OMF000403 GSM Interference Analysis ISSUE1.0

OMF000403
GSM Interference Analysis

ISSUE1.0
OMF000403 GSM Interference Analysis
ISSUE1.0 Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Course escri!tion.......................................................................................................................... 1
Introdction to Corse................................................................................................................ 1
Corse Ob!ecti"e........................................................................................................................ 1
#ele"ant Materials..................................................................................................................... 1
C"a!ter 1 O#er#ie$......................................................................................................................... %
1.1 Affection of Interference on $et%or&.................................................................................... '
C"a!ter % Interference Sources..................................................................................................... 3
'.1 Classification of Interference Sorces..................................................................................3
'.1.1 $atral $oise............................................................................................................. 3
'.1.' Man()ade $oise....................................................................................................... 3
'.' Main Interference Sorces Affectin* Mobile Co))nication...............................................4
C"a!ter 3 isco#ery of Interference.............................................................................................. &
3.1 +isco"erin* Interference "ia OMC Traffic Measre)ent......................................................,
3.' OMC Alar) and Sbscriber Co)-laint.................................................................................
3.3 +isco"erin* Interference "ia +ri"e Test................................................................................ .
C"a!ter 4 'ocation an( Clearance of Interference Source..........................................................)
4.1 #eco))ended /rocedres for 0ocation and Clearance of Interference..............................1
4.1.1 +eter)ine Interference Cell accordin* to 2ey /erfor)ance Inde3 42/I5...................1
4.1.' C6ec& Alar) of OMC................................................................................................. 1
4.1.3 Fre7ency /lannin* C6ec&........................................................................................ 1
4.1.4 C6ec& /ara)eter Settin* of Cell.............................................................................. 10
4.1.8 +ri"e Test................................................................................................................. 10
4.1., Interference Clearance............................................................................................ 10
4.' 0ocation and Clearance of 9ard%are Falt........................................................................10
4.'.1 Antenna /erfor)ance +e*radation.......................................................................... 10
4.'.' :ater See-a*e of Antenna or Feeder......................................................................11
4.'.3 ;)-er Connector Falt.......................................................................................... 1'
4.'.4 Antenna Connected In"ersely.................................................................................. 1'
4.'.8 Incorrect ;)-er Connection of <TS.......................................................................14
4.'., T#= Falt................................................................................................................. 14
4.'.> Cloc& Unloc&in*....................................................................................................... 1,
4.'.. S))ary................................................................................................................. 1>
4.3 Intra(net%or& Interference.................................................................................................. 1>
4.3.1 Co(c6annel Interference.......................................................................................... 1.
4.3.' Ad!acent(c6annel Interference................................................................................. '0
4.3.3 Interference Cased by O"er(co"era*e...................................................................'1
4.3.4 Interference Cased by A**ressi"e #ese..............................................................''
4.4 #e-eater Interference........................................................................................................ '3
4.8 Off(net%or& Interference..................................................................................................... '4
4.8.1 Micro%a"e Interference........................................................................................... '4
4.8.' 9i*6(-o%er <roadcastin* Station Interference........................................................'4
4., Ot6er /6eno)ena Casin* Interference............................................................................ '8
4.> False Interference.............................................................................................................. '>
C"a!ter * Anti+interference Measures......................................................................................... %,
C"a!ter & Interference Test Tools................................................................................................ %)
,.1 <rief introdction to S-ectr) Analy?er............................................................................. '1
,.' +irectional Antenna............................................................................................................ '1
C"a!ter - .ay to Test Interference.............................................................................................. 30
>.1 T6e %ay to Test Internal Interference................................................................................. 30
i
ISSUE1.0 Table of Contents
>.' T6e %ay to Test E3ternal Interference................................................................................ 30
>.3 T6e %ay to Searc6 E3ternal Interference Sorces.............................................................31
ii
ISSUE1.0 Corse +escri-tion
Course escri!tion
Intro(uction to Course
To introdce affection bro*6t by interference to t6e GSM syste)@ falt location
)et6od and trobles6ootin* )et6od@ t6is corse 6ereby lists o t6e -ossible
interference sorces@ and offers descri-tion of cases to facilitate falt location and
trobles6ootin*. T6e )ain contents of t6e corse are as follo%sA o"er"ie%@
classification of interference sorce@ !d*e)ent )et6od@ location and trobles6ootin*@
anti(interference )easres@ introdction to instr)ent interference test@ etc.
Course Ob/ecti#e
After co)-leted t6e corse@ yo canA
*et t6e case of interference and )aster t6e )et6od of locatin* t6e interference
sorceB
Master t6e )et6od of o"erco)in* interference.
0ele#ant Materials
Interference Star%iars&i
GSM /rinci-le and $et%or& O-ti)i?ation 9an <in!ie
Mobile Co))nication En*ineerin* 0 ErC#i
1
ISSUE1.0 C6a-ter 1 O"er"ie%
C"a!ter 1 O#er#ie$
Fre7ency resorce is a &ind of rare resorce. In GSM syste)@ fre7ency rese is
"ery necessary for GSM syste) to -ro"ide eno*6 ca-acity. Fre7ency rese )eans
t6at sa)e fre7ency can be sed si)ltaneosly in se"eral cells %6en t6e distance
bet%een t6e) is far eno*6. T6e distance bet%een t6e cells allocatin* t6e sa)e
fre7ency is called t6e rese distance. And t6e ratio bet%een t6e rese distance and
t6e cell radis is called co(fre7ency interference factor. For certain fre7ency
resorce@ t6e net%or& ca-acity %ill be lar*er if t6e fre7ency rese is )ore ti*6t@ bt
t6e interference %ill be stron*er becase t6e rese distance beco)es nearer.
T6e interference cased by fre7ency rese is called internal net%or& interference 4it
is also called internal syste) interference5. <esides@ t6e GSM net%or& )ay be
affected by interference fro) ot6er co))nication syste)s.
;d*in* fro) t6e as-ects sc6 as con"ersation 7ality@ call dro-@ 6ando"er and
con*estion@ it is fond t6at interference sitation is one of t6e )ost i)-ortant factor
t6at affects t6e net%or&. 9o% to redce or eli)inate interference is no% beco)in*
t6e -rinci-al tas& of net%or& -lannin* and o-ti)i?ation. T6is doc)ent 6erein
-ro"ides a syste)ic descri-tion of interference sorce@ interference location and
trobles6ootin* on t6e basis of e3-erience of e3-erts.
1.1 Affection of Interference on 1et$or2
:6en t6ere is interference in t6e net%or&@ t6e sbscribers sally enconter t6e
follo%in* -6eno)enonA
+rin* con"ersation@ t6e sbscriber sally cannot 6ear t6e "oice @ and t6e
bac&*rond noise is too lod.
:6en fi3ed tele-6one sbscriber calls MS sbscriber@ or MS sbscriber calls
fi3ed tele-6one sbscriber@ call dro- occrs after D+@ d @ dE is 6eard.
T6e con"ersation cannot be carried on s)oot6ly@ and call dro- often 6a--ens.
:6en interference e3ists in t6e net%or&@ fro) t6e reslt of traffic statistic@ t6ere
are so)e c6aracteristic as follo%in*.
1. T6ere are 0e"el 4F0e"el 8 interference band in TC9 )easre)ent
fnction @ and t6e )easre)ent "ale is )ore t6an 1.
'. Con*estion rate is co)-arati"ely 6i*6 4As t6ere is interference in S+CC9
c6annel@ i))ediate assi*n)ent or TC9 assi*n)ent %ill fail5.
3. T6e call dro- rate is 6i*6er t6an ot6er cells.
4. T6e 6ando"er sccess rate is lo%.
8. T6ro*6 +ri"e Test@ it is fond t6atA
,. it is difficlt to 6ando"er .
>. T6e #3 le"el is 6i*6@ bt t6e 7ality is bad.
.. T6ro*6 tracin* t6e Abis interface si*nalin* %it6 si*nalin* analy?er
4MA10G21'085@ it is fond t6at T6e bit error rate is 6i*6er t6an ot6er cells.
'
C"a!ter % Interference Sources
%.1 Classification of Interference Sources
T6e interference sorces of )obile co))nication syste)Gnoise are )ainly classed
as follo%sA
%.1.1 1atural 1oise
At)os-6ere noise
Gala3y noise
Solar noise 47iet -eriod5
%.1.% Man+3a(e 1oise
Interference of i*nition syste)s of "e6icles or ot6er en*ines
Interference of electronic co))nication syste)B
Interference of -o%er line
Interference of scientific researc6@ )edical and 6ose6old a--liancesB
#esearc6 data of ITT@ A)erica on t6e abo"e noiseGinterference is s6o%n as follo%s.

Fi4ure 1.1 En"iron)ent noise
In t6e fi*re@ Ta denotes t6e noise te)-eratre@ Fa denotes e7i"alent noise factor@
and t6e relation bet%een t6e t%o is as follo%sA
Fa = 10 log log log
Ta
To
:6erein@ ToH'10
0
2.
Fro) t6e researc6 data of ITT@ it can be "ie%ed t6at t6e at)os-6ere noise and solar
noise is co)-arati"ely lo% in 30F1000M9?@ %6ic6 can be i*nored. And abo"e
100M9?@ as t6e radio noise of *ala3y is lo%er t6an t6e t6er)al noise of ty-ical
recei"er@ t6e interference can be i*nored as %ell. T6s@ natral noises 4at)os-6ere
noise@ *ala3y noise and solar noise5 are nnecessarily considered for t6e )obile
3
syste)s abo"e 480M9?@ .00M9?@ 100M9?@ 1.00M9? and '000M9?
I3J
. T6e affection
of sns-ot fasti*i) on )obile co))nication is te)-orarily n&no%n@ bt scientists
belie"e t6at sns-ot fasti*i) 6as *reat affection on t6e electric -o%er and
co))nication.
Accordin* to t6e researc6 of $ational <rea of Standards 4$<S5@ it is fond t6at t6e
)an()ade noise is one of t6e )ain interference sorces. A)on* t6ose )an()ade
interferenceGnoise sorces@ certain interference is ncontrollable@ sc6 as i*nition
interference of "e6icle en*ine@ electric -o%er interference and indstrial electric
e7i-)ent interference. 9o%e"er@ certain interference@ sc6 as interference bet%een
co))nication e7i-)ent and internal net%or& interference@ %6ic6 can be o"erco)e
by reasonable net%or& -lannin* and syste) o-ti)i?ation. T6e latter is )ain researc6
field of t6is doc)ent.
%.% Main Interference Sources Affectin4 Mobile
Co33unication
In )obile co))nication syste)@ %6en <TS recei"es t6e si*nals fro) t6e MS
co)-arati"ely far a%ay@ it %ill enconter interference fro) t6e a)bient co))nication
e7i-)ent@and <TS or MS of t6e sa)e syste)
I3J
@ as s6o%n in t6e fi*re belo%.

Fi4ure 1.1 Sc6e)atic dia*ra) of )obile co))nication interference
T6e )ain interference of t6is -art is as follo%sA
9ard%are faltA
T#= faltA if t6e -erfor)ance of T#= is redced de to )anfactre case or
a--lication@ %6ic6 %ill case self(e3citation of T#= a)-lification circit resltin*
in interference.
C+U or di"ider faltA as acti"e a)-lifier 6as been ado-ted for t6e di"ider and
di"ider )odle of C+U@ self(e3citation )i*6t be cased %6en falt occrs.
S-rios e)ission and inter()odlationA if ot(band s-rios e)ission inde3 of
<TS T#= or a)-lifier e3ceeds t6e li)it@ or isolation bet%een T= and #= of t6e
d-le3er in C+U is not eno*6@ all t6ese %ill for) interference on t6e recei"in*
c6annel. Inter()odlation )ay also occr in -assi"e e7i-)ent sc6 as -assi"e
antenna and feeder.
Internal net%or& interferenceA
I)-ro-er fre7ency -lannin*A
Co(fre7ency interference
Ad!acent fre7ency interference
#e-eater interferenceA
It is co))only ado-ted t6at co"era*e of <TS is e3tended %it6 re-eater in t6e early
sta*e net%or& constrction. +e to its o%n c6aracteristics@ it %ill easily case
interference to t6e <TS if it is i)-ro-erly sed. For re-eater@ t6ere are )ainly t%o
interference )odesA
4
As t6e installation of re-eater is non standard@ casin* insfficient isolation
bet%een t6e donor antenna and t6e sbscriber antenna@ so self(e3citation is
cased. T6is affects nor)al %or&in* of <TS t6at t6e re-eater belon*s to.
For t6e re-eater ado-tin* %ideband non(linear a)-lifier@ t6e inter()odlation
inde3 far e3ceeds t6e re7ire)ent of t6e -rotocol. If t6e -o%er is co)-arati"ely
6i*6@ t6e inter()odlation co)-onent %ill be lar*e@ and t6is %ill case
interference to t6e <TS arond.
Interference of ot6er co))nication e7i-)ent %it6 6i*6 -o%erA
#adar stationA Fro) >0sF.0s of t6e '0
t6
centry@ t6e fre7ency sed by t6e
deci)eter %a"e radar %as si)ilar to t6at of GSM@ and its trans)ittin* -o%er %as
"ery 6i*6@ %6ic6 *enerally reac6ed tens and 6ndreds of &ilo%atts@ so t6e ot(
band s-rios e)ission is co)-arati"ely lar*e. T6s@ it easily cases
interference to t6e <TS.
Analo* <TSA T6e fre7ency band sed by t6e analo* )obile <TS o"erla-s %it6
t6e GSM fre7ency band in certain se*)ent.
Co))nication e7i-)ent at sa)e fre7ency bandA As t6e ty-es of
co))nication e7i-)ent are so )any@ so)e )anfactrers )aybe ado-t t6e
fre7ency band bt doesnCt co)-ly %it6 t6e crrent co))nication standards.
As t6e GSM fre7ency band is occ-ied by t6e e7i-)ents@ interference %ill be
cased %it6in t6e GSM syste) co"era*e area.
8
C"a!ter 3 isco#ery of Interference
To sol"e t6e interference -roble) and i)-ro"e t6e con"ersation 7ality@ find ot t6e
interference first@ and t6en use -ro-er )eans for locatin* t6e interference@ and at last
eli)inatin* or redcin* interference.
T6e )et6ods a"ailable for disco"erin* t6e interference in GSM syste) are as follo%sA
OMC traffic )easre)ent@ OMC alar)@ +ri"e Test and sbscriber co)-laint@ etc. As
t6e -issant tools@ s-ecial test e7i-)ent sc6 as si*nalin* analy?er and s-ectr)
analy?er are co))only nsed in t6is sta*e.
3.1 isco#erin4 Interference #ia OMC Traffic Measure3ent
After a net%or& on sr"ice@ follo%in* traffic )easre)ent tas&s s6old be re*istered to
disco"er t6e -roble)s in ti)eA TC9 )easre)en fnctiont@ S+CC9 )easre)ent
fnction and 6ando"er )easre)ent fnction. After tas& re*istration@ c6ec& t6e traffic
stats of "arios cells@ 6ando"er and traffic )easre)ent indices related to cell
7ality to disco"er t6e cells %it6 -otential interference.
:6at needs to be )entioned is t6at only t6e e3istence of t6e -otential interference
can be !d*ed accordin* to t6e c6ec&in* reslts. To find ot %6et6er t6ere is
interference actally@ or t6ere are ot6er -roble)s@ location and analysis is needed.
1. isco#erin4 !otential interference #ia traffic statistics result
C6ec& t6e DA"era*e TC9 bsy ti)e 4second5E in TC9 )easre)ent fnction of eac6
cell@ t6e reason is t6at t6is inde3 can s6o% t6e TC9 )ean occ-ied ti)e 4sE5@ %6ic6 is
sally called DTC9 )ean 6oldin* ti)eE in t6e <SC of ot6er )anfactrerE@ %it6in t6e
)easre)ent -eriod. If it is fond t6at t6e A"era*e TC9 bsy ti)e 4second5 of
certain cell is co)-arati"ely s6ort 4sc6 as less t6an 10s5@ t6en )aybe t6ere is stron*
interference in t6e cell@ casin* t6at 6ando"erGcall dro- 6a--ens de to bad 7ality
after TC9 c6annel occ-ied to MS.
Certainly@ if 6ard%are falt occrs in certain T#= 4non(<CC9 or non(S+CC9 carrier5
of a cell@ t6e case )entioned abo"e %ill also a--ear.
%. isco#erin4 interference #ia "an(o#er (ata
T6e 6ando"er )easre)ent data reflects t6e )obility of t6e sbscribers %it6in t6e
cell nder )easre)ent. Generally@ %e can di"ide t6e 6ando"er data into t%o
cate*ories for analysis@ intra(cell 6ando"er and inter(cell 6ando"er.
Inter(cell 6ando"er
T6ere are )any reasons of MS tri**erin* 6ando"er T6e 6ando"er )easre)ent
indices )ainly sed for !d*in* %6et6er t6ere is interference are as follo%sA ti)es of
atte)-t to initiate 6ando"er 4do%nlin& 7ality5@ ti)es of atte)-t to initiate 6ando"er
4-lin& 7ality5@ ti)es of recei"in* 7ality le"el 40F>5 %6en initiatin* 6ando"er 4-lin&5
and a"era*e recei"in* 7ality %6en initiatin* 6ando"er 4-lin&5.
:6en certain cell initiates 6ando"er@ if t6e a"era*e recei"in* 7ality 4-lin&5 is 4
4t6is is tre %6en t6ere is no fre7ency 6o--in*@ if t6ere is@ it s6old be 85@ and t6e
)ean recei"in* le"el is '84(.8d<)5@ t6en it is -ossibly cased by -lin& interference.
:6en certain cell initiates 6ando"er@ if t6e ti)es of recei"in* 7ality le"el abo"e 8 is
)ore t6an t6at belo% 4@ t6en t6ere )ay be -lin& interference as %ell.
If t6e ti)es of certain cell atte)-ts to initiate 6ando"er 4-lin&Gdo%nlin& 7ality5 is
)ore t6an 10K of total 6ando"er atte)-t ti)es@ t6en t6ere )ay be interference in t6e
,
cell. T6e t%o indices are all related to 7ality 6ando"er t6res6old and interference
6ando"er t6res6old %it6in t6e cell -ara)eters.
Intra(cell 6ando"er
For intra(cell 6ando"er@ t6ere is also )easre)ent ite)s sc6 as intra(cell 6ando"er
re7est ti)es 4-lin&Gdo%nlin& 7ality5 and t6e interference sitation. If t6e intra(cell
6ando"er is cased by -lin&Gdo%nlin& 7ality@ and t6e -ro-ortion ta&en - by total
intra(cell 6ando"er ti)es a)on* t6e total inter(cell 6ando"er ti)es is co)-arati"ely
6i*6er t6an t6at of ot6ers@ t6en t6ere )ay be interference in t6e cell.
T6e 6ando"er )easre)ent inde3 is closely related to t6e settin* of cell -ara)eters.
T6e redcin* of 6ando"er !d*)ent t6res6old and /G$ dration can )a&e t6e
6ando"er )ore sensiti"e@ and case )ore 6ando"ers. And on t6e contrary@ 6ando"er
ti)es %ill be redced. Too fe% 6ando"er ti)es )aybe no *ood to t6e net%or&
-erfor)ance at %6iles@ and affect t6e 6ando"er sccess rate directly. 9o%e"er@ too
)any 6ando"er is no *ood eit6er. As for t6e 6ard 6ando"er attribte of GSM@
6ando"er is also t6e )ain case of call dro-. Accordin* to t6e online data
)easre)ent@ t6e -ro-ortion t6at one 6ando"er -er con"ersation %ill be
co)-arati"ely reasonable.
3. isco#erin4 !otential interference #ia call (ro! in(e5
Call dro- is one of t6e net%or& falts n(acce-table for t6e sbscribers. T6e
)easre)ent indices related to call dro- are as follo%sA S+CC9GTC9 call dro- ti)es@
%ireless lin& bro&en ti)es %6en S+CC9GTC9 occ-ied 4connection failed5 and )ean
-lin&Gdo%nlin& 7ality in case of S+CC9GTC9 call dro-.
If t6e call dro- ti)es of certain cell is rat6er 6i*6er t6e t6e ot6er %it6 sa)e traffic load@
and t6e )ain case of call dro- is o%nin* to connection falt@ t6en it is -ossibly
cased by interference.
If t6e a"era*e recei"in* le"el drin* call dro- is co)-arati"ely 6i*6 4'85@ %6ile t6e
a"era*e recei"in* 7ality le"el is ,@ t6en t6e cell s6old be listed into t6e
interference sorce.
4. isco#erin4 !otential interference #ia interference ban(
<TS %ill tili?e an idle TS in a fra)e to scan t6e -lin& fre7encies of t6e fre7encies
sed by T#=@ and t6en )a&e )easre)ent to t6e le"el 8 interference band. T6e
defalt settin* of interference bands in <SC of 9a%ei is as follo%sA 110@ 108@ 1.@ 10@
.> and .8 4nitA (d<)5@ corres-ondin* to t6e follo%in* interference bands in traffic
)easre)entA
Table 1.1 Interference band
Interference band 0e"el sco-e 4(d<)5
Interference band one (108 F (1.
Interference band ' (1> F (10
Interference band 3 (.1 F (.>
Interference band 4 (., F (.8
Interference band 8 (.4
Co)-ared %it6 ot6er )easre)ent indices@ t6e )easre)ent inde3 of interference
band can reflect t6e cell interference sitation )ore directly@ bt it can only reflect
%6et6er t6ere is interference in t6e -lin&.
If t6e "ales of interference band 4 and interference band 8 are co)-arati"ely lar*e
415@ t6en@ t6ere )ay be co(fre7ency interference in t6e cell. If t6e )easre)ent
"ales )ainly distribte in interference band 1 and interference band '@ t6en t6e
-ossibility of interference %ill be s)all. 9o%e"er@ if t6ere is co)-arati"ely 6i*6 "ale
in band 3@ t6en attention s6old be -aid to t6is.
$oteA As 9a%eiCs )easre)ent )et6od of interference band is based on cell@ t6e
"ale of interference band of certain T#= t6at sffers serios co(fre7ency
>
interference %ill be co)-arati"ely s)all in lar*e site ty-e 4S.G.G.5. T6e reason is t6at
t6is "ale 6as been a"era*ed by t6e "ales of ot6er se"en T#= %it6ot interference.
T6s@ t6e "ales cannot reflect t6e actal interference condition.
3.% OMC Alar3 an( Subscriber Co3!laint
OMC alar) sbsyste) can re-ort t6e 6ard%are falt of <TS side. <efore startin* to
locate t6e interference sorce@ analysis )st be -erfor)ed to t6e alar) infor)ation
first. <efore i)-le)entation of any o-ti)i?ation %or&s@ it is %ise to eli)inate 6ard%are
falt first.
:6at needs to be )entioned is t6at t6e interference@ %6et6er fro) MS or ot6er <TS@
cannot be !d*ed "ia t6e alar) infor)ation of alar) sbsyste).
Sbscriber co)-laint is also i)-ortant cle% for findin* t6e -otential interference.
Infor)ation %6ic6 s6old be collected fro) ser co)-laint incldes MS n)ber@ MS
)odel@ called n)ber and falt -6eno)enon of callin* side and falt -6eno)enon of
called side and -articlar falt location@ etc. If t6e alar) infor)ation is )ore detailed@
it %ill be )ore easily to find ot t6e net%or& -roble)s.
T6e descri-tion of sbscriber co)-laint is co)-arati"ely f??y. 9o%e"er@ it is
reasonable if t6e sbscriber cannot tell yo %6ere t6e interference is@ t6e reason is
t6at t6ey donCt &no% )c6 abot t6e celllar net%or& actally. :6en t6ere is
interference in t6e net%or&@ t6e direct feelin*s of t6e sbscriber )ay beA 6ea"y noise@
bot6 -arties or eit6er -arty cannot 6ear eac6 ot6er clearly@ call dro-s and call cannot
be -t t6ro*6@ etc. T6s@ %6en )any sbscribers %it6in t6e sa)e area co)-lain t6e
sa)e -roble)@ t6en %or& s6old be done to c6ec& %6et6er t6ere is interference in
t6e area.
3.3 isco#erin4 Interference #ia ri#e Test
+ri"e Test is a )et6od t6at is )ost co))only sed to find ot -roble)s. T6e
ss-icion of interference *ained by t6e )et6ods described abo"e@ na)ely@ analysis of
traffic )easre)ent and sbscriber co)-laint@ s6old also be "erified "ia dri"e test.
$ote t6at t6e +ri"e Test can only c6ec& t6e do%nlin& interference. +rin* actal
i)-le)entation@ t6ere are t%o +ri"e Test )et6ods a"ailableA idle )ode test and
s-ecial )ode test.
Under t6e idle )ode@ t6e test e7i-)ent can )easre t6e si*nal le"el of bot6 ser"in*
cell and ad!acent cell. In addition@ t6e e7i-)ent can also -erfor) fre7ency
scannin* test to t6e s-ecified fre7ency or fre7ency band.
+rin* test@ rond(tri- test s6old be -erfor)ed to t6e ob!ect <TS.
Under s-ecial )ode test@ t6e test e7i-)ent can )easre t6e si*nal le"els@ recei"in*
7alities@ -o%er control re*istrations and ti)e ad"ance@ etc. of bot6 t6e ser"in* cell
and ad!acent cell. :6en 6i*6 le"el 4305 and lo% 7ality 4#3LMal,5 re)ain in
certain section of 6i*6%ay@ t6en@ it can be conclded t6at interference e3ists in t6e
section. Frt6er@ -art test e7i-)ent can directly dis-lay t6e fra)e eli)ination rate
4FE#5. Generally %6en t6e FE# '8K@ sbscribers can feel t6e discontinos "oice@
t6at is to say@ interference e3ists in t6is section of 6i*6%ay 4FE# )easre)ent of A$T
is inaccrate.5.
.
C"a!ter 4 'ocation an( Clearance of Interference
Source
T6e )ost i)-ortant -rocess drin* o-ti)i?ation is 6o% to locate t6e falt in t6e
net%or& %6ic6 re7ires )c6 e3-erience. T6e abo"e section only re"eals t6at t6e
interference )ay e3ist in t6e net%or&@ bt t6e cases of interference "ary sc6 as co(
fre7ency or ad!acent fre7ency interference in t6e syste)@ s-rios interference of
6i*6(-o%er trans)ittin* e7i-)ent arond@ t6e self(e3citation of t6e trans)itter@ etc.
4.1 0eco33en(e( 6roce(ures for 'ocation an( Clearance
of Interference
4.1.1 eter3ine Interference Cell accor(in4 to 7ey 6erfor3ance In(e5 876I9
T6e sdden deterioration of sc6 indices as call dro- rate@ 6ando"er sccess rate@
traffic@ con*estion rate@ interference band indicates t6at interference e3ists in t6e cell.
At t6is ti)e@ c6ec& t6e lo* of t6e o-eration on t6e cells is re7ired. C6ec& %6et6er
<TS 6ard%are is added or )odified@ and data is )odified recently@ or %6et6er t6e
occrrence of t6e interference is associated %it6 t6ese o-erations in ter)s of ti)e.
If no data )odification is -erfor)ed in t6is dration@ it can be sre t6at t6e
interference co)es fro) t6e 6ard%are or e3ternal of t6e net%or&. It is reco))ended
to c6ec& t6e 6ard%are first@ if interference still e3ists after t6e 6ard%are falt is
e3clded@ t6en c6ec& %6et6er e3ternal interference e3ists 4t6e )et6od for c6ec&in*
e3ternal interference@ -lease refer to t6e c6a-ter infra5.
4.1.% C"ec2 Alar3 of OMC
So)eti)es@ t6e 6i*6 call dro- rate@ lo% 6ando"er sccess rate and 6i*6 con*estion
rate )ay be rele"ant %it6 t6e e7i-)ent falt@ c6ec& of OMC alar) record %ill s-are
)c6 ti)e s-ent in !d*)ent and analysis. Si)ilarly@ t6e association of alar) record
%it6 t6e deterioration of t6ese indices in ter)s of ti)e is analy?ed 6ere.
It s6old be noted t6at )ost alar)s of OMC ai) at t6e 6ard%are falt of t6e sc6 as
T#= no -o%er ot-t@ etc. For )ost -otential falt in o-ti)i?ation sc6 as T#= or
C+U recei"in* -erfor)ance de*radation@ self(e3citation@ etc.@ t6e alar) infor)ation
cannot be re-orted. 4Co)-ared %it6 di*ital co)-onents@ t6e analo* co)-onents sc6
as )icro%a"e and so on are )ore difficlt to detect5
4.1.3 Fre:uency 6lannin4 C"ec2
If one cell is dobted %it6 interference@ c6ec& t6e fre7ency -lannin* of t6is cell and
cells arond. First yo s6old be "ery clear abot t6e <TS location distribtion and
a?i)t6 of eac6 cell@ t6en )a&e a dra%in* of t6e to-olo*y )a-@ and )ar& t6e
<CC9GTC9 fre7ency and <SIC. At t6e sa)e ti)e@ )a&e a co)-arison bet%een t6e
-lanned fre7ency and actally confi*red fre7ency in <SC to c6ec& %6et6er t6ere
is discre-ancy.
Generally yo can !d*e %6et6er t6ere is co(fre7ency and ad!acent fre7ency
interference accordin* to accrate to-olo*y )a- of fre7ency -lannin*.
1
4.1.4 C"ec2 6ara3eter Settin4 of Cell
So)e cell -ara)eters 6a"e i)-act on t6e interference sc6 as C#O@ 6ando"er
t6res6old@ 6ando"er !d*)entGstatistics dration 4/G$ criteria5@ and ad!acent cell
relation.
If C#O is set too lar*er t6an t6e nei*6bor cells@ MS is dra%n in t6is cell %it6 in idle
)ode e"en t6e actal #3 le"el lo%er t6an t6e cells arond@ so once CGI cannot be
)ore t6an t6e t6res6old 1'd< in case of con"ersation@ interference %ill e)er*e.
If confi*ration of ad!acent cell is o)itted in ad!acent cell relation@ MS %ill fail to
6ando"er to t6e cell %it6 better si*nal le"el and 7ality@ t6is %ill also lead to
interference. Sli*6t interference )ay also occr in case of lar*e 6ando"er t6res6old@
and /G$ criteria as %ell as 6ando"er difficlty bet%een cells. <t it is far )ore
dan*eros if t6e "ale is too s)all@ t6e fre7ent 6ando"er not only increases t6e call
dro- rate@ bt also t6e syste) load@ e"en leads to disastros reslt@ i.e.@ <SC
brea&do%n.
4.1.* ri#e Test
+ri"e Test is an effecti"e %ay to locate t6e interference. T6e )et6od is t6e sa)e as
-roble) location in 3.3. T6e difference is t6at t6e cell %it6 interference is 6i*6li*6ted
drin* t6e test %6en locate t6e interference.
4.1.& Interference Clearance
Ad!st)ents s6old be )ade res-ecti"ely accordin* to t6e abo"e location reslts. For
details@ -lease refer to t6e tec6nical cases. Finally t6e effect of interference clearance
%ill be e"alated accordin* to 2/I@ and +ri"e Test reslt.
T6e s-ecific )et6ods for interference location and clearance are described in for) of
cases as follo%s@ at t6e sa)e ti)e t6e case I+ is -ro"ided for t6e con"enience of
consltation.
4.% 'ocation an( Clearance of ;ar($are Fault
:6en a certain cell is dobted %it6 interference t6ro*6 t6e abo"e analysis@ it is
re7ired to c6ec& %6et6er t6e <TS first %6ere t6e cell is located %or&s nor)ally or
not. C6ec& %6et6er t6ere is antenna feeder alar)@ T#= alar)@ <TS cloc& alar) and
so on re)otelyB c6ec& %6et6er t6ere is antenna da)a*e@ %ater see-a*e@ feeder
4incldin* !)-er5 da)a*e@ %ater see-a*e@ C+U falt@ T#= falt@ incorrect <TS
!)-er connection@ syste) cloc& nloc&ed.
4.%.1 Antenna 6erfor3ance e4ra(ation
As one of t6e -assi"e de"ices@ t6e -ossibility of antenna da)a*e is "ery little@ bt t6e
real antenna da)a*e or -erfor)ance de*radation %ill lead to -oor co))nication
7ality.
Case 0010>,1.
Fault (escri!tion< T6ere are 8 <TSs for a certain net%or& in a conty confi*red as
S4G4G4 and ,G,G,@ t6e <TS ty-e incldes <TS'0 and <TS30. T6e interference band 8
in TC9 )easre)ent fnction of so)e cells is o"er 18@ and t6ere is no alar)
infor)ation in OMC
Fault location !rocess
10
15 #e*ister t6e statistics tas& of interference band of '4 6ors for t6e cell %it6
-roble)s@ it is fond t6at interference band 8 )ainly occrs in dayli*6t@ and in
t6e s)all 6ors near )iddle ni*6t@ t6e interference band "ale is al)ost 0.
'5 After o-enin* t6e idle <U#ST of all <TSs and trans)ittin* it in t6e early )ornin*@
it is fond t6at t6e interference band occrs. It disa--ears after trans)ittin* is
sto--ed. It can be !d*ed fro) t6is -6eno)enon t6at t6e interference co)es
fro) internal net%or& and 6as not6in* to do %it6 ot6er e7i-)ent.
35 $o fre7ency in t6e net%or& and data are )odified before t6e interference
occrs@ accordin*ly@ t6e interference is irrele"ant %it6 t6e fre7ency -lannin*.
45 It can be seen fro) t6e abo"e second and t6ird -oints t6at t6e -roble) is
rele"ant %it6 t6e <TS e7i-)ent.
85 Obser"e t6e #=M test interface of C+U %it6 t6e s-ectr) analy?er in -ea& 6or
in t6e dayli*6t@ it can be seen t6at nstable stron* broadband interference and
rise of bac& noise occr.
,5 First re-lace all boards 4T#=@ C+U@ F/U@ 9/A@ and -o%er board5 of t6is <TS
4<TS'0@ %it6 To%er To- A)-lifier5 one by one@ at t6e sa)e ti)e obser"e t6e
s-ectr) si*nal of #=M test interface@ it can be seen t6at interference e3ists all
t6e ti)e. T6is indicates t6at t6e interference is rele"ant %it6 t6e antenna feeder
4incldin* di"ider@ co)biner@ feeder@ antenna@ li*6tnin* arrester@ To%er To-
A)-lifier@ !)-er and connector5 instead of t6e board.
>5 Since t6e abo"e <TS nder test 6as t6e To%er Mont A)-lifier@ t6e antenna and
feeder c6ec& is incon"enient@ re-lace anot6er <TS304S4G4G45 4dal(C+U@ and
dal(-olari?ation antenna5 %it6 interference and c6ec& t6e antenna feeder.
.5 Since no interference e3ists in one of t6e cells %6ile stron* interference e3ists in
anot6er t%o cells in t6e <TS@ interc6an*e t6e antenna and feeder 4c6an*in* t6e
!)-er at t6e to- of t6e cabinet5 of t6e cells %6ic6 are %it6 and %it6ot
interference in t6e <TS in t6e e"enin*. T6en send idle <U#ST@ it is fond t6at t6e
interference follo%s t6e antenna and feeder. T6is ste- 6el-s frt6er locate t6e
falt %6ic6 s6old e3ist in antenna and feeder syste).
15 T6e sitation re)ains t6e sa)e e"en after re-lacin* li*6tnin* arrester of antenna
feeder and c6ec&in* all !)-er connectors. T6en it can be sre t6at falt e3ists
in t6e feeder or antenna.
105 #e-lace t6e !)-er 4i.e.@ antenna5 at t6e to- of t6e to%er@ it is fond t6at t6e
interference follo%s t6e antenna@ so t6e feeder falt can be e3clded %6ile t6e
antenna falt is 7ite -ossible. 4It s6old be noted t6at t6e e3ternal interference
at t6is ste- cannot be e3clded becase t6e actal installation -lace of t6e
antenna does not c6an*e@ bt t6e e3ternal interference 6as already been
e3clded in t6e abo"e ste-. 5
115 Finally c6ec& t6e antenna. T6e stron* interference disa--ears i))ediately after
t6e antenna is re-laced on t6e to%er by sin* t6e dal(-olari?ation antenna. For
frt6er "erification@ re-lace t6e antenna of one cell %it6 stron* interference in
anot6er <TS'0 %it6 a ne% one@ and t6en t6e interference disa--ears@ t6s t6e
-roble) is sol"ed 6ere.
So)eti)es t6e alar) cannot be re-orted to t6e OMC alar) console after t6e antenna
is da)a*ed. :6ile t6e antenna da)a*e %ill lead to t6e de*radation of t6e radiation
-erfor)ance and inter()odlation. And t6e inter()odlation -rodct is fed bac& to t6e
recei"in* c6annel of t6e <TS@ *eneratin* interference and effect t6e con"ersation
7ality. Si)ilar case also incldes case 001>1.8.
4.%.% .ater See!a4e of Antenna or Fee(er
T6e %ater see-a*e of antenna and feeder %ill c6an*e t6e )edia strctre and brin*
6i*6 loss of radio si*nals. Falt cases in t6e on ser"ice net%or& indicate t6at t6e
-ossibility for %ater see-a*e of antenna and feeder is less t6an t6at of antenna
da)a*e@ %6ile t6e for)er often leads to t6e redction of ser"ice ran*e. And no case
t6at interference is cased by %ater see-a*e of antenna and feeder till no%.
11
For case of %ater see-a*e of feeder@ -lease refer to case 000108>.
4.%.3 =u3!er Connector Fault
T6e #F si*nal of GSM falls into t6e U9F si*nal@ if loose contact e3ists in any section
fro) T#=@ C+U@ feeder to antenna %ill lead to 6i*6 NS:#@ increase of inter(
)odlation and interference.
Case 001811.
Fault (escri!tion< t6e ty-e of certain <TS is <TS'.0@site confi*ration is S'4'@ MS is
difficlt to access cell '@ and also call dro- often occrs drin* con"ersation. It is
fond t6at t6e interference band 4 and 8 a--ear in cell ' interference band of t6e <TS
by "ie%in* t6e traffic )easre)ent. Interference of different "ale occr on se"eral
carriers of t6is cell t6ro*6 si*nalin* tracin*@ bt interference band only occrs to
interference band ' and 3 se"eral days later. T6o*6 t6e con"ersation is not
affected@ t6e interference does not disa--ear. t6ere is no alar) )essa*e in OMC
syste)
15 C6ec& careflly t6e fre7ency -lannin* of t6e <TS. T6e -ossibility of internal co(
fre7ency and ad!acent fre7ency interference is e3clded becase t6e <TSs in
t6is area are not so dense and %it6 loose fre7ency rese.
'5 It is fond t6at t6o*6 interference s-ectr) occrs@ bt t6e interference si*nal
le"el is not too 6i*6 %6en c6ec&in* %it6 s-ectr) analy?er.
35 T6e interference still e3ists after re-lacin* carrier board@ -o%er a)-lification
board@ -o%er board@ and C+U. Sbse7ently t6e interference occrs and
disa--ears alon* %it6 t6e o-erations of scre%in* - and scre%in* off t6e
connector at t6e e3it of C+U.
45 It is fond t6at so)e scra-s e3ist on t6e C+U ot-t connector. Scre% - t6e
connector after blo%in* off t6e scra-s@ and since t6en@ interference ne"er occrs.
T6is -roble) belon*s to t6e soft falt. T6e scra-s in t6e connector %ill brin*
ncons-icos interference@ so e3-erience is 7ite i)-ortant 6ere. On t6e ot6er
6and@ t6is -roble) re)inds s of t6e i)-ortance of c6ec&in* t6e en*ineerin* 7ality
careflly.
4.%.4 Antenna Connecte( In#ersely
It is 7ite sally t6at t6e antenna is connected in"ersely@ %6ic6 %ill lead to co)-lete
difference bet%een t6e sin* fre7ency and t6e -lanned fre7ency. It %ill also lead to
co(fre7ency and ad!acent fre7ency interference@ call dro-@ 6ando"er failre@ etc. If
t6e fre7ency resorces for o-erator is a fe%@ antenna connected in"ersely %ill affect
t6e net%or& 7ality )c6 )ore.
Case 001110.
Fault (escri!tion< t6e interference bands 4 and 8 often occr in t6e traffic
)easre)ent after certain <TS is on ser"ice@ t6e inter(cell 6ando"er sccess rate is
"ery lo% and t6e con*estion rate is - to 8K. T6ere is no alar) in OMC.
15 Since t6e interference bands 4 and 8 occr alon* %it6 lo% 6ando"er sccess
rate and con*estion@ it is dobted t6at t6e interference cases t6e abo"e
-6eno)ena.
'5 C6ec& t6e fre7ency -lannin* first@ no -roble) is fond. T6e e3ternal
interference beco)es t6e c6ief consideration after t6e fre7ency -lannin*
-roble) is e3clded. C6an*e t6e ori*inal sed fre7ency 1 into t6e far(a%ay
fre7ency 14 to a"oid e3ternal interference@ bt sitation si t6e sa)e.
Confir)ation )ade %it6 t6e o-eratorCs branc6 office indicates t6at t6e <TS is
1'
re)ote and %it6ot any 6i*6(-o%er radio e7i-)ent nearby. It loo&s as if t6e
fre7ency -lannin* or e3ternal interference s6old be e3clded.
35 Since 6ando"er failre is in"ol"ed at t6e sa)e ti)e@ it is fond t6at 6ando"er
failre occrs bet%een cells 1 and 3 accordin* to t6e re*istration of
ot*oin*Ginco)in* cell 6ando"er -erfor)ance )easre)ent.
45 T6e con*estion analysis indicates t6at TC9 assi*n)ent failre is sally cased
by -lin&. After re*isterin* t6e traffic )easre)ent of -lin&Gdo%nlin& balance@ it
is fond t6at t6e )easre)ent ite) of -lin&Gdo%nlin& balance for cell 1 and cell
3 focs on le"el 1 and 11. T6is indicates t6at se"ere i)balance occrs bet%een
-lin& and do%nlin&.
85 T6e i)balance bet%een -lin& and do%nlin&@ in co)bination %it6 )c6 6ando"er
failre in cell 1 and 3 trn t6e dobt to t6e antenna and feeder %6ic6 )ay be
connected in"ersely.
,5 On(site e3a)ination indicates t6at t6e antennas of cell 1G'G3 beco)e crossed
-air %6ic6 cases t6e trans)itter antennas of cell 1 and 3 to stay in t6e sa)e
cell@ %6ile t6e recei"er antennas of t6e) connect to anot6er cell. T6e
interference band and con*estion disa--ear and t6e 6ando"er is all ri*6t after it
is corrected.
Case 0008'3>
Fault (escri!tionA t6e +ri"e Test for certain net%or& re"eals t6at t6e <CC9
fre7encies of se"eral cells is different fro) t6e desi*n@ t6e ad!acent cell relation is
disordered %it6 serios co(fre7ency interference. Moreo"er@ %it6 6ando"er sccess
rate affected@ t6e con"ersation 7ality is -oor@ and t6e call dro- rate is "ery 6i*6.
On(site detection re"eals t6at t6e connections of antenna feeder syste) in se"eral
<TSs are disordered. Nerify eac6 cell %it6 t6e test MS@ it is fond t6at 3 sector cell of
so)e <TSs are confi*red correctly bt rotated 1'0 cloc&%ise@ and crossed -air
e3ists bet%een t%o cells of so)e <TSs@ casin* t6e T=G#= of t%o cells to co"er t6e
sa)e area in t6e sa)e direction.
15 Ma&e clear t6e fre7ency of se"eral cells accordin* to t6e net%or&in* -lan
desi*n@ and locate t6e erro %it6 t6e test MS on site.
'5 T%o )et6ods can be ado-ted to correct t6e connection error and "erify t6e
accracy.
35 Met6od 1A t6ere is one len*t6 fla* e"ery ot6er 1) on >G. feeders@ t6ro*6 %6ic6
t6e sccessi"e t%o len*t6 fla*s on >G. feeders corres-ondin* to eac6 antenna in
eac6 cell at t6e to%er to- can be obser"ed and recorded. So t6e increase or
decrease of fla* can be !d*ed in case of cablin* of eac6 feeder fro) t6e to%er
to t6e e7i-)ent roo)@ t6en c6ec& t6is fla* at t6e side of li*6tnin* arrester of
indoors antenna. T6e len*t6 for eac6 feeder fro) t6e to%er to- to e7i-)ent
roo) is basically t6e sa)e@ so t6e len*t6 fla*s at t6e t%o to- and at t6e side of
li*6tnin* arrester can be sed to !d*e to %6ic6 cell does t6e feeder belon*.
Correct t6e connection at t6e li*6tnin* arrester of t6e antenna after clear
!d*)ent is obtained. Finally correct t6e incorrect fla*.
45 Met6od 'A t6e feeder fla* of so)e <TSs )ay be blrry de to scratc6 in
constrction@ or no )et6od is a"ailable to !d*e %6et6er t6e feeder connection is
correct. In t6is case@ +ri"e Test can be ado-ted for !d*)ent. T6e !d*)ent for
T=G#= feeder of one cell is easy and %6et6er t6e connection is correct can be
&no%n fro) t6e reslts of +ri"e Test. <t #=+ trans)its no si*nal@ it is nable to
&no% %6et6er t6e antenna feeder is correctly connected t6ro*6 t6e +ri"e Test.
At t6is ti)e@ s%itc6 off t6e 9/A of all carriers in t6e cell@ and connect #=+ feeder
to T=G#= ot-t of t6e C+U %6ere t6e )ain <CC9 of cell is located@ t6en s%itc6
on t6e 9/A for +ri"e Test. If correct fre7ency is recei"ed in t6e s-ecified cell@
t6e connection of #=+ feeder in t6is cell is correct@ ot6er%ise@ it is incorrect.
Fro) t6e +ri"e Test@ t6e cell to %6ic6 t6e #=+ feeder belon*s can be obtained.
13
Correct t6e connection at t6e li*6tnin* arrester of antenna and attac6 ne% fla*
a*ain after )a&in* a clear !d*)ent of all feeders.
85 Nerification %it6 +ri"e Test is re7ired after correction.
4.%.* Incorrect =u3!er Connection of >TS
T6ere are )any !)-ers fro) <TS T#= to t6e antenna@ t6e confsion of %6ic6 %ill
lead to 6i*6 call dro- rate.
Case 0018303.
Fault (escri!tionA a ne%ly constrcted <TS is of S333 ty-e and dal(C+U
confi*ration %it6 t6e "ersion as 08.08'1. T6e sbscriber co)-lains t6at it is difficlt
to )a&e MOC or MTC in t6e areas co"ered by t6is <TS since t6e on ser"ice. In t6e
traffic )easre)ent@ t6e S+CC9 call dro- rate of one cell in t6is <TS is - to 80K.
T6ere is no alar) in OMC
15 T6e cases for t6e abo"e -6eno)enon )ay incldeA interference@ <SC data
error@ and 6ard%are falt. T6e location %ill focs on t6ese 3 as-ects.
'5 T6e dial test carried ot by )aintenance en*ineer of t6e o-erator indicates t6at
t6is falt -6eno)enon occrs in cell 3. T6e Dtic&E al%ays occrs in t6e MS and
t6e MS retrns to t6e idle )ode %6en it initiates a call@ )oreo"er@ only one in for
and fi"e ti)es of callin* is sccessfl.
35 Fro) t6e traffic )easre)ent@ it is fond t6at S+CC9 call dro- rate of t6is cell is
"ery 6i*6@ i.e.@ 80K@ and )oreo"er@ all cases are radio lin& loss connections
4error indication5. <t TC9 assi*n)ent is nor)al@ so it can be !d*ed t6at
S+CC9 call dro- is t6e reason %6y t6e MS is difficlt to )a&e MOCor MTC.
45 Frt6er analysis of t6e traffic )easre)ent indicates t6at t6e interference band
of t6is cell is nor)al@ so t6e i)-act of interference on S+ call dro- can be
e3clded. Considerin* t6at t6is <TS is a ne%ly on ser"ice@ t6e c6ec& s6old
base on data and <TS 6ard%are.
85 A carefl c6ec& of t6e data of t6is <TS incldin* 6ard%are data and ne%or&
-lannin* data s6o%s t6at t6ere is no error.
,5 It is fond t6at t6ere are 3 carriers in 3 cells of t6is <TS %it6 dal(C+U
confi*ration@ t6e in-t of t%o carriers@ %6ic6 s6old be connected to t6e
co)biner in-t end of C+U@ is connected to T=(COM< and T=(+U/ ends
instead. T6e falt does not e3ist after t6e connection is corrected.
4.%.& T0? Fault
As t6e core co)-onent of <TS@ t6e falt of T#= %ill lead to t6e increase of
interference@ decrease of co"era*e@ access difficlty@ etc.
Case 0011811
Fault (escri!tion< t6e sbscriber re-orts t6at t6e con"ersation 7ality in t6e area
near certain <TS in certain city is -oor and %it6 call dro-. Fro) t6e cell )easre)ent
fnction re-ort@ it can be fond t6at t6e a"era*e idle TC9 n)ber of interference
band 1 is 11.44 %6en <TS cell ' is bsyB t6at of interference band ' is 3'.'>B t6at of
interference band 3 and 4 is 0 all t6e ti)eB t6at of interference band 8 is >.'. At t6e
sa)e ti)e it is fond t6at t6e n)ber of TC9 assi*n)ent failre of t6is cell is - to
80@ and t6e call dro- rate is abot 10K. Since t6is site is on ser"ice for t%o years@ and
rnnin* al%ays stably . T6e <TS ty-e is <TS'04M1005 %it6 t6e confi*ration of
S,G,G,@ and t6e first 4 T#=s of eac6 cell are connected to t6e D4(in(1E co)biner "ia
ri*id #F cable@ %6ile t6e last ' are connected to t6e D'(in(1E co)biner. T6e d-le3
TMA is installed in t6e antenna and feeder syste). $o alar) infor)ation 6as been
*enerated recently.
14
15 On(site dial test and analysis of traffic )easre)ent indicate t6at t6is is an
interference case. Generally@ t6e n)ber of -lin& TC9@ TC9 con*estion and call
dro- rate %ill increase %6en interference e3ists. <t frt6er location is necessary
to deter)ine %6et6er it is e3ternal interference.
'5 For e3ternal interference@ t6e interference sorce can be located t6ro*6 t6e
si*nal stren*t6 %it6in -lin& band %it6 s-ectr) analy?er.
35 T6e case of internal interference is basically t6e sa)e %it6 t6at of ad!acent
fre7ency interference. <t t6e follo%in* %ill also lead to internal interferenceA
t6e -erfor)ance de*radation of #F de"ices sc6 as antenna@ To%er Mont
A)-lifier@ li*6tnin* arrester@ co)binerGdi"ider@ T#= board@ and so on@ as %ell as
t6e loose contact of #F cable. T6is -roble) can be sol"ed by re-lacin*
corres-ondin* boards and de"ices.
45 T6e co(fre7encyGad!acent fre7ency interference can be e3clded becase t6e
fre7ency 6as already been rationally -laned by t6e o-ti)i?ation en*ineers. T6e
e3ternal interference is ss-ected. T6en carry ot a test for t6e si*nal stren*t6 of
%6ole -lin& band in t6e air nder t6e to%er %it6 s-ectr) analy?er@ and no
stable si*nal of )ore t6an (100d< is fond. T6is indicates t6at t6e interference is
*enerated %it6in t6e net%or&.
85 C6ec& t6e connection of antenna and feeder@ no sc6 antenna connected
re"ersely or loose contacted.
,5 T6en re-lace t6e d-le3 TMA of cell ' %it6 nor)al To%er Mont A)-lifier@ t6e
interference band 6as no c6an*e@ it indicates t6at t6e interference is not cased
by To%er Mont A)-lifier.
>5 #e-lace related de"ices in cell ' %it6 nor)al S/0@ co)biner and #F cable@ t6e
interference band 6as no c6an*e@ too. So it can be sre t6at t6e interference is
not cased by t6e abo"e de"ices. So t6e location focses on t6e antenna and
sc6 boards as T#=@ F/U@ 9/A@ etc. Since re-lace)ent of antenna is 7ite
trobleso)e@ t6e board s6old be located first. A "alable -6eno)enon is fond
%6en interference is located t6ro*6 bloc&in* t6e baseband c6annel. T6at is@
t6e n)ber of idle TC9 in interference band 8 of t6e cell beco)es 0 and t6e
con*estion rate and call dro- rate are lo%ered ob"iosly after <T10@ and <T11
are bloc&ed at t6e sa)e ti)e. Fro) t6is -6eno)enon@ it can be sre t6at t6e
interference is cased by one or se"eral boards a)on* T#=10@ T#=11@ F/U10@
F/U11@ 9/A10@ and 9/A11.
.5 To frt6er locate@ t6e F/U10@ F/U11@ 9/A10@ 9/A11@ T#=10@ T#=11 and
corres-ondin* boards in t6e cabinet of cell 3 are interc6an*ed. T6en obser"e t6e
cell -erfor)ance )easre)ent re-ort. After T#=10@ T#=11 and T#=1,@ T#=1>
are interc6an*ed@ it is fond t6at t6e interference band 8 of cell 3 beco)es 8.'.
:6ile bot6 con*estion rate and call dro- rate of cell ' beco)e 0@ n)ber of TC9
occ-ation falt 1@ and interference band 3@ 4@ and 8 0. T6is indicates t6at t6e
falty board is !st in T#=1,@ and T#=1>.
15 #e-lace T#=1,@ and T#=1> res-ecti"ely and obser"e t6e traffic )easre)ent.
T6e traffic )easre)ent obtained so)e ti)e after T#=1> is re-laced indicates
t6at t6e interference band 3@ 4@ and 8 of cell 3 beco)e 0@ t6e con*estion rate and
call dro- rate 0@ too. It can be &no%n t6at t6e interference is cased by self(
e3citation of T#=1> internal #F circit and -erfor)ance de*radation of de"ices.
105 $o call dro- occrs and t6e "oice is distinct %6en -erfor)in* fre7ency loc&in*
dial test on eac6 cellCs <CC9 fre7ency.
Case 0008140
Fault (escri!tion< con*estion rate of ' cells in <TS 4S,G,G,5' in certain conty is
sally - to 10K. T6e carefl "ie% of traffic )easre)ent 4TC9 )easre)ent
fnction5 re"eals t6at abot > TC9s in t6is cell often stay in interference band 4F8@ so
t6e interference )aybe e3ist.
15 To locate t6e fre7ency %it6 interference@ re*ister t6e traffic )easre)ent of t6e
cell 4a -eriod of 18 )intes5 first. <loc& t6e carriers one by one. T6e n)ber of
18
TC9 in interference band 4 F8 beco)es 0 %6en bloc&in* carrier . 4fre7ency
'.5@ indicatin* t6at t6e interference is fro) t6e fre7ency.
'5 Connect t6e antenna and feeder of cell ' %it6 s-ectr) analy?er@ set t6e central
fre7ency is fre7ency '. 4.18.,M9O5. $o e3ternal interference e3ists t6ro*6
obser"in* t6e le"el "ale. So t6e interference )ay co)e fro) t6e e7i-)ent.
35 Interc6an*e t6e carrier board %it6 interference in cell ' %it6 nor)al carrier board
in cell 3@ t6en obser"e t6e traffic )easre)ent. It is fond t6at t6e n)ber of idle
TC9 in interference band 8 of cell 3 beco)es 0@ %6ile t6at in cell ' beco)es 0@
too. So it can be sre t6at t6e carrier board falt leads to t6e interference.
45 Use Maintenance ConsolePGSM Interface Tracin*PA<IS Interface Tracin*@
and set t6e filterin* condition to T#= )ana*e)ent )essa*e. T6en it can be
fond t6at t6e radio resorce indication of all ti)eslots in t6is carrier re-orts
interference band 8. T6is 6el-s frt6er locate t6at t6e carrier board is t6e
interference sorce.
85 T6e -roble) is sol"ed after t6is falty carrier board is re-laced.
T6e self(e3citation of carrier board or t6e in"alidation of de"ices %ill brin* stron*
interference for t6e recei"in* de"ice. So lar*e a)ont of assi*n)ent falt leads to
6i*6 con*estion rate of t6e cell.
Case 000>,4,
Fault (escri!tion< T6e interference of a cell al%ays falls into interference band 4 and
8 t6ro*6 t6e analysis of traffic )easre)ent of certain net%or&@ and carrier '. is
nder t6e interference "ia tracin* and analysis.
T6e interference sorce sally co)es fro) radio co))nication syste) as
follo%in*.
15 Carry ot a test for t6e electro)a*netic en"iron)ent of t6e <TS %it6 s-ectr)
analy?er. Set t6e start scan fre7ency to .18M9? and end scan fre7ency to
.1,M9? for t6e s-ectr) analy?er@ t6en carry ot t6e test in different ti)e
se*)ents. $o continos interference si*nal falls into t6is band@ t6is indicates
t6at t6e interference )aybe co)e fro) %it6in t6e syste) and )ay be cased by
t6e falt of certain -art in t6e e7i-)ent.
'5 #e-lace t6e carrier board %it6 interference and -o%er a)-lifier board to anot6er
cell at t6e sa)e ti)e@ and re*ister t6e traffic )easre)ent of 8 )intes. T6e
interference disa--ears fro) ori*inal cell and occrs in ne% cell@ indicatin* t6at
t6e interference )ay be cased by self(e3citation of carrier board or -o%er
a)-lifier board.
35 Mar& t6e carrier board and -o%er a)-lifier board res-ecti"ely@ and re-lace t6e)
to t6e t%o carriers free fro) interference. T6en re*ister t6e traffic )easre)ent
of 8 )intes for tracin* and obser"ation@ it can be fond t6at t6e interference
occrs to fre7ency %6ere t6e carrier board %it6 )ar& is located.
T6is -roble) is also cased by T#= self(e3citation.
4.%.- Cloc2 Unloc2in4
T6e cloc& for t6e di*ital syste) si)ilar to GSM is !st li&e t6e ner"os syste) of t6e
e7i-)ent@ so t6e cloc& nloc&in* of <TS %ill case t6e <TS to D*o )adE. On one
6and@ t6e lar*e de"iation of <TS cloc& %ill brin* difficlty for t6e MS to be loc&ed in
t6e fre7ency of t6e <TS@ and lead to MS 6ando"er failre or na"ailability of residin*
in t6e cell of t6e <TS. On t6e ot6er 6and@ it %ill case t6e <TS to be nable to decode
t6e si*nal correctly. It s6old be noted t6at t6e cloc& ot(of(loc& %ill not brin*
interference@ bt t6e increase of error code in trans)ission %ill lead to t6e decrease of
"oice 7ality.
Case 001>810
1,
Fault (escri!tion< T6e csto)er ado-ts trans)ission ti)eslot )lti-le3er to sa"e t6e
trans)ission resorce. After bein* sed for so)e ti)e@ t6e slot )lti-le3er is
da)a*ed becase of t6e %ater see-a*e into t6e e7i-)ent roo). After it is re-laced@
all <TS 13M cloc&s nder t6e co)biner are ot Qof(loc&@ and interr-tion and
caco-6ony occr drin* con"ersation. T6e inter(<TS 6ando"er is na"ailable and
call dro- rate rises -. Many alar)s of 13M cloc& ot(of(cloc& occr in OMC alar)
console. T6e <TS is in free oscillation stats t6ro*6 7ery of t6e TMU stats of <TS.
15 Generally <TS cloc& ot(of(loc& is cased by t6e de*radation of trans)ission
7ality and rise of <E#. T6e cloc& ot(of(loc& of sc6 a lar*e confi*ration <TS@
accordin* to t6e for)er e3-erience and t6e -6eno)enon of t6e -roble)@ it is not
trans)ission e7i-)ent only bt t6e s6arin* e7i-)ent rele"ant %it6 t6ese
<TSs. Since t6ese <TSs are nder different )odles of t6e <SC@ in addition@
t6ese )odles also s--ort t6e <TS of ot6er cities 4%6ere no cloc& ot(of(loc& is
fond5@ so <SC cloc& -roble) can be e3clded. So e)-6asis s6old be laid on
t6e -6ysical lin& fro) t6e <SC to inter(<TS Abis interface.
'5 T6e c6ec& of alar) bo3 s6o%s no trans)ission alar).
35 C6ec& t6e trans)ission of eac6 <TS and test@ T6e <E# is not too 6i*6.
45 C6ec& <SC cloc&@ t6e cloc& is in nor)al tracin* stats.
85 C6ec& of ++F s6o%s t6at *rondin* is *ood and ++F co)bines *rondin* %it6
t6e <SC.
,5 +isconnect t6e <TS nder t6e slot )lti-le3er@ and connect it %it6 t6e <SC
directly "ia t6e !)-er@ s&i--in* t6e slot )lti-le3er. It is obser"ed t6at t6e <TS
cloc& c6an*es fro) -ll(in stats to tracin* stats. After re)o"in* t6e !)-er and
restorin* t6e ori*inal connection@ t6e <TS cloc& is ot of loc&. So t6e falt is
rele"ant %it6 t6e slot )lti-le3er.
>5 C6ec& of t6e -ro*ra) in slot )lti-le3er s6o%s t6at all -orts are correctly
defined.
.5 C6ec& of *rondin* of slot )lti-le3er s6o%s t6at t6e -o%er *rondin* is all
ri*6t@ bt t6e -rotection *rondin* is not connected. All <TS cloc&s can trace t6e
--er(le"el cloc& nor)ally after connectin* t6e -rotection *rondin*@ so t6e
-roble) is sol"ed..
T6e di"ersity of trans)ission connection fro) t6e <SC to t6e <TS %ill easily lead to
<TS falt becase of t6e -roble) of certain -rocess in t6e connection. +etailed
nderstandin* of t6e net%or& is 7ite necessary for sol"in* t6e falt@ and falt
-6eno)enon can be sed to !d*e t6e -ossible cases. Es-ecially t6e -oor
*rondin* or contact %ill *enerate -otential difference %6ic6 %ill lead to t6e
de*radation of trans)ission 7ality and affect t6e stable rnnin* of o"erall net%or&.
4.%., Su33ary
T6e falt of any one of t6e T#=@ C+U@ feeder@ antenna@ !)-er@ and connector %ill
lead to interference and call dro-. T6is is also -ro"ed by lar*e a)ont of related
cases. So c6ec& and clearance of <TS 6ard%are falt s6old be -erfor)ed first as
interference is fond. And in addition@ <TS cloc& ot(of(loc& %ill also lead to
interference and call dro-.
T6e 6ard%are falt@ in )ost cases@ can be easily located and 6andled by e3c6an*in*
t6e board and analy?in* t6e traffic )easre)ent data. Certainly t6e ado-tion of
s-ectr) analy?er %ill 6el- locate t6e -roble) faster. In t6e case t6at interference
occrs sddenly in so)e cells drin* t6e rnnin* of net%or& data to %6ic6 no data
)odification is )ade@ e)-6asis s6old be laid on t6e clearance of 6ard%are falt.
T6e abo"e interference related to t6e <TS@ is )ainly cased by t6ird order
inter)odlation@ belon*s to t6e -lin& interference and %ill be directly reflected in t6e
interference band.
1>
4.3 Intra+net$or2 Interference
GSM intra(net%or& interference )ainly co)es fro) co(c6annelGad!acent c6annel
interfereces. It is na"oidable %6en CGIR1'd< or CGIaR(,d<. T6e ado-tion of
a**ressi"e fre7ency rese %ill also increase t6e -robability of interference.
4.3.1 Co+c"annel Interference
Since fre7ency rese in t6e GSM is na"oidable@ co(c6annel interference %ill be
easily cased %6en t6e rese distance bet%een t%o cells sin* t6e sa)e fre7ency
is too s)all co)-ared %it6 t6e cell radis. T6e fre7ency rese in )any cases@
accordin* to t6e e3-erience@ s6old be a"oided.
Fi4ure 1.1 Celllar cell
For AF+ <TSs s6o%n in t6e abo"e fi*re@ s--ose t6at fre7ency $ is assi*ned for
cell A(3@ t6en fre7ency $ cannot be assi*ned to A1@ A'@ <1@ <'@ <3@ C1@ C'@ C3@ +1@
+'@ and +3B fre7ency $S1 cannot be assi*ned to A1@ A'@ A3@ <1@ C'@ +1@ and +'
4%it6ot fre7ency 6o--in*5.
T6e case of co(c6annel interference is scarce@ t6ere are only one earlier case and
one case in laboratory for reference besides t6e abo"e case of co(c6annel
interference t6at t6e antenna is connected in"ersely.
Fault !"eno3enon< T6e co(c6annel interference of 9a%ei early '.0 <TS 4O'5 in
certain area leads to 6i*6 call dro- rate and -oor "oice 7ality. Serios interr-tion
%it6 occasional stron* noise 4%6i?? in *eneral5 occrs. It is after t6e <TSCs nor)al
rnnin* for a certain ti)e t6at t6e call dro- occrs. 0ocated in a little to%n 4+ city5
on t6e border of t6e city@ t6e <TS is srronded by t6e <TSs of t6e ot6er
)anfactrer.
15 T6e fre7encies assi*ned for t6e <TS are ,4@ and 1' 4,4 is of <CC9 fre7ency5.
'5 In t6e o-ti)i?in* test@ t6e recei"in* 7ality 47ality le"el is less t6an 35 is
continosly *ood as t6e do%nlin& si*nal le"el is (18d<) in t6e direction a%ay
fro) 9an**an* and + City. In t6e direction fro) + City to 9an**an*@ t6e
recei"in* 7ality is also *ood %6en t6e recei"in* le"el is )ore t6an (>0d<).
T6en )o"e for%ard ntil to t6e -lace %6ere TAH8@ t6e recei"in* 7ality is
so)eti)es *ood@ and so)eti)es )ore t6an 8 in abot 1 )inte %6en t6e
recei"in* le"el is abot (>8d<). And net%or&(dro- occrs fre7ently %6en Idle(
)ode test is )ade at t6is -lace. It is ss-ected t6at do%nlin& interference )ay
e3ist on <CC9 fre7ency.
1.
35 Carry ot continos con"ersation test %it6 one test MS and scan test for ,4T
fre7ency %it6 anot6er MS. T6e test carried ot a*ain in t6e section fro) + City
to 9an**an* re"eals t6at t6e si*nal stren*t6 of ,4T fre7ency is already less
t6an (100d<) near t6e 9an**an*@ and call dro- already 6ad occred. <t t6e
si*nal stren*t6 of ,4T fre7ency rises - to (,8d<) and disa--ears after a
dration of 100 seconds %6en enterin* t6e do%nto%n area of 9an**an*. So it
can be !d*ed t6at t6e co(c6annel interference )ay be fro) t6e TC9 fre7ency
of cell nearby.
45 Carry ot scan test for t6is fre7ency after arri"in* at t6e 6otel@ t6e si*nal le"el
still re)ains 6i*6@ bt t6e con"ersation is not i)-le)ented on t6is fre7ency. T6e
ne3t day@ carry ot desi*nated scan test at t6e -lace %it6 t6e stron*est si*nal of
t6is fre7ency in t6e street of 9an**an*@ and test in Idle )ode %it6 anot6er test
MS. Fro) t6e syste) )essa*e@ it can be confir)ed t6at ,4T fre7ency is
assi*ned to t6e TC9 in 9G0. cell %it6 <CC9 fre7ency 48@ and t6e
con"ersation is actally establis6ed once on ,4T fre7ency in )lti-le ti)es of
con"ersation tests.
85 T6e interference disa--ears after t6e a--lication is )ade to t6e csto)er to
)odify t6e fre7ency. At t6e sa)e ti)e@ t6e csto)er s6old ad!st t6e ad!acent
cell relation of -eer e7i-)ent.
,5 Carry ot test a*ain at t6e -lace %6ere t6e ori*inal co(c6annel interference
e3ists after t6e fre7ency is )odified@ t6e call dro- and net%or& dro- disa--ear@
and con"ersation 7ality #3LMalR3. It indicates t6at t6e -roble) of co(c6annel
interference 4do%nlin&5 is sol"ed.
T6e GSM is a d-le3 syste)@ so t6e interface )ay occr on bot6 t6e -lin& and
do%nlin& fre7encies. Crrent +ri"e Test tools are nable to )easre t6e co(c6annel
interference directly@ t6e e7i-)ent sc6 as SAFCO@ and A$T %it6 so(called CGI test
fnction actally test t6e CGA. And in addition@ t6e +ri"e Test e7i-)ent can only
)easre t6e do%nlin& fre7ency and not6in* for t6e -lin& fre7ency.
T6e co(c6annel interference in do%nlin& fre7ency can be confir)ed by sin* crrent
+ri"e Test e7i-)ent to )easre it indirectly. First@ loc& t6e test MS in t6e cell of t6e
ser"ice area to carry ot +ri"e Test of 'F3 6ors in continos con"ersation )ode. If
t6e recei"in* si*nal in so)e areas is a relati"ely 6i*6 4e.*.@ (.8d<)5 %6ile t6e
recei"in* 7ality is "ery lo% 4e.*.@ #3MalU45@ it is 7ite -ossible t6at co(c6annel
interference e3ists in t6is c6annel.
T6e interference of -lin& can be !d*ed %it6 t6e 6el- of interference band statistics
data in traffic )easre)ent
Case 000.111
Fault !"eno3enon< It is fond in t6e trainin* e7i-)ent roo) so)e dayA it is 6ard
for t6e MS to access t6e net%or& in <TS30 nder <SC'. E"en it accesses t6e
net%or& narro%ly@ it %ill dro- soon . Test MS s6o%s t6at t6e si*nal e3ists
inter)ittently and t6e recei"in* le"el is "ery 6i*6 4abot (80d<)5.
15 T6e correctness of t6e data confi*red by t6e trainees cannot be ensred in t6e
trainin* e7i-)ent roo). So load standard data 4%6ic6 is tested to ensre t6at
call can be connected5 for <SC'@ t6e falt still e3ists@ so t6e data -roble) can be
e3clded.
'5 For t6e falt -6eno)enon@ it is 7ite -ossible t6at falt occrs in t6e carrier
board. T6e falt still e3ists after re-lacin* t6e T#=.
35 C6ec& eac6 -rocess related to t6e "oice for t6e <TSA TMU@ +I/ s%itc6@
bac&-lane cable@ etc. $o -roble) is fond@ so t6e <TS is all ri*6t.
45 T6en focs is trned to t6e <SC. a <TS'0 instead of <TS30 and c6an*e t6e
data into <TS'0 4in t6is %ay@ o"erall c6ec& of <SC can be -erfor)ed5. And t6e
call is set - easily @ so t6e <SC is all ri*6t.
11
85 At t6is ti)e@ it see)s t6at t6ere is no %ay ot@ bt restore t6e <TS30@ 6o%e"er@
t6e MS can call a*ain after -o%er(on loadin*.
,5 It see)s t6at t6e -roble) is sol"ed bt t6e case is still not located. Carefl
consideration fro) t6e be*innin* to end re"eals t6at all data of <SC' and <TS30
are not )odified@ bt <TS'0 is s%itc6ed off drin* <TS30 rollbac&. T6in& abot
t6e -6eno)enon of t6e test MSA t6e si*nal e3ists inter)ittently and t6e recei"in*
le"el is "ery 6i*6 4abot (80d<)5@ it is -ossible t6at <TS'0 %or&s interference on
<TS30V
>5 Since <TS'0 is in <SC1@ c6ec& t6e data of <SC1. It is fond t6at t6e fre7ency
of <TS'0 is set to be t6e sa)e %it6 t6at of <TS30. And t6e <SC' data 4<TS305@
confi*red by t6e trainee@ is loaded in <SC1 after it is c6an*ed into <TS'0@
leadin* to t6e sa)e fre7ency of <TS'0 and <TS30. T6e <TS30 is connected
%it6 t6e attenator@ and t6e si*nal is far %ea&er t6an t6at of <TS'0@ so t6e MS
cannot access t6e <TS30@ %6ile can access t6e <TS'0 . In t6is %ay@ yo tend to
t6in& t6at it is t6e falt of <TS30@ bt t6e trt6 is 6idden 6erein.
.5 T6e -roble) is sol"ed after t6e fre7ency of <TS30 is )odified.
4.3.% A(/acent+c"annel Interference
For t6e cells to %6ic6 t6e ad!acent c6annel cannot be allocated@ -lease refer to t6e
section s-ra.
Case 0003481
Falt descri-tionA t6e csto)er re-orts t6at t6e call dro- often occrs in t6e office
drin* o-ti)i?ation of a certain area. T6e traffic statistic data and +ri"e Test data are
nor)al@ T6e <TS distribtion and to-olo*y )a- of fre7ency -lannin* are s6o%n as
follo%sA

In t6e fi*re@ red stands for <CC9 fre7encies@ %6ile blac& for TC9 fre7encies.
'0
15 T6oro*6 test re"eals t6at t6e le"el of c6annel 11' is - to (>3d<) in t6e
-osition of call dro-. First %e t6in& t6e test is incorrect@ bt se"eral tests indicates
t6at c6annel 11' e3ists fro) <TS A to <@ and t6e le"el of %6ic6 is e"en - to
(>0d<) at so)e -laces. :6en t6e MS occ-ies t6e c6annel 111@ call dro-
occrs de to interference of c6annel 11'.
'5 Test MS indicats t6at c6annel 11' is <CC9 c6annel in +3 cell by distin*is6in*
CGI.
35 Sr"eyin* in <TS + re"eals t6at antenna of +3 cell is installed on a -latfor) at
t6e to- of t6e bildin*@ %6ile .) a%ay t6ere is one 6ose in *lass strctre %6ic6
is 4) lo%er t6an t6e -latfor). Testin* near t6e antenna. T6e trans)ittin* si*nal
of antenna is abot (',d<)@ %6ile t6e stren*t6 of test si*nal near t6e *lass is
ne3-ectedly - to (14d<). T6e si*nal by co)-lete reflection of *lass and leads
to o"erla- @t6en case interference and call dro-.
45 It is reco))ended t6at t6e csto)er s6old c6an*e t6e installation -osition of
t6e antenna.To )eet t6e e)er*encyA e3c6an*e fre7ency 111 of <TS A %it6
fre7ency 114B increase t6e do%ntilt an*le of antenna in A3 cellB ad!st t6e
direction an*le of fre7ency 113 in C1 cell to a"oid t6e interference of fre7ency
114 after t6e e3c6an*e.
85 T6e test is all ri*6t after t6e )odification. Fre7ency 113 of <TS C %ill %or& no
interference for fre7ency 114@ and t6e call dro- disa--ears.
Case 0004034
Falt -6eno)enonA T6e call dro- ratio is ni"ersally 6i*6 and e"en - to abot 18K
in bsy 6or after se"eral <TSs are ct o"er. And it is difficlt for t6e call to be set -
drin* on(site test. T6ere is no alar) )essa*e in OMC syste)
15 All <TSs are connected to t6e sa)e <SC@ and call dro- occrs after cto"er of
ne% <TSs.
'5 T6e trans)ission 7ality is *ood@ and T#= test is carried ot for t6e abo"e <TS
%it6 call dro- and t6is indicates t6at eac6 T#= is all ri*6t. $o falt is fond by
c6ec&in* t6e data and carryin* ot t6e test for 3'<IE -ort corres-ondin* to t6e
<TSs. Fro) t6e abo"e analysis@ t6e T#= falt@ <SC 6ard%are falt@ A interface
circit falt and trans)ission falt can be e3clded.
35 Analysis of traffic )easre)ent reslt re"eals t6at serios interference occrs in
eac6 cell of t6e abo"e se"eral <TS. Most cells 6a"e )easre)ent "ales in
interference band 4 and 8@ and t6e n)ber of c6annels fallin* into interference
band 8 in se"eral cells is - to >. So it is sre t6at t6e interference in t6e abo"e
se"eral cells is 7ite serios.
45 It is fond t6at t6ere are )any ad!acent c6annels and t6e fre7ency -lannin* is
irrational after c6ec&in* t6e fre7ency confi*ration of abo"e <TSs and t6e
ad!acent cells. Es-ecially@ t6e area %6ere t6e abo"e <TSs are located@ is ne%ly
added@ and interference e3ists a)on* t6e). And t6ey also 6a"e interference in
bet%een t6e) and t6e srrondin* rnnin* <TSs.
85 Call dro- disa--ears after ad!stin* and loadin* t6e fre7ency confi*ration of
t6is area.
4.3.3 Interference Cause( by O#er+co#era4e
T6e ob!ecti"e of one rationally desi*ned net%or& is t6at eac6 cell only co"ers t6e area
arond t6e <TS and t6e MS resides in t6e nearest cell. T6e o"er(co"era*e is t6at t6e
ser"ice ran*e of a certain cell is too %ide t6at t6e si*nal le"el at an inter"al of )ore
t6an 1 <TS is still stron* to let t6e MS reselect or 6and o"er to it. It is a -6eno)enon
in %6ic6 t6e actal cell ser"ice ran*e de"iates fro) t6e desi*ned ser"ice ran*e@
leadin* to irrational traffic loadin*@ interference@ call dro-@ con*estion@ 6and o"er
failre@ etc.
Case 00081,4
'1
Fault !"eno3enon< T6e 6and o"er sccess rate of a certain GSM net%or& is lo%@
t6e call dro- rate is 6i*6 and con"ersation 7ality is -oor. T6e 6and o"er sccess
rate is less t6an .0K@ and t6e call dro- rate is )ore t6an 'K. It is fond t6at t6ere are
)any ti)es of do%nlin&G-lin& stren*t6 6and o"ers t6ro*6 "ie% and analysis of
traffic )easre)ent data. %6ile t6ere are )any ti)es of bad do%nlin& 7ality@ and
-lin& stren*t6 a)on* t6e ti)es of nsccessfl 6ando"er. T6e analysis of case of
call dro- indicates t6at t6e ti)es of bad do%nlin& 7ality are )ore t6an t6ose of bad
-lin& 7ality . T6ere is no alar) )essa*e in OMC syste)
15 Fro) t6e reslt of traffic )easre)ent@ it can be !d*ed t6at do%nlin&
interference )ay e3ist in t6e syste) or t6e co"era*e is not "ery *ood.
'5 T6e actal reslt of +ri"e Test s6o%s t6at t6e stren*t6 of otdoor si*nal can be
- to (.0d<) abo"e in t6e do%nto%n area@ t6at is to say@ t6e co"era*e is all
ri*6t. <t serios o"er(co"era*e e3ists. For e3a)-le@ t6e ser"ice cell sed in t6e
bildin* %6ere <TS A is located is cell < %it6 t6e sa)e <CC9 fre7ency as cell
A1@ %6ile cell < is , &ilo)eters a%ay fro) <TS A in t6e sbrb. In t6is %ay@ t6e
-roble) e3ists in t%o as-ectsA 1. T6e si*nal of cell < for)s co(c6annel
interference %6ic6 leads to -oor do%nlin& lin& 7ality in co"era*e area of cell 1 of
<TS A. It is fond t6at EWWWWE is dis-layed in t6e test MS %6en t6is cell is loc&ed
drin* t6e test. '. :6en cell < is selected as t6e ser"ice cell@ its ad!acent cell is
only *eo*ra-6ically ad!acent to it@ %6ile t6e cell near t6e <TS A does not fnction
as its ad!acent cell. So %6en its si*nal is na"ailable@ t6e Deffect of isolated
islandE %ill occr becase t6e si*nal of its ad!acent cell is -oor@ too. T6en 6and
o"er falt and e"en call dro- %ill easily occr. T6e on(site sr"ey s6o%s t6at t6e
antenna of cell < is 6n* 80) abo"e. T6e data -ro"ided by t6e csto)er re"eals
t6at t6e tilt an*le is 8X@ %6ic6 is actally far less t6an 8X.
35 T6e case for bad net%or& indices lies in o"er(co"era*e@ so t6e basic %ay is
ado-ted to lo%er t6e antenna and ad!st do%ntilt of it to )a&e actal co"era*e
area consistent %it6 -lanned co"era*e area. Te)-orarily t6is -roble) can only
be sol"ed by ad!stin* t6e net%or& -ara)eter. T6e follo%in* o-erations can be
ado-tedA lo%er t6e -o%er le"el of cell < and add t6e ad!acent cell of cell <@ at t6e
sa)e ti)e increase t6e le"el t6res6old of candidate cell fro) 10 to 18. T6e
net%or& indices e36ibit ob"ios i)-ro"e)ent after t6e abo"e c6ec& and
)odification are -erfor)ed for all cells in t6e do%nto%n area@ )oreo"er@ t6e 6and
o"er sccess ratio rises - to .8K@ %6ile call dro- ratio dro-s to 1.3K.
4.3.4 Interference Cause( by A44ressi#e 0euse
T6e ca-acity and 7ality are a -air of contradictions. In t6e do%nto%n area@ t6ere are
lar*e n)ber of sbscribers@ so t6e fre7ency -lannin* tec6nolo*y of ti*6t rese
s6old be ado-ted to satisfy t6e re7ire)ent of ca-acity. T6at is@ t6e increase of
ca-acity is traded by t6e sacrifice of 7ality.
T6e ado-tion of ti*6t rese in t6e -lace %6ere t6e layot of so)e <TSs is irrational
%ill easily lead to collision of co(c6annel or ad!acent c6annel.
Case 001>31>
Fault !"eno3enon< T6e interference of fre7ency 6o--in* is serios and t6e
con"ersation is inter)ittent on a brid*e@ t6is net%or& ado-ts t6e )ode of 1W3
fre7ency 6o--in*. T6ere is no alar).
15 T6e si*nals on t6e brid*e are disorderly de to distribtion of )lti-le <TSs
arond t6e ri"er. So t6e interference of fre7ency 6o--in* %ill easily occr %6en
ado-tin* fre7ency 6o--in*.
'5 First@ ad!st t6e antenna to )a&e one )ain cell on t6e brid*e@ ad!st t6e antenna
and trans)ission -o%er of ot6er cells to redce t6e stren*t6 of t6eir si*nals
reac6in* t6e brid*e. T6en carry ot t6e test. It is fond t6at t6o*6 t6e
''
interference is redced@ yet t6e interference of fre7ency 6o--in* still cannot be
nder control becase all si*nal recei"in* le"els reac6in* t6e brid*e are "ery
6i*6 de to t6e clearance arond t6e brid*e. Finally )odify t6e fre7ency -lan@
and ado-t t6e fre7ency 6o--in* -lan of AY<@ i.e.@ ado-t 1W3 fre7ency 6o--in*
for so)e cells@ %6ile 1W1 fre7ency 6o--in* for ot6er cells. T6e interference of
1W3 fre7ency 6o--in* occrs in co(directional cell@ %6ile 1W1 fre7ency 6o--in*
a"era*es t6e interference. A co)bination of t6e) in so)e local areas is better
for t6e dis-ersion of interference. T6e actal test reslt indicates t6at t6e
con"ersation 7ality is i)-ro"ed si*nificantly.
4.4 0e!eater Interference
#e-eater really e36ibits a little con"enience@ so csto)ers often )a&e se of it. T6e
re-eater is also one of t6e )ain interference sorces.
Case 001>0.,
Fault !"eno3enon< sbscribers of a certain net%or& co)-lain t6at t6ey cannot
occ-y c6annel in so)e area for con"ersation since so)e day@ or noise is 6ea"y after
occ-ancy of c6annel t6o*6 t6e si*nal of MS is stron* at t6is ti)e. T6ere are t%o
directional <TSs in t6is area and bot6 of t6e) are <TS30 %it6 t6e "ersion 08.08'1.
T6e a?i)t6 of t6e first cell directs at nort6. T6e <TS in t6is area %or&s nor)ally and
t6e net%or& indices confor) to re7ire)ent before t6e co)-laint. <ot6 <SC and MSC
are de"ices of 9a%ei and t%o <TSs are connected in star )ode. T6e traffic
)easre)ent indices s6o% t6at traffic of bot6 <TSs decreases ob"iosly after
occrrence of t6is -roble)@ es-ecially in t6e first and t6ird cells. Alt6o*6 t6e si*nal of
c6annel is "ery stron*@ t6e 7ality of "oice is -oor. T6en it can be seen fro) traffic
)easre)ent t6at t6e interference band of t6ese for cells is in class t6ree@ for@ and
fi"e@ and 18K of c6annels are nder interference. In addition@ interference of different
classes also e3ists in ot6er cells. So sbscribers co)-lained stron*ly. And t6ere is
no alar) )essa*e in OMC syste)
15 T6e feedbac& of sbscribers s6o%s t6e -ossible cases as follo%sA 1. /roble)
occrs in trans)ission and leads to error codeB '. /roble) occrs in antenna
feederB 3. Falt e3ists in TMUB 4. Internal or e3ternal interference )ay e3ist.
'5 T6e traffic )easre)ent console s6o%s t6e -ossible reasons as follo%sA 1.
T6ere )ay e3ist stron* -lin& interference si*nal in t6e nort6 lean to %est in t6is
area. T6is leads to interference of different le"els in t6e first@ second and t6ird
cells@ es-ecially in t6e first and t6ird cellsB
35 It is fond t6at it is difficlt to -t t6ro*6 t6e call in t6e first and t6ird cells
t6ro*6 on(site dial test. Alt6o*6 t6e call is -t t6ro*6@ t6e 7ality of "oice is
"ery -oor@ and t6e "oice is inter)ittent seriosly %it6 stron* interference. If MS
sbscriber calls fi3ed tele-6one sbscriber in t6is area@ it is 6ard for fi3ed
tele-6one sbscriber to 6ear t6e "oice clearly@ instead@ MS sbscriber can 6ear
fi3ed tele-6one sbscriber clearly. T6is also -ro"es t6e abo"e analysis t6at t6e
interference )ay be e3ternal 4It can be !d*ed fro) t6is -oint t6at interference
only e3ists in -lin&.5
45 Carry ot test on site %it6 antenna feeder analy?er. $o -roble) of <TS itself is
fond@ and t6e sitation re)ains t6e sa)e after TMU is re-laced. T6erefore@ %e
as& csto)ers %6et6er t6ere are sc6 ne%ly constrcted e7i-)ent as
)icro%a"e station@ re-eater@ etc. srrondin* t6e <TS. T6ey told t6at t6ey didnCt
set - t6e). It is said t6at C6ina Mobile sets - a re-eater in t6e area@ %6ic6 is
located abot t%o &ilo)eters a%ay in t6e nort6 lean to t6e %est of bot6 <TSs of
9a%ei@ and %6en it is acti"ated@ t6e -roble) %ill occr in 9a%ei <TS. T6en
csto)ers ne*otiated %it6 C6ina Mobile se"eral ti)es. Finally C6ina Mobile
carried ot on(site test %it6 9a%ei en*ineers to*et6er@ and fond t6at only if t6e
re-eater is s%itc6ed off@ t6e interference band and call beco)e nor)al alon*
'3
%it6 t6e reco"ery of 9a%ei <TS@ if t6e re-eater is acti"ated@ -roble) %ill occr
soon in 9a%ei <TS@ i.e. call cannot be -t t6ro*6@ or interference is stron*
e"en after call is -t t6ro*6. T6e traffic )easre)ent rele"ant %it6 interference
band in t%o different cases %as 6anded on to C6ina Mobile@ and t6ey a--ro"ed
or "ie%-oint. Finally t6e -roble) is sol"ed %it6 t6e coordination of C6ina
Mobile.
4.* Off+net$or2 Interference
E3ternal interference sorces are TN station@ 6i*6(-o%er broadcastin* station@
)icro%a"e@ radar@ 6i*6("olta*e -o%er line@ analo*e <TS@ C+MA@ GSM <TS of
anot6er o-erater@ etc.
4.*.1 Micro$a#e Interference
Case 00010.4
Falt -6eno)enonA it is fond t6at call dro- rate in t6e second and t6ird cell of a
certain <TS 4S'G'G'5 in traffic )easre)ent increases abr-tly. Call dro- rate is - to
abot '0K at so)e ti)e.
15 Nie% of <SC traffic )easre)ent s6o%s t6at idle TC9 n)ber in interference
band in t6is <TS be*ins to increase in interference band 3(8 at abot .A30@ in
interference band 4@ 8 at 10A00@ and in interference band 1 at abot ''A00. It can
be !d*ed fro) t6e abo"e -6eno)enon t6at interference e3ists.
'5 Since t6is <TS o-erates %ell before@ t6e -roble) of fre7ency -lannin* can be
e3clded.
35 /erfor) -o%er(off restart and re-lace board for <TS. <t interference still e3ists@
so t6e -ossibility of T#= self(e3citation can be e3clded.
45 T#= )ana*e)ent infor)ation re"eals t6at interference e3ists in for boards of
t6e second and t6ird cell in t6is <TS@ and t6e -ossibility of da)a*e of t6e for
boards at t6e sa)e ti)e is little@ so t6e -roble) of T#= can be e3clded. T#=
board is re-laced for cation@ bt interference re)ains
85 Nie% of all <SC traffic )easre)ent data s6o%s t6at interference of different
le"els e3ists in t6e cells of all <TSs nearby@ %6ic6 is facin* t6e sa)e direction as
t6e second and t6ird cells in t6is <TS. And so)eti)es S+CC9 c6annels in t6e
cells %it6 serios interference are all occ-ied at t6e sa)e ti)e@ %6ile t6e
occ-ancy ratio of S+CC9 at t6e sa)e ti)e is "ery little accordin* to t6e a)ont
of sbscriber. So it can be sre t6at e3ternal interference e3ists in -lin&@ bt t6e
interference )ay be rele"ant %it6 direction instead of fre7ency.
,5 To frt6er locate@ !)-ers of t6e first and t6ird cell are interc6an*ed on t6e rac&
to-. As a reslt@ it is fond t6at interference occrs in t6e first cell@ bt
interference disa--ears in t6e t6ird cell@ so t6is 6as -ro"ed t6e abo"e !d*e)ent.
>5 Since interference is not rele"ant %it6 fre7ency@ <TS interference )ay be
cased by 6i*6(-o%er si*nal sent into <TS syste).
.5 Measre)ent on <TS di"ider ot-t -ort %it6 s-ectr) analy?er s6o%s t6at
6i*6(-o%er si*nal e3ists on 104M9? fre7ency 48M a%ay fro) t6e sed
fre7ency5@ and t6is si*nal le"el co)e - to abot Q'8db) in <TS %it6 serios
interference@ %6ile in ot6er <TS it is abot Q80db). So it can be !d*ed t6at t6is
si*nal 6as i)-act on <TS.
15 After fre7ency scannin* arond <TS %it6 s-ectr) analy?er@ it is fond t6at a
)icro%a"e antenna ot-ttin* 6i*6(-o%er si*nal is at a fre7ency of 104.
105 :6en t6e )icro%a"e e7i-)ent is s%itc6ed off and T#= )ana*e)ent
infor)ation is traced@ t6e interference disa--eared.
'4
4.*.% ;i4"+!o$er >roa(castin4 Station Interference
Case 0000'>1
Fault !"eno3enon< t6e 7ality of MS call is "ery -oor in t6e )ornin* of t6e t6ird
day 4Monday5 after a <TS cto"er@ and it is 6ard to )a&e calls ' &) a%ay fro) t6e
<TS. T6e "oice is nder a serios interference@ and t6e co)-laint of sbscriber
increases ob"iosly. Interference band is fond lar*e in traffic )easre)ent of OMC.
15 :6en +ri"e Test is carried ot arond t6e <TS@ it is fond t6at MSCs #= si*nal
le"el 4do%nlin& le"el5 6as little c6an*e 4abot Q,0d<)5@ bt t6e si*nal 7ality #M
6as too )c6 c6an*e@ it %ill !)- fro) 0 to > and call dro- occrs.
'5 T6e falt re)ains t6e sa)e after t6e T#= corres-ondin* to t6e fre7ency is
re-laced. It is ss-ected t6at falt is cased by e3ternal interference.
Measre)ent for e3ternal electro)a*netic en"iron)ent %it6 9/.818E s-ectr)
analy?er s6o%s t6at stron* interference e3ists arond t6e fre7ency of <TS.
T6ro*6 co))nicatin* %it6 csto)er and t6e #adio #esorce Mana*e)ent
Co))ittee@ %e *et &no%n t6at t6e interference is cased by si*nals trans)itted
by one )essa*e trans)itter of so)e co)-any@ %6ose #F band is !st ad!acent
to t6e -lanned GSM fre7ency. T6is trans)itter sally trans)its e"ery Monday@
and no sc6 -6eno)enon is fond in t%o days after <TS is acti"ated.
4.& Ot"er 6"eno3ena Causin4 Interference
So)eti)es alt6o*6 no intra(net%or& and e3(net%or& interference e3ists@ falt of
so)e de"ices can also )a&e con"ersation 7ality bad. So)e cases belo% are
analy?ed detailedly. T6ey 6a"e 6i*6 reference "ale.
Case 0018'>4
Fault !"eno3enon< <SC 6as si3 )odles. T6e %6ole <SC is cascaded %it6 180
<TSs 4<TS31'@ >80T#= in total5. One )ont6 after t6e ca-acity e3-ansion of <SC
and MSC@ csto)ers re-ort t6at t6ere is serios "oice 7ality -roble) in t6e %6ole
net%or&. T6ere e3ists serios c6in& drin* con"ersation nder )any <TSs. :e co)e
to conty A %it6 serios co)-laint to )a&e a dial test. Falt -6eno)enon is fond as
follo%sA t6ere e3ists stron* bac&*rond noise. It )ainly contains sond of )etal@ sc6
as Dtin*@ dan*E and so on. One -arty or bot6 -arties can not 6ear eac6 ot6er clearly
%6en t6e noise is serios 4One -arty is in t6e ran*e of co"era*e of t6is <TS and t6e
ot6er nder a nor)al <TS. :6en falt occrs t6e sbscriber nder t6is <TS can not
6ear clearly@ %6ile t6e ot6er can5. :6en t6e "oice c6annel of t6e failed <TS is
occ-ied@ all t6e "oice c6annel of eac6 cell )ay 6a"e sond of )etal. <t it occrs
!st at so)e ti)e. T6e occrrence ratio is 10K. T6e si*nal of t6e MS is "ery *ood and
t6ere is no interference on t6e radio interface. T6e falt -6eno)enon occrs %6en
t6e rin*bac& tone is sent bac&. T6at is to say@ so lon* as t6e "oice c6annel is
establis6ed@ t6e falt %ill occr. +istrbance of different de*rees %ill e3ist drin*
nor)al con"ersation. :6en t6e falt is serios@ one -arty 4or bot6 -arties5 can not
6ear clearly drin* con"ersation. T6e falt 6as a certain continity in ter)s of ti)e.
So)eti)es t6e -robability of occrrence of )etal c6in& is "ery 6i*6 and so)eti)es
falt -6eno)enon cannot be ca-tred. T6ere is no alar) )essa*e in OMC syste)
Case analysisA t6is case is abot noise in "oice -roble). It is sally cased by
error code. T6e -ossible case for error code is t6e falt of boards@ connectors or
%irin* t6ro*6 %6ic6 t6e "oice si*nal is sent. <esides@ *rondin*@ interference@ cloc&
also s6old be considered. Interference e3istin* on radio lin& )ay also case error.
T6e cloc& t6at is nsync6roni?ed %ill case fra)e sli- or fra)e loss. +ifferent error
codes 6a"e t6eir certain re*larityA as for error code on %irin*@ if it is A interface or
--er@ noise and "oice 6a"e s-eri)-osed effect becase /CM sa)-le "ale is
'8
inflenced. T6erefore@ t6e noise is re*lar and t6ere is little flctation. If it is belo% A
interface@ error codes are also re*lar. 9o%e"er@ becase t6e co)-ressed "oice
si*nal is inflenced@ it needs decodin* before 6earin*. T6erefore @ t6ere is *reat noise
flctation. So)e %ords are nor)al@ %6ile so)e %ords can not be reco*ni?ed@ sc6
as bbblin* sond@ discontinity@ sond of )etal and so on. As for fra)e sli- or fra)e
loss of cloc&@ it 6as a ti)e re*larity. For e3a)-le@ one fra)e lost in se"eral )intes.
T6erefore@ noise occrs in ti)e drin* con"ersation. Co)bine t6e descri-tion of falt
-6eno)enon@ )a&e s-ecific locatin* -rocessin*@ refer to -art of -rocessin* corse.
15 C6ec& t6e <TS of conty AA test trans)ission error code and find trans)ission is
%it6ot error codeB c6ec& T#=@ F/U@ co)biner. T6ere is no falt. All "oice
c6annel of eac6 cell )ay brin* abot )etal c6in&. So t6e -ossibility of
occrrence of T#= board falt can be e3clded. MC2 board is nor)al. <TS
cloc& state s6o%s Dslo% -ll(in or tracin*E. T6e cloc& is nor)al. So t6e -ossibility
of bit sli- or fra)e loss cased by cloc& falt can be e3clded. Trace Abis
interface infor)ation@ !d*e t6e recei"in* 7ality of radio interface is *ood %it6ot
interference accordin* to t6e )easre)ent re-ort. T6e reslt of traffic
)easre)ent also s6o%s t6at t6ere is no interference. Use Site )aster to test
antenna feeder syste). T6e Standin* :a"e #adio is nor)al. <TS eart6 is *ood.
Fro) t6e abo"e analysis@ it is sre t6at t6e -roble) 6as not6in* to do %it6 t6is
<TS.
'5 Ma&e detailed dial test in < city 4'' <TS totalled do%nto%n5 and C city 410 <TS
in total in do%nto%n5 and find t6at so)e <TSs 6a"e t6e sa)e falt -6eno)enon.
Analy?e t6e co))onness of eac6 failed <TS and find t6at t6ese <TS are all
nder <M4. Ma&e sre %6et6er all <TS nder <M4 6a"e t6is case. C6oose ot6er
<TSs nder <M4 to )a&e dial test and find e"ery <TS 6as t6is -roble). All
<TSs nder ot6er fi"e <M )odles 6a"e no t6is case t6ro*6 dial test. T6e
-roble) of )etal c6in& is related to <M4 t6ro*6 abo"e location@ and t6e
-roble) e3ists in one certain -rocess of <M4 D"oice si*nal trans)ission -at6E.
35 Trans)ission -at6 of "oice si*nalA MSPP radio lin& 4incldin* antenna feeder
syste)5PP <TSP4E1 line5P <TSL++FPP trn& trans)issionPP
<SCL++FP4E1 line5P3'<IEP49: line5PG$ETPPGO/TP4o-tic fiber5P
GF<IPPGCT$PPE3MP4E1 line or trans)ission de"ice5PMSMPPFTCPP
MSC.
45 Ado-t locatin* )et6od of anali?in* section by section. At first analy?e and see
%6et6er t6ere is so)et6in* %ron* %it6 s%it6in* net%or& board 4G$ET and
GCT$5 and fiber interface circitA c6ec& t6e connection and connector bet%een
AM and <M4. T6ey are nor)al. Use absolte alco6ol to clean t6e fiber
connector@ bt t6e falt re)ains t6e sa)e. E3c6an*e t6e t6ird and fort6 F<Is
4incldin* F<C5 corres-ondin* to <M3 and <M4 %it6 t6e first and second F<I
board corres-ondin* to <M1 and <M'@ bt t6e falt re)ains t6e sa)e. C6an*e
<M4 GO/T@ bt t6e falt re)ains t6e sa)e. T6e -ossibility of e3istence of circit
error code in t6e -art DO/TP4fiber5 PF<IE can be e3clded. S%a- <M4 G$ET
board@ t6e -roble) still e3istsB s%a- GCT$ board@ t6e -roble) is stillB e3c6an*e
G$ET board %it6 <M3@ t6e -roble) is stillB e3c6an*e E3M board %it6 <M3@ t6e
-roble) is still.
85 T6e sa)e falt e3ists in all <TS nder t6e %6ole <M4. Error code s6old not
e3ist on 9: 0ines bet%een 3'<IE and $ET board. T6at is becase it is
i)-ossible t6at all 9: 0ines bet%een 3'<IE and G$ET board are not *ood.
,5 C6ec& t6e connection line of <M4 fro) E3M to MSM careflly@ and find t6at t6e
connector of E3M is nor)alB c6ec& one connector of MSM and find t6at t6e
7ality of t6e connector of trn& lines be6ind one MSM 4board $o. is 35 is bad.
+efor)ation and in"a*ination occr on t6e inner -in of one connector. T6e reslt
is t6at t6e connector cannot connect t6e connector of MSM board on bac&-lane
%ell. T6e case lies in 6ere. :6en t6e sbscriber occ-ied TCSM nder <M4
sond of )etal )ay occr. T6e n)ber of MSM of t6e failed TCSM is 3@ and t6e
n)ber of FTC is .4@ .8@ .,@ .>. A interface circit CIC is '33,F'4,3.
',
>5 #edo t6e trn& connector@ t6e falt is eli)inated. +rin* t6e con"ersation nder
all <M4 t6ere is no sond of )etal.
:6en MSC assi*ns circit@ t6e circits in t6e )odle t6at t6e si*nalin* lin& belon*s to
%ill be selected %it6 6i*6er -riority. If t6e si*nalin* of t6e MS call is trans)itted
t6ro*6 )odle 4 of MSC@ MSC %ill assi*n t6e circit of )odle 4 first 4t6e
corres-ondin* CIC is fro) ''40 to '.185. T6e failed circit 4CIC is fro) '33, to '4,35
corres-onds to )odle 4 of MSC. So if t6e si*nalin* of call is trans)itted t6ro*6
)odle 4 of MSC@ t6e rate for bein* assi*ned to t6e failed circit is "ery 6i*6. As for
<SC@ <TS of )odle 4 selects A interface lin& first to trans)it si*nalin*. T6ere are
t6ree lin&s on )odle 4 of <SC@ T%o of %6ic6 corres-ond to )odle 4 of MSC. So if
t6e MS is sed nder )odle 4 <TS@ t6ere is a -ossibility of 'G3 to be assi*ned to t6e
circit of MSC )odle 4. 1'. of MSC )odle 4 circits 6as falt 4corres-ondin* to
<SC 4 )odle5 4t6e -ro-ortion of failed circit of MSC )odle 4 is 1'.G8>,5 and it
)ay brin* abot -roble)s of "oice 7ality. T6e 6i*6est rate of occrrence of falt 4all
6a"e falt %6en 1'. circits is bsy5 is abot 'G3 W 1'.G8>, H 18 K. In fact t6e falt of
dial test nder <TS is 10 K or so.
4.- False Interference
So)eti)es %e )ade *reat efforts to c6ec&@ bt only find t6at it is false alar) in t6e
end. In fact t6e interference is false. Indeed it is better to 6a"e no interference t6an
6a"e it.
Fault !"eno3enon< t6e reconstrction of so)e office fond t6at t6e interference
band of an S,G,G, <TS'0 in a conty is "ery 6i*6. T6einterference band of t%o cells
in it c6an*ed fro) 8 to >.
15 +rin* t6e -ast interference test oft6is office@ so)e cells %it6 6i*6 interference
band %ere located. T6is is becase antenna inter)odlation reslted in t6e
interference of nor)al si*nal in case of lar*e traffic and it )ade t6e interference
band "ery 6i*6. So c6an*e t6e antenna@ bt t6e interference band did not fall
do%n ob"iosly after t6at.
'5 +rin* t6e -rior -eriod@ t6e fre7ency -lannin* 6as been c6ec&ed se"eral ti)es@
and t6e ad(fre7ency interference 6as been a"oided basically. At t6e sa)e ti)e
t6e fre7ency t6at )ay case t6ird order inter)odlation in t6e cell 6as been
ad!sted. T6e -roble) of fre7ency -lannin* 6as been basically e3clded. It is
n&no%n %6et6er t6ere is so)et6in* %ron* %it6 To%er To- A)-lifier@ feeder or
connector. <t no -roble) %as fond after c6ec&in* t6e antenna feeder syste)
of t6e <TS se"eral ti)es.
35 Trace t6e state of interference band of eac6 c6annel "ia Maintenance Console
and find t6at 6i*6 interference band )ainly focses on t6e for T#=s of t6e cell.
45 First set t6e fre7ency %it6 less interference to t6e T#= %it6 )ore interference@
and find t6at t6e interference band does not c6an*e. It s6o%s t6ere is no relation
to t6e fre7ency. :6et6er t6ere is so)et6in* %ron* %it6 T#= board or not is
n&no%n. 9o%e"er@ t6e sitation is nc6an*ed after t6e T#=s %ere
interc6an*ed.
85 T6en confir) t6e T#= n)bers@ and find t6at t6e for carriers co)e fro) t6e
sa)e di"ider. Fro) t6e abo"e -rocess@ t6e -roble) )ay be t6e di"ider. <t it is
fond t6at t6e interference band beco)es 6i*6 %6en t6e <TS is e3-anded fro)
S4G4G4 to S,G,G,. :6ile t6e co)binerGdi"ider sed to be nor)al. Maybe t6e
de"ices brea& do%n after so)e ti)e. So %e decided to c6an*e t6e
co)biberGdi"ider to 6a"e a try.
,5 T6e idea t6at for carriers %it6 6i*6 interference band are connected to t6e sa)e
second le"el di"ider before t6e di"ider is c6an*ed. T6e >(d< *ain of t6e di"ider
6as been considered drin* interference !d*e)ent. 9o%e"er@ if t6e +I/ s%itc6
is not )o"ed to t6e ri*6t -lace %6ile cascaded@ t6e interference si*nal %ill be
'>
a)-lified by >d<. Si)ltaneosly@ 6i*6er interference band %ill e3ist becase t6e
calclatin* error of '.0 station itself is - to 8d<. C6ec& t6e +I/ s%itc6 of t6e
di"ider. It %as really not )o"ed to DOffE. After it is corrected@ "ie% t6e traffic
)easre)ent of interference band 4 and 8. T6ey fall do%n to 0. And t6ere is a
little "ale on t6e interference band t6ree.
'.
C"a!ter * Anti+interference Measures
Anti(interference Measres of GSM areA Fre7ency 9o--in*@ dyna)ic -o%er control@
+T=. :6ile t6e a**ressi"e rese is ado-ted@ fre7ency 6o--in* and dyna)ic -o%er
control s6old be ado-ted as %ell.
To ad!st t6e obli7ity@ a?i)t6@ 6ei*6t of antenna is also a )ain o-ti)i?ation %ay to
redce net%or& interference. T6e ai) for ad!stin* is to )a&e t6e real ser"ice area of
eac6 cell a--roac6 to t6e desi*ned ser"ice area to redce o"er(co"era*e. t6e
)et6ods of ad!stin* antenna -lease refer to relati"e *idance boo&.
T6ese anti(interference )easres )ainly ai) at intra(net%or& interference. :6en
t6ere is stron* e3ternal interference@ t6ese anti(interference )easres can 6ardly ta&e
effect.
<y t6e %ay@ re)ind e"erybody t6at <SC of 9a%ei 6as t6e fnction of fre7ency
6o--in*@ -o%er control and +T= by defalt. 9o%e"er@ for so)e e7i-)ent of so)e
ot6er "endors@ e"ery fnction s6old be -rc6ased by t6e o-erators t6e)sel"es@ and
t6e -rice is "ery 6i*6. T6e crrently ser"in* net%or& e7i-)ents of )any o-erators
6a"e no t6ese fnctions. +rin* o-ti)i?ation as T6ird /arty or co(o-eration to
e7i-)ent of ot6er "endors@ -lease -ay attention to t6is )atter.
'1
C"a!ter & Interference Test Tools
&.1 >rief intro(uction to S!ectru3 Analy@er
15 At -resent@ t6e )ain tool 9a%ei 6as for testin* interference si*nal is S-ectr)
Analy?er. It is a broadband si*nal recei"er %it6 6i*6 -erfor)ance %6ic6 can
dis-lay t6e s-ectr) of t6e recei"in* si*nals. T6e recei"in* sensiti"ity of si*nal
band%idt6 of 39? e7als to 19? sensiti"ityY10lo*3@ e.*.@ t6e recei"in* sensiti"ity
of GSM si*nal of '00&9? isA (14'd<)Y10lo*4'00W10005H(.1d<)B
'5 T6e recei"in* si*nal resoltion band%idt6 4#<:5A na)ely t6e )ini)) si*nal
band%idt6 t6e S-ectr) Analy?er can reco*ni?e. T6e s)aller t6e -ara)eter is@
t6e 6i*6er t6e recei"in* sensiti"ity of instr)ent. T6at is to say@ t6e noise of t6e
instr)ent itself is lessB T6e S-ectr) Analy?er of different ty-es 6as different
recei"in* fre7ency band and recei"in* sensiti"ity. It is "ery i)-ortant to )a&e
se of it correctly. A brief introdction to se"eral &ey inde3es of t6e S-ectr)
Analy?er is )ade as follo%sA
35 In-t fre7encyA t6e fre7ency ran*e t6e S-ectr) Analy?er can recei"e. T6is
inde3 deter)ines t6e fre7ency ran*e of interference si*nal t6at t6e Analyser
can testB
45 Sensiti"ityA *enerally t6e )ini)) recei"in* le"el %it6 19? si*nal band%idt6 is
defined as recei"in* sensiti"ity of t6e S-ectr) Analy?er. T6e recei"in*
sensiti"ity of 9/.8 series S-ectr) Analy?er can be belo% (14' d<).
85 Nideo Filter <and%idt6 4N<:5A it refers to t6e band%idt6 of t6e inter)ediate filter
after Fre7ency )i3in* of t6e S-ectr) Analy?er. T6e s)aller t6e band%idt6 is@
t6e s)oot6er t6e cr"e isB
,5 Central fre7ency 4F05A it refers to t6e central fre7ency of t6e s-ectr) t6at t6e
S-ectr) Analy?er can testB
>5 <and%idt6 4S/A$5A it refers to t6e s-ectr) s-an t6e S-ectr) Analy?er can
testB
.5 In-t si*nal attenation 4ATT5A %6en t6ere is lar*e si*nal in-t@ it is re7ired to
)a&e attenation on si*nal -ro-erly. T6e S-ectr) Analy?er itself )ay -rodce
lar*e n)ber of inter()odlation co)-onents %it6ot attenation. So it %ill
inflence t6e "eracity of t6e testin* reslt.
T6e )ain tec6nical indices of interference test s-ectr) analy?erA
Model O-erational fre7ency
band
Sensiti"ity 419?5 Mini)) resoltion
band%idt6
9/.811E 309?(1..G9? 148d<) 309?
9/.814E 309?('.1G9? 14'd<) 309?
9/.818E 309?(,.8G9? 14'd<) 309?
9/.8,1E 309?(,.8G9? 148d<) 19?
&.% irectional Antenna
+irectional antenna is sed for searc6in* interference sorces. T6e stron*er t6e
directionality of antenna is@ t6e 6i*6er t6e antenna *ain is. And t6e ability to searc6
%ill beco)e better. So t6e lo*arit6)(-eriod antenna %it6 broad fre7ency band is t6e
best c6oice. T6is &ind of antenna 6as broad fre7ency band@ 6i*6 antenna *ain and
stron* directionality.
30
C"a!ter - .ay to Test Interference
-.1 T"e $ay to Test Internal Interference
1. Set t6e S-ectr) Analy?er to -ro-er stateA
For 100M <TSA f0H10'M9?@S/A$H30M9?@ATTH0@#<:H30&9?@N<:H30&9?B
For 1.00M <TSA f0H1>18M9?@S/A$H10M9?@ATTH0@#<:H30&9?@N<:H30&9?.
'. Scre% ot t6e connector of ot-t -ort of C+U di"ider@ t6en connect t6e ot-t
si*nal of t6e di"ider to t6e S-ectr) Analy?er to carry ot a test. If t6e fractional
fre7ency s-ectr) le"el is less t6an Q.0d<)@ it s6o%s t6at t6ere is no internal
interferenceB if )ore t6an Q.0d<)@ it s6o%s t6at C+U or T#= inside <ase Station are
nder interference or self(e3citation.
3. If internal interference e3ists@ frt6er )a&e sre t6at it belon*s to C+U or T#=. At
first confir) T#= carrier board@ ct do%n t6e cable "ia %6ic6 T#= is connected to
di"ider@ and se t6e S-ectr) Analy?er to test t6e )ain or di"ersity connector of T#=.
If t6e fractional fre7ency s-ectr) le"el is less t6an Q.0d<)@ it s6o%s t6at T#= is
nor)al@ ot6er%ise it is re7ired to c6an*e carrier board.
T6e t6ree ste-s abo"e ai) at interference )easre for t6e -lin& fre7ency band. If
t6ere is ss-ect t6at interference e3ists in t6e do%nlin& fre7ency band@ -lease follo%
ste-s belo%.
4. C6ec& interference of trans)ission band. First@ set t6e S-ectr) Analy?er in
trans)ission fre7ency band of t6e <TS. +e to t6e lar*e o-t -o%er of <TS@
attenation s6old be )ade on t6e in-t si*nal. Generally ATT is set as 40d<@ t6en
t6e t3Ltest si*nal of C+U s6old be i)-orted to t6e S-ectr) Analy?er to be
obser"ed to )a&e sre %eat6er interference si*nal is *enerated.
-.% T"e $ay to Test E5ternal Interference
:6en %e are sre t6at interference is cased by t6e e3ternal case@ first %e s6old
confir) t6e location of interference sorce and t6e s-ectr) distribtion state. A
con"enient %ay is to )a&e se of t6e e3istin* antenna feeder of <ase Station and
lo%(noise a)-lifier of #adio Fre7ency Front End to 6a"e a test.
15 First@ set t6e S-ectr) Analy?er to -ro-er state@ -lease refer to t6e c6a-ter
s-ra.
'5 C6oose ot-t -ort of di"ider of cell nder interference. In order not to inflence
t6e nor)al o-eration of <TS@ t6e free ot-t -ort 4%it6 d))y load5 is *enerally
c6osen@ eit6er t6e )ain or t6e di"ersity can be selected.
35 Scre% ot t6e selected connector@ t6en se Coa3ial Cable to i)-ort t6e ot-t
si*nal of di"ider to t6e S-ectr) Analy?erB
45 Nie% t6e s-ectr) distribtion state of t6e S-ectr) Analy?er@ and find ot t6e
abnor)al interference si*nal. T6e %ay to calclate t6e le"el of interference si*nal
is as follo%sA
Antenna -ort interference le"el H interference le"el tested by t6e S-ectr) Analy?er Q
18d< To%er To- A)-lifier Gain Y 3d< cable loss Q >d< di"ider *ain.
For e3a)-leA Antenna -ort interference le"el H ( ,8d<)(18Y3(>H(.4d<)
$oteA Cable loss )ay "ary %it6 cable len*t6.
T6e standard for !d*in* %eat6er interference le"el 6as i)-act on t6e syste) is
described as follo%sA
31
415 T6e )a3i)) interference le"el at antenna -ort %it6ot inflence on syste)
H (10.d<) sensiti"ity Q 1d< co(c6annel interference -rotectionH (11>d<).
4'5 T6e )a3i)) interference le"el at di"ider ot-t -ort %it6ot inflence on
syste) H (11>d<)Y18(3Y> H (1.d<)
-.3 T"e $ay to Searc" E5ternal Interference Sources
T6e location of interference sorce can be e3a)ined "ia <TS di"ider ot-t -ort. If it
is re7ired to find t6e )ore detailed location of interference sorce@ %al& ot of
e7i-)ent roo)@ and se t6e directional antenna %it6 stron* directionality )entioned
abo"e to )a&e a searc6@ T6e ste-s for searc6in* are as follo%sA
15 In t6e cell nder interference@ select a test -oint %it6ot bildin* obstrction.
'5 Set t6e S-ectr) Analy?er@ and connect t6e directional antenna.
35 If t6ere is rotatable -latfor)@ t6e antenna can be -laced on it@ and )a&e t6e
%a"e bea) of t6e antenna -oint to t6e front@ and t6e antenna %it6 "ertical
-olari?ation s6old be -laced "erticallyB if t6ere is no interferent si*nal@ one can
raise t6e antenna o"er 6ead %it6 6ands. #otate t6e antenna slo%ly@ and at t6e
sa)e ti)e "ie% t6e c6an*e of si*nal of t6e S-ectr) Analy?er. Once t6ere e3ists
abnor)al si*nal@ fi3 t6e orientation of t6e antenna i))ediately and c6an*e -tilt
of t6e antenna to )a&e t6e recei"in* si*nal to t6e stron*est.
45 Analy?e t6e si*nal s-ectr) distribtion careflly@ and confir) t6at it is
interference si*nal@ record t6e si*nal stren*t6 and record t6e a?i)t6 and
do%ntilt of antenna %a"e bea).
85 Find ne% test -oint alon* %it6 t6e direction of antenna %a"e bea)@ t6en retrn to
ste- ' to carry ot a test till interference sorce is fond.
3'

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