
S
N
S
F
=
in
in a
in
out
GN
GN N
GN
N
F
+
= =
Noise Factor
Noise Figure
Noise Voltage
kTBR e 4
2
=
Standard Equation for Noise Voltage produced by a Resistor
voltage rms is
(Hz) bandwidth is B
K) ( re temperatu absolute is T
K Joules/ 10 38 . 1 Constant s Boltzman'
23
e
k
= =

Reference: JB Johnson/Nyquist: 1928: Bell Labs
Noise Power at Standard Temperature
R - j X
R+jX
L L
Available Noise Power Delivered to a Conjugate Load,
P
av
= kTB
At 290K P
av
= 4 x 10
-21
W/Hz = -174dBm / Hz
k = 1.38 x 10
-23
joule / k
T = Temperature (K)
B = Bandwidth (Hz)
In deep space kT = -198dBm/Hz
Thermal Load
Noise Power is Linear with Temperature
a
N G ,
B GkT N
GN N N
s a
in a out
+ =
+ =

in
N
s s
T Z @
O
u
t
p
u
t

N
o
i
s
e

P
o
w
e
r
Temperature of Source Impedance
T
s
T
1
N
2
N
a
T
2
kGB = Slope
N
1
N
out
An Alternative Way to Describe Noise Figure:
Effective Input Noise Temperature ( T
e
)
) (

s e
s e
in a out
T T GkB
B GkT B GkT
GN N N
+ =
+ =
+ =
0 , =
a
N G
e s
T Z @
s s
T Z @

( )
s
s e
s e
T
T T
F
T F T
+
=
=
and
1
O
u
t
p
u
t

N
o
i
s
e

P
o
w
e
r
T
s
T
e
N
a
kGB = Slope
N
out
Temperature of Source
Impedance
Te or NF: which should I use?
Use either - they are completely interchangeable
Typically NF for terrestrial and Te for space
NF referenced to 290K - not appropriate in space
If Te used in terrestrial systems, the temperatures
can be large (10dB=2610K)
Te is easier to characterize graphically
Use either - they are completely interchangeable
Typically NF for terrestrial and Te for space
NF referenced to 290K - not appropriate in space
If Te used in terrestrial systems, the temperatures
can be large (10dB=2610K)
Te is easier to characterize graphically
in
out
GN
N
F =
in a a out
N G G N G N N
2 1 1 1 2
+ + =
2 1
G G G =
( ) B kT F B kT N
s e a
1
1 1 1
= =
( ) B kT F B kT N
s e a
1
2 2 2
= =
B kT N
s in
=
1
2
1 12
1
G
F
F F

+ =
1 1
,
a
N G
in
N
s s
T Z @
2 2
,
a
N G
B kT
s 1
BG kT
s
1 a
N
2 1
G N
a
2 a
N
2 1
G BG kT
s =
in
N
Friis or Cascade Equation
Here we see what contribution a second amplifier has on
the overall noise factor.
Effects of Multiple Stages on Noise Factor
1 1
,
a
N G
in
N
s s
T Z @
2 2
,
a
N G
2
,
N N
N G
The cascade equation can be generalized for multiple
stages
1 2 1 1
2
1
1 1
+ +
+ =
N
N
total
G G G
F
G
F
F F
K
L
=
=

+ =
N
i
N
i j
j
i
total
G
F
F F
2
1
1
1
Demo of Cascade Equation
1
2
1
1
G
F
F F

+ =
A B C
Gain (dB) 6.0 12.0 20.0
Gain 4.0 16.0 100.0
Noise Figure(dB) 2.3 3.0 6.0
Noise Factor 1.7 2.0 4.0
997 . 1 047 . 0 25 . 0 70 . 1
0 . 16 0 . 4
1 0 . 4
0 . 4
1 0 . 2
7 . 1 = + + =
+ =
ABC
F
475 . 2 025 . 0 75 . 0 70 . 1
0 . 100 0 . 4
1 0 . 2
0 . 4
1 0 . 4
7 . 1 = + + =
+ =
ACB
F
dB 00 . 3 ) 997 . 1 log( 10 = =
ABC
NF
dB 93 . 3 ) 475 . 2 log( 10 = =
ACB
NF
Agenda
DUT
S
o
/N
o
S
i
/N
i
Gain
Measuring Noise Figure
Ga , Na
Rs
Nout = Na + kTB
Ga
Nin
O
u
t
p
u
t

P
o
w
e
r
N
o
i
s
e

F
r
e
e

C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
Na
Slope=kBGa
Source Temperature (K)
Te -Te
To solve for Na:
1) establish 2 points on curve
or
2) establish 1 point and gradient
To solve for Na:
1) establish 2 points on curve
or
2) establish 1 point and gradient
Na + Nin .Ga
Nin . Ga
F =
Hot/Cold Technique
Rs
Nout = Nh or Nc
Nin = kB(Th or Tc)
O
u
t
p
u
t

P
o
w
e
r
Na
Slope=kBGa
Source Temp (K) -Te
Nh
Nc
Tc Th
Physically hot/ cold source
avalanche diode
Physically hot/ cold source
avalanche diode
O
u
t
p
u
t

P
o
w
e
r

(
N
o
)
Na
Slope=kGB
Source Temp (Ts)
-Te
Nh
Nc
Tc Th
Na Ts kGB No + =
Nc
Nh
Y =
Measured
( )
To
To Th
ENR

=
Input
= 1
1 Y
ENR
kBGTo Na
To
To Te
Y
ENR
kGBTo
kGBTo Na
F
+
=
=
+
=
1
Calculated
kGB
Na
Te =
( ) 1 = F To Te
Noise Source - the Avalanche Diode
Bias
Input
Noise
Output
Matching Pad
XXX
YYY
ZZZ
AAA
BBB
CCC
.
.
.
.
.
.
ENR dB Frequency
Excess Noise Ratio, ENR (dB) = 10 Log
10
( T
h
- 290)
290
Noise Figure Analyzer
Source
impedance
DUT
variable
attenuator
Y= ___ = ___________
Nh
Nc
kGB(Te + Th)
kGB(Te + Tc)
Te = _______ (solve for Te)
Th - Y Tc
Y - 1
F = _______
Te + To
To
Nin_cold
Nout_cold
Nin_hot
Nout_hot
Nh
Nc
Calibrating out System NF
F
1
= F
12
-
F
2
-1
G
a1
if F
12
then uncertainty increases, so beware if F
1
and G
1
are low
F
2
-1
G
a1
F1, Ga1
Source
impedance
DUT
variable
attenuator
F2
F12
How does the NFA measure gain
O
u
t
p
u
t

P
o
w
e
r
Slope=kBG
2
Source Temp (K)
Nh_cal
Nc_cal
Tc Th
C
a
l
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n

m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
D
U
T

m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
Slope=kBG
1
G
2
Nh_meas
Nc_meas
Avoidable Measurement Errors:
EM Susceptance
Noise
Source
Lights (Esp. Fluorescent)
FM
TV
Computers
* Double-shielded Cables for IF
(Ordinary Braid if porous)
* Shielded HP-IB Cables
* Enclose All Circuits
* Jiggle Connectors (Esp. BNC)
* Try snap-on ferrite cores on cables, dampen common-mode currents
* LO Contributes Spurious and Noise
Choose the Appropriate Noise Source
15dB ENR noise source to measure NF of up
to 30dB ( eg N4001A, N4002A, 346B/C)
Use 6 dB ENR for very low noise figure
devices to keep noise detector linearity issues
to a minimum ( eg N4000A, 346A).
Use a Noise Source with greater internal
attenuation if the DUT is match sensitive (eg
N4000A, 346A).
15dB ENR noise source to measure NF of up
to 30dB ( eg N4001A, N4002A, 346B/C)
Use 6 dB ENR for very low noise figure
devices to keep noise detector linearity issues
to a minimum ( eg N4000A, 346A).
Use a Noise Source with greater internal
attenuation if the DUT is match sensitive (eg
N4000A, 346A).
Accurate Loss Compensation
Noise
Source
DUT
Measurement
system
G 1
G 2
Cable C1
Cable C2
Coax/WG adapter
Coax/WG adapter
Loss Compensation and Calibration
Noise Source - the Avalanche Diode
Bias
Input
Noise
Output
Matching Pad
XXX
YYY
ZZZ
AAA
BBB
CCC
.
.
.
.
.
.
ENR dB Frequency
Excess Noise Ratio, ENR (dB) = 10 Log
10
( T
h
- 290)
290
Temperature Considerations (Diode)
Temperature Considerations (Diode)
O
u
t
p
u
t

P
o
w
e
r
Na
Source Temp (K)
-Te
Nh
Nc
To Th Tc
Report Ambient Temperature to Analyzer for Accurate ENR Interpretations
Th
To=296.5 K
Th=10,000 or 1,500
Loss and Temperature Corrections
A temperature must be entered in Loss Compensation Setup for valid
results
NFA & PSA Default = 0 degrees K
The NFA and PSA accept S2P files from a Network Analyzer for the Loss
Compensation table
Account for Frequency Conversion (DSB Measurement)
NP
Freq
IF
f
External LO
Mixer
IF
f
Measure
f
LO
f
Noise
Meter
Noise
Source
NP
Freq
IF
f
LO
f
IF
f
DSB is recommended when :
The application is DSB
The DUT is broadband
No SSB filter is available
The frequency range make SSB filters impossible/impractical
Loss compensation of 3dB (under perfect conditions) needs to be
entered to account for doubling of power during measurement
Account for Frequency Conversion (SSB Measurement)
External LO
Mixer
IF
f
Measure
f
LO
f
Noise
Meter
SSB
Filter
Noise
Source
NP
Freq
IF
f
LO
f
IF
f
NP
Freq
IF
f
SSB is recommended when :
The application is SSB
The DUT is narrowband
If down conversion is part of the measurement system, filters should
be included in calibration path and measurement path because the
calibration and measurement are performed at the same frequencies.
Reduce Measurement System Noise Figure
Using a pre-amplifier to improve accuracy
Source
impedance
DUT
variable
attenuator
preamplifier Mixer conv loss 9dB
Analyzer NF 6dB
DUT G=10dB,
NF=1.0dB
F12_wanted=4dB
Minimise Errors which cannot be eliminated:
Minimise Errors which cannot be eliminated:
Most important of all
uncertainties
if DUT has low gain/ low NF -
watch out!
NF2 (NF1 + G1) - 5dB for
accuracy
work out new system NF with
preamp
work out preamp gain
avoid overload
Pin = -174dBm/Hz + ENR(dB) + 10log(BW) +
NF1 +G1(dB) + Gpre(dB)
F2
current
-1
G
pream
p
F2
reduced
= F
preamp
+
G
preamp
=
F2
current
-1
F2
reduced
- F
preamp
F
1
= F
12
-
F
2
-1
G
a1
1
2
1
1
G
F
F F

+ =
Reduce Measurement System Noise Figure (cont)
Error in 2nd Stage Correction
Reduce Measurement System Noise Figure (cont)
Error in 2nd Stage Correction
3.
0
2.
5
2.
0
1.
0.
9.
8
.
7
.
6
.
5
.
4
.
3
.
2
.
1
0.
0
5.
0
10.
0
15.
0
20.
0
20
dB
SYSTEM NOISE FIGURE, F2 (dB)
R
S
S

U
N
C
E
R
T
A
I
N
T
Y

(
d
B
)
GAIN = 0
dB
5
dB
10
dB
15
dB
Uncertainty improvement
by adding preamplifier

Additional Recommendations
Additional Recommendations
Minimize the noise figure of the test system
(especially when measuring low gain
DUTs).
Reduce the magnitude of all mismatches by
using isolators or pads
Minimize the number of adapters, and take
care of them
Calibrate Noise Source ENR values
regularly and use good pedigree calibration
Use Averaging to Avoid Display Jitter
Choose the Appropriate Bandwidth
Avoid DUT non-linearities
Minimize the noise figure of the test system
(especially when measuring low gain
DUTs).
Reduce the magnitude of all mismatches by
using isolators or pads
Minimize the number of adapters, and take
care of them
Calibrate Noise Source ENR values
regularly and use good pedigree calibration
Use Averaging to Avoid Display Jitter
Choose the Appropriate Bandwidth
Avoid DUT non-linearities
Agenda
DUT
S
o
/N
o
S
i
/N
i
Gain
Calculating Unavoidable Uncertainty
Available at : www.agilent.com/find/nfu
Measurement Uncertainty Case Studies
Noise Figure Uncertainty
The uncertainty of the overall noise system is related to the noise
source (match and ENR uncertainty), device under test (noise figure,
gain , i/p and o/p match) and instrument parameters (noise figure
uncertainty, gain uncertainty, level of noise figure and match).
See http://www.agilent.com/find/nfu
Example 1. @ 1GHz DUT Noise Figure = 1dB DUT Gain = 20dB
DUT i/p match = 1.5 DUT o/p match = 1.5
PSA = 0.167 dB 8970B = 0.19 dB; N8973A = 0.167 dB
12% less RSS noise figure uncertainty with NFA or PSA
PSA = 0.186 dB 8970B = 0.327 dB N8973A = 0.186 dB
43% less RSS noise figure uncertainty with NFA or PSA
8970B/8971C = 0.423 dB N8975A = 0.353 dB
16% less RSS noise figure uncertainty with NFA
8970B/8971C = 0.945 dB N8975A = 0.409 dB
57% less RSS noise figure uncertainty with NFA
Agilents Noise Figure Legacy
340A
1958
8970
1980
PSA with NF
2002
ESA with NF
2003
PNA-X with
NF
2007
MXA, EXA with
NF
2007
8560/90 with NF
1995
85120
1999
NFA
2000
Nearly 50 years of Leadership
NEW! NEW!
NEW! NEW!
Agenda
DUT
S
o
/N
o
S
i
/N
i
Gain
Source-corrected
Noise Figure
Measurements
for the PNA-X
6 GHz 6 GHz
13.5 GHz 13.5 GHz
20 GHz 20 GHz
40 GHz 40 GHz
50 GHz 50 GHz
67 GHz 67 GHz
110 GHz 110 GHz
325 GHz 325 GHz
PNA Series PNA Series
10 MHz - 26.5 GHz
10 MHz - 26.5 GHz
PNA-X PNA-X
Single Connection, Multiple Measurements
Easily switch between measurements:
One signal source
CW S-parameters
Pulsed S-parameters
Gain compression
AM-to-PM conversion
Harmonics
Two signal sources
Intermodulation distortion
Hot-S
22
Phase versus drive
True-mode stimulus
Conversion loss/gain
Noise figure
Noise Figure Definition
Noise figure is defined in terms of SNR degradation:
F =
(S
o
/N
o
)
(S
i
/N
i
)
=
(N
o
)
(G x N
i
)
(noise factor)
NF = 10 x log (F) (noise figure)
DUT
S
o
/N
o
S
i
/N
i
Gain
Test system is assumed to be 50
Test system is assumed to be 50
PNA-Xs Unique Source-Corrected Technique
(Z
1
, F
1
), (Z
2
, F
2
),
PNA-X varies source match around 50 ohms using an ECal module
(source-pull technique)
With resulting impedance/noise-figure pairs and vector error terms,
very accurate 50-ohm noise figure (NF
50
) can be calculated
Each impedance state is measured versus frequency
frequency
Zs measured during cal
Fs measured with DUT
Speed Comparison: PNA-X Versus Y-Factor
Noise Figure Speed Benchmarks
10 MHz - 26.5 GHz
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
11 51 101 201
Points
S
e
c
o
n
d
s
NFA
PSA
EXA
PNA-X
1.4x*
4.2x*
6.8x*
10x*
* PNA-X sweep-speed improvement compared to the NFA
PNA-X is 40% to 900% faster than NFA!
Noise Figure Uncertainty Example (ATE Setup)
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
4.000
4.500
0.5 2.5 4.5 6.5 8.5 10.5 12.5 14.5 16.5 18.5 20.5 22.5 24.5 26.5
GHz
N
F

(
d
B
)
PNA-X
Y-factor with noise source
connected to DUT via switch matrix
Amplifier:
Gain = 15 dB
Input/output match = 10 dB
NF = 3 dB
Gamma opt = 0.27 0
o
Fmin = 2.7 dB
Rn = 12 33
0.2 dB
0.75 dB
0.5 dB
directly at DUT input
* Note: this example ignores drift contribution
Uncertainty Breakdown (ATE Setup)
PNA-X with ATE network
Y-factor with ATE network
Y-factor with noise
source connected to DUT
Uncertainty contributors
T
o
t
a
l

u
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
y
E
N
R

u
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
y
M
i
s
m
a
t
c
h
D
U
T

n
o
i
s
e
/
s
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
S
-
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
J
i
t
t
e
r
Notes:
Gain = 15 dB (4.5 GHz)
NF = 3 dB
Fmin = 2.8 dB
Gopt = 0.27+j0
Rn = 37
Noise source = 346C
97% confidence
dB
Due to imperfect
50-ohm source match
Noise Figure Uncertainty Example (Wafer Setup)
PNA-X
Y-factor with noise source connected to DUT input
connected to DUT via switch matrix
Amplifier:
Gain = 15 dB
NF = 3 dB
Gamma opt = 0.268 0
o
Fmin = 1.87 dB
Rn = 12 33
Wave model correlation = 50%
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
4.000
4.500
0.5 2.5 4.5 6.5 8.5 10.5 12.5 14.5 16.5 18.5 20.5 22.5 24.5 26.5
GHz
N
F

(
d
B
)
PNA-X
connected to probe input
Y-factor with noise source connected
to probe via switch matrix
Amplifier:
Gain = 15 dB
NF = 3 dB
Gamma opt = 0.27 0
o
Fmin = 2.7 dB
Rn = 12 33
0.3 dB
1.1 dB
0.75 dB
* Note: this example ignores drift contribution
Uncertainty Breakdown (Wafer Setup)
T
o
t
a
l

U
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
y
E
N
R

U
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
y
M
i
s
m
a
t
c
h
N
o
i
s
e

P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
S
-
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s

J
i
t
t
e
r
Wave
Y-Factor
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
97% Confidence (dB)
Uncertainty Contributor
On Wafer 15 dB amp with 3 dB Noise figure at 4.5 GHz
(Fmin = 2.8 dB, Gopt = 0.27 +j0, Rn = 37.4)
Wave
Y-Factor
PNA-X
Example NF Measurements
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 5 10 15 20 25
Frequency (GHz)
N
o
i
s
e

F
i
g
u
r
e

(
d
B
)
PNA-X method using source correction
Traditional Y-factor technique
Airline Demonstration
NF using NFA (Unit 354)
0
1
2
3
4
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3
Freq (GHz)
d
B
No airline
With airline
NF using PNA-X (Unit 354)
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3
Freq (GHz)
d
B
No airline
With airline
DUT
Measurement 2:
DUT with airline
DUT
Measurement 1:
DUT alone
7.5 mm (length) airline
NF Comparison in Pseudo ATE environment
DUT
12 cable
DUT
12 cable
PNA-X cal and measurement planes
Noise source (measurement)
NFA
Loss comp:
4 GHz - 0.30 dB
6 GHz 0.38 dB
2-Port PNA-X Options 219, 224, 029
Test port
1
Test port
2
R2
35 dB
65
dB
65 dB
Rear
panel
A
35 dB
B
Source 2
Output 1
Source 2
Output 2
Noise receivers
10 MHz -
3 GHz
3 - 26.5 GHz
DU
T
Pulse generators
RF jumpers
Receivers
Mechanical switch
Source 1
OUT 2
OUT 1
Pulse
modulator
LO
To
receivers
R1
OUT 1 OUT 2
Pulse
modulator
J11 J10 J9 J8 J7 J2 J1
+28V
Typical Noise Figure of Port Two
Noise Channel
Parameters
Noise Figure Setup
4 through 7
Calibration Procedure
Calibration uses sinusoidal and noise sources, plus cold terminations
Some differences between high and low band calibrations
Calibration sequence for simplest case (insertable)
1. Connect noise source to port 2
Measure hot and cold noise power
Measure hot and cold match of noise source
2. Connect through (ports 1 and 2)
Measure gain differences between 0, 15, 30 dB stages
Measure load match of noise receivers
Measure
s
values of ECal used as impedance tuner
Measure receiver noise power with different tuner
s
values (mechanical cal only)
3. Connect calibration standards (ports 1 and 2)
Measure normal S-parameter terms
Measure receiver noise power with different
s
values (use ECal or mechanical standards)
Non-insertable cases require extra steps
additional 1-port calibration to account for adapter if noise source is non-insertable
additional S-parameter cal steps for non-insertable DUTs
Calibrating On Wafer
1-port cal
2-port cal
1
2
3
Comparison Between Gain Settings
Measuring Attenuators
20 dB attenuator 40 dB attenuator
Interference
Beware of unshielded devices, especially near 0.9, 1.8, 2.4, 5.5
GHz!
Compression and Damage
Compression in noise receivers:
Wideband noise compresses front-end amplifiers first
Narrowband noise likely to compress ADC before front-end amplifiers
PNA-X will report overload for both cases
Damage level for noise receivers is lower than standard receivers
Front-panel specification is +25 dBm in noise mode
Firmware checks power before switching in 30 dB stage
Detects front-end overload
Summary
Y-factor method offers reasonable accuracy
when noise source is connected directly to DUT
Source-corrected cold-source technique:
Offers best accuracy in all cases
Works in fixtured, on-wafer, and ATE environments
Is 1.4 to 10 times faster than NFA
PNA-X offers highest accuracy
as well as speed and convenience
of single connection to DUT for a
variety of amplifier measurements
References
Applications Notes
Fundamentals of RF and Microwave Noise Figure
Measurements, AN 57-1, Publication Number 5952-8255E
Noise Figure Measurement Accuracy - The Y-Factor Method,
AN 57-2, Publication Number
10 Hints for Making Successful Noise Figure Measurements,
AN 57-3, Publication Number 5980-0288EN
Web Links
http://www.agilent.com/find/nf
NFA : http://www.agilent.com/find/nfa
PSA : http://www.agilent.com/find/psa
NF Uncertainty Calculators: http://www.agilent.com/find/nfu

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Feb 24, 2009

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