Land reclamation is defined as a process of creating new land by raising the elevation of the seabed, riverbed or other low-lying bed or pumping out water from a watery area that are enclosed. Land reclamation by filling may be undertaken by dry earth movement, and also by hydraulic filling. Hydraulic filling is also defined as the creation of the new land by the following activities : Dredging of fill material in a borrow area. Transport of a material from the borrow area to do the reclamation area site by dredger, barge or pipeline. Placement of fill material as a mixture of fill material and water in a reclamation area.
SUBSOIL This section deals with the soil investigation required to map the existing subsoil in the reclamation area. However the soil property of the interest will be different. Consolidation properties of the subsoil for example can be of great importance for the fill area, but are less importance for the borrow area. There for, the geotechnical laboratory test programme of area will be different from the test programme of the borrow area.
HYDRAULIC, METEOROLOGICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DATA All of this relevant for reclamation area. The horizontal circular patterns will develop. Current measurements are one or multiple locations in the area in the area of interest will give insight in these conditions and will provide data for use in numerical model or to monitor the hydraulic conditions. Defining the type, number, location and duration of current measurements as well as deploying current measurements is not straight forward and requires specialist services. Geological and geotechnical applications takes a significant place in designing and constructing.
WAVES Wave data are not only important for the design of surrounding structures of the land reclamation, but also need to use on planning and monitoring reclamation works. Extreme estimates of wave heights and associate parameters such as wave periods, direction, and water level are used in design for formula to excess : Wave loadings for design of the amount type of structure Wave-overtopping and run-up to determine the slope and crest height of the structure
The reclamation works and offshore construction works can affect the wave climate. 3D modeling may be required to study and predict the effect of such work. This may include the numeric and physical modeling. Important aspects with the respect to the wave climate are : The significant wave height The wave period The seasonal vibration of wave climate
SEEDING TRANSPORT Reclamation work can trigger erosion or sedimentation of certain areas. To study these phenomena, a combination of hydraulic information is required. Since the impact zone can potentially be much longer then the actual reclamation work, the event of the area for which the data is collected can also be longer. These data may also require a physical or numerical model of vicinity fill area and a borrow area in order to determine the impact of the future project on the present morphological regime.
TUBIDITY Turbidity of water is defined as the degree of water contains particle that causes cloudiness or back scattering and the extinction of light. High turbidity level generally occurs in the vicinity of reclamation projects caused by the release of organic and inorganic solids into the water column as a results of the activity. One of the main environmental concern is the effect of the elevated levels of suspension sediment on the natural environmental. Suspended sediment introduce in the environment limit the transparency of the water and prevent light from shining through. As the result of the presence of suspended particles, water will lost its transparency. Background turbidity data will relate to the measurements of the concentration levels of suspended material in the water column prior to reclamation work.
DISSOLVED OXYGEN Organic matter released or stripped of during reclamation work will reduce the level of dissolved oxygen in a water body as a result of aerobic oxidation. Because of its important of life forms a shortage of oxygen may have a serious implication for the natural environment.
ADDITIONAL PARAMETERS The complexity with the respect of water is reflected in many types of physical, chemical and biological indicator. These for depending, on specific requirements information of the wide variation of additional parameters may be required in order to describe the state of and the effect of water quality. More complex measurements such as toxic contaminants and the presence of micro organism may require water sampling forward by an analysis of laboratory.
SEABED OBSTRUCUION Wreaks and other obstacles may hamper dredging operations and can cause significant damage. Apart from damage, it can sometime be archeological importance and may not be disturb. Large wreaks with high archeological can be a reason for reclamation area work starts. Obstruction can be detected either by side scan or by magnetometer. This can only detect metal object which cause magnetic anomaly. There for, one can be sure whether the surface is free from obstacles or not. Shallow geophysical methods are helpful for this.
INTRODUCTION Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a landfill), is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds, or, lake. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill. As human overcrowding of developed areas intensified during the 20th century, it has become important to develop land re-use strategies for completed landfills. Some of the most common usages are for parks, golf courses and other sports fields. Increasingly, however, office buildings and industrial uses are made on a completed landfill. In these latter uses, methane capture is customarily carried out to minimize explosive hazard within the building. Reclaimed land is highly susceptible to soil liquefaction during earthquakes, which can amplify the amount of damage that occurs to buildings and infrastructure. Subsidence is another issue, both from soil compaction on filled land, and also when wetlands are enclosed by levees and drained to create Polders. Drained marshes will eventually sink below the surrounding water level, increasing the danger from flooding.