Sejarah transplantasi pertama di Cina

http://www.handtransplant.com/TheProcedure/HandTransplantHistory/tabid/96/Default.aspx
Orang yang transplantasi kaki di abad 19
Orang yang transplantasi lengan di abad 20: Erle E. Peacock
History
Year 800 BC - Report by potters of the Koomas caste that the surgeon Susrata grafted new
noses created from skin flaps. - India
Year 15 AD - Report of Saint Peter replacing the young Agatha's breasts, which were cut off as
punishment by Roman guards. - Jerusalem
Year c. 200 AD - Report of Hua-To replacing diseased organs with healthy ones; first reference to
the concept of organ transplantation and replacement for therapeutic purposes. - China
Year c. 300 AD - Report of the miracle by Saints Cosmas and Damian (brothers and patrons of
physicians and surgeons), in which the leg of a deceased Moor was grafted onto a person whose
leg was diseased. - Turkey
Year 1200 AD - Report of Saint Anthony of Padua grafting the foot of a young man who had
deliberately mutilated himself. - Padua, Italy
16th century - Gaspare Tagliocozzi transplanted skin from the patients' own arms to re-create
their noses. - Italy
Year 1668 - First successful bone graft (bone from a dog's skull used to repair defect in human
cranium). - Holland
Year 1746 - Dr. Garengeot successfully regrafted a soldier's nose back on. - France
Year 1749 - Naturalist and physiologist Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau successfully
transplanted spurs removed from young chickens onto the comb of the same animal, as well as
another animal. - France
Year 1744 - Abraham Trembley performed the first experiments of transplantation in animals
(hydra); at roughly the same time Charles Bonnet confirmed these experiments with earthworms.
- Geneva, Switzerland
Year 1804 - Italian "animal grafting" pioneer, Giuseppe Boronio (1759-1811), successfully
replaced skin grafts on the back of a sheep. - Italy
Year 1822 - First successful skin autograft (transplantation of skin from one location on patient's
body to another location on their body), by Berger.
Year 1851 - Brown Sequard was able to successfully restore muscular contractility in the hand of
an executed prisoner thus paving the way for experimental organ perfusion.
Year 1869 - Fresh allograft (transplant from one individual to another) of skin, by Swiss surgeon
Jacques Louis Reverdin. - Switzerland
Year 1880 - First reported cornea transplants.
Year 1880 - First clinical bone autograft, by William MacEwen. - Scotland
Year 1881 - First temporary skin graft (the skin was from another patient who had just died). "A
medical journal in 1881 discussed the first skin transplant; the patient involved was leaning
against a metal door when lightning struck, burning the skin off his arm. The presiding surgeon
used skin from a patient who had just died as a temporary graft."
Year 1890 - Locke - preservation solution.
Year 1895 - Ringer - preservation solution.
Year 1896 - head grafts on dogs and monkeys, by Dr. White.
Year 1898 - Mathieu Jaboulay, successful introduced and executed his circular everting suture on
a donkey.
Year 1902 - Emerich Ullmann - first successful experimental kidney transplant (in neck of a dog) -
Alexis Carrel
Year 1906 - First corneal transplant, by Dr. Edward Zirm. First human kidney transplant, using
animal kidney (xenograft)- Jaboulay.
Year 1908 - Successful cadaveric knee joint transplant, by Dr. Erik Lexer. Carrell - first
autologous renal transplantation with survival of several years.
Year 1905, 1906 - Blind man was able to see after receiving a cornea transplant. "1905, Edward
Zirm, an Austrian ophthalmologist, restored sight to a workman blinded by lime." 1905-6 Carrell
and Guthrie - replacing artery with segment of vein; en bloc txp of two kidneys perfused with
Locke's solution Jaboulay - txp of pig kidney into human. - Austria
Year 1908 - First successful cadaveric knee joint transplant. Carrel - successful limb transplants
between dogs.
Year 1913 - Schonstadt repeats experiment of transplanting a kidney from a Japanese monkey
into a young girl with nephritis caused by mercury poisoning. After producing small amounts of
urine, the patient died 60 hours after transplant.
Year 1923 - Williamson of Mayo Clinic in Rochester gained a new strife in for transplations by
confirming the success of autologous transplations in a dog and the rejection of homologous
transplants.
Year 1933 - First homologous kidney transplant from cadaver. (First human kidney transplant -
allograft Voronoy, 1936).
Year 1947 - Young Urologist Landsteiner intended to sustain renal function with a temporary
kidney in a young woman suffering from a profound coma. Although the transplant was unable to
sustain life it acted as a "crutch" in kidney functioning.
Year 1949 - U.S. Navy establishes first U.S. Tissue bank at Bethesda, Maryland USA.
1940s - Refrigerated skin used as temporary dressing for burns. "In the l940s Sir Peter Medawar
reported using refrigerated skin as a temporary "dressing" for burns. " - London, England
Year 1951 - unsucessful human kidney txps --- also: "The first kidney transplant in the United
States was performed in l950 by Dr. Lawler." Human kidney transplants without
immunosuppression, in Paris and Boston. - Paris, France and Boston, Massachusetts; USA
Year 1953 - First use of live related human [kidney?] donor. - Paris, France
Year 1954 - First successful kidney transplant. The donor was the living identical twin brother of
the recipient, and the kidney functioned for 8 years. At Peter Brent Brigham Hospital. "1954 First
successful kidney transplant in the world, Dr. Joseph E. Murray, Brigham & Women's Hospital,
Boston." - USA
Year 1962 - First postmortem kidney transplant. The kidney functioned for 21 months. At Peter
Brent Brigham Hospital. - Boston, Massachusetts; USA
Year 1963 - First human liver transplant (U of Colorado). "In l963, Dr. Thomas Starzl performed
the first human liver transplant." - Denver, Colorado; USA
Year 1963 - First lung transplant (U of MS). "The first lung transplant was performed by Dr.
James D. Hardy in l963 at the University of Mississippi. " - Jackson, Mississippi; USA
Year 1966 - First successful postmortem pancreas transplant. First simultaneous
pancreas/kidney transplant, Drs. Richard Lillehei, William Kelly, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn. - USA
Year 1967 - First successful liver transplant; the liver functioned for 13 months (U of CO). "In l967
Dr. Richard C. Lillehei at the University of Minnesota, performed the first successful pancreas
transplant. " First successful liver transplant in the world, by Dr. Thomas Starzl, University of
Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colo.
Year 1967 - First heart transplant; the heart functioned for 18 days (Groote Schur Hospital). "Also
in 1967, Dr. Christian Barnard in Cape Town, South Africa, using techniques pioneered at
Stanford University by Drs. Norman Shumway and Richard Lower, performed the first successful
heart transplant." - Cape Town, South Africa
Year 1967 - First successful pancreas transplant from deceased donor performed at the
University of Minnesota. - Minneapolis, Minnesota; USA
Year 1968 - First successful heart transplant in the United States performed at Stanford
University Hospital. - Stanford, California; USA
Year 1969 - First pancreas transplant from deceased donor performed by Dr. Lillche at the
University of Minnesota. - Minneapolis, Minnesota; USA
Year 1969 - Discovery of the fungus that lead to cyclosporine, in samples of soil from Wisconsin
and the Hardanger Vidda (fjord) in Norway, by Jean Borel. - Norway and Wisconsin
Year 1971 - First human skin allografts using cryopreserved human skin.
Year 1972 - Jean Borel identifies immunosuppressive properties of cyclosporine isolated from the
fungus Beauveria nivea. - Basle, Switzerland
Year 1978 - First successful pancreas transplant from a living donor related to the recipient (their
mother). It functioned for 84 months (U of MN). - Minneapolis, Minnesota; USA
Year 1980 - cyclosporine molecule first synthesized. - Basle, Switzerland
Year 1981 - First successful heart-lung transplant; they functioned for 5 years (Stanford U
Hospital). " The first successful heart-lung transplant was performed at Stanford University in l981
by [Dr. Norman] Shumway and Dr. Bruce Reitz." - Stanford, California; USA
Year 1982 - First artificial heart transplant; it functioned for 112 days (U of Utah). Barney Clark
receives the first permanent artificial heart at the University of Utah. - Salt Lake City, Utah; USA
Year 1983 - First successful single lung transplant; it functioned for 7 years (Toronto General
Hospital). - Toronto, Canada
Year 1983 - Nov. 1983 --- The most notable development in this area was Jean Borel's discovery
of an immunosuppressant drug called cyclosporine in the mid- 1970s. This drug was approved for
commercial use in November 1983. 1983: Cyclosporine, an anti-rejection drug, is approved by
the Food and Drug Administration (US Gov.). - Washington, DC; USA
Year 1984 - First baboon to human heart transplant (Baby Faye); it functioned for 20 days (Loma
Linda Medical Center). 1984: National Organ Transplant Act signed into law establishing a
national system to match donors and recipients. - Loma Linda, California; USA
Year 1985 - First artificial heart bridge; it functioned for 9 days (U of AZ). - Tucson, Arizona; USA
Year 1986 - First successful double lung transplant; by Dr. Joel Cooper, Toronto Lung Transplant
Group, Toronto General Hospital, Canada
Year 1987 - First "domino" transplant takes place in Baltimore, Maryland, in which a patient with
diseased lungs but a healthy heart receives a heart-lung transplant and then donates their
healthy heart to a patient needing a heart transplant. - Baltimore, Maryland; USA
Year 1989 - First successful living-related liver transplant (U of Chicago). - Chicago, Illinois; USA
Year 1990 - First successful living-related lung transplant from recipient's mother (Stanford
University Medical Center). - Stanford, California; USA
Year 1990 - First successful liver-intestinal transplant, Dr. David Grant, University of London
Ontario. - Ontario, Canada.
Year 1992 - First baboon to human liver transplant; recipient lived for 70 days.Performed at the
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.- Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; USA
Year 1992 - First pig to human liver transplant; recipient died 2 days after (Cedars-Sinai Medical
Center). - Los Angeles, California; USA
Year 1993 - First successful living related lung lobes transplant (one from each of recipient's
parents), University of Southern California. - Los Angeles, California; USA
Year 1996 - First court-ordered liver transplant. Patient's parents initially refused treatment for
religious reasons (Children's Hospital Medical Center). - Cincinnati, Ohio; USA
Year 1996 - First successful split-liver transplants from a cadaveric donor (University Hospital
Eppendorf). - Hamburg, Germany

Historical Highlights
1668 First successful bone graft (bone from a dogs skull used to repair defect in human cranium)
documented by Job van Meeneren (Dutch).
1674 Description of bone structure by Antoni van Leeuwenhock (Dutch).
1822 Fresh autograft ( transplantation of tissue from one location on an individuals body to another
location) of skin, by Berger.
1867 L. Ollier (France) publishes treatise showing that bone autografts are viable: Traite experimental
et clinique de la regeneration des os.
1868 Fresh allograft (transplant from one individual to another) of skin by Swiss surgeon Jacques Louis
Reverdin.
1880 First clinical bone autograft, by William Macewen (Sweden).
1906 First corneal transplant, by Dr. Edward Zirm.
1908 Successful cadaveric knee joint transplant, by Dr. Eric Lexer.
1911 First use of homologous vein tissue in arterial reconstruction, by Dr. Yamanouchi.
1915 F.H. Albee publishes influential text on bone graft surgery.
1949 U.S. Navy establishes first U.S. tissue bank at Bethesda, Maryland.
1954 First kidney transplant (brother to brother) performed by Dr. Joseph E. Murray, Peter Brent
Brigham Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
1955 First fresh heart allograft put into descending aorta, By Dr. Gordon Murray.
1956 Frozen venous allograft for femoral bypass, by Drs. Shaw and Weelock.
1962 First fresh heart valve transplants in cardiac position, by Sir Brian Barrett-Boyes (New Zealand)
and Dr. Donald Ross (Great Britain).
1963 First liver transplant, by Dr. Thomas Starzl, University of Colorado, Denver.
1964 First lung transplant, by Dr. James Hardy, University of Mississippi, Jackson.
1967 First heart transplant, by Dr. Christian Barnard, Groote Schur Hospital, Cape town, South Africa.
1968 National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws draws up first legislative proposal
addressing organ donation, the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act (UAGA).
1968 First definition of brain death based on neurologic criteria, The Harvard Criteria For The
Determination Of Brain Death (amended, 1969).
1969 First pancreas transplant, by Dr. Lillche, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
1970s First use of cryopreserved (frozen) heart valves, by Dr. Mark OBrien (Australia) and Dr. William
Angell (Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, California).
1972 Introduction of cryopreserved human skin allografts.
1973 Use of cryopreserved venous allograft, by Drs. Dent and Weber.
1976 American Association of Tissue Banks (AATB) established.
1978 Introduction of Cyclosporin as a major immunosuppressant.
1978 Kidney transplants included under Medicare coverage (Social Security Act Amendment, P.L. 92-
603).
1979 National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Law recommends Uniform
Determination of Death Act for adoption by all 50 states.
1980 Presidents Commission for Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical Research
establishes neurologic criteria for determination of death, expanding on the Harvard Criteria.
1981 First heart/lung transplant, by Dr. Norman Shumway, Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto,
California.
1984 National Transplant Act (P.O. 98.507) establishes National Task Force on Organ Transplantation,
legislates federally funded centralized waiting list for organ recipients, outlaws buying and selling
of human organs, mandates establishment of scientific registries to monitor transplant centers,
Organ Procurement Organizations and hospitals.
1985 Oregon, California and New York become first states Required Consent Laws mandating that
hospitals ensure that families of potential donors are offered the opportunity to donate.
1986 Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (P.L. 99-509) amends Social Security Act to
require all hospitals to adopt policies and procedures for identification of potential donors and
notification of families of their option to donate. The Routine Notification requirement supersedes
state laws and directly ties Medicare funding to hospital compliance.
1988 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations sets donor identification and
notification standards.
1989 200,000 tissue transplants performed in the U.S.
1993 Food and Drug Administration initiates regulation of all U.S. tissue banks.
1996 500,000 tissue transplants performed in the U.S.
1996 National performance standards for Organ Procurement Organizations implemented by the Health
Care Finance Administration (HCFA).
1997 Food and Drug Administration requires registration of all tissue recovery and processing facilities.
1998 Federal legislation Routine Notification requires all hospitals to notify their local Organ
Procurement Organizations of each death and links compliance to Medicare reimbursement.
1999 Food and Drug Administration proposed further regulations extending oversight to all products
derived from human tissue and cells including reproductive technology.
2000 Almost 112,000 people waiting for an organ transplant and one million waiting for a tissue
transplant.
2005 First successful partial face transplant in France.
2006 First jaw transplant to combine donor jaw with bone marrow from the patient, by Eric M. Genden
at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York.
2008 First successful complete full double arm transplant by Edgar Biemer, Christoph Hhnke and
Manfred Stangl at the Technical University of Munich, Germany.
2008 First baby born from transplanted ovary.
2008 First transplant of a human windpipe using a patients own stem cells, by Paolo Macchiarini in
Barcelona, Spain.
2008 First successful transplantation of near total area (80%) of face, (including palate, nose, cheeks,
and eyelid by Maria Siemionow in Cleveland, Ohio.
2010 First full facial transplant, by Dr Joan Pere Barret and team at the Hospital Universitari Vall
d'Hebron in Barcelona, Spain.
2011 First double leg transplant, by Dr. Cavadas and team at Valencia's Hospital La Fe, Spain.


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