Colegio De San Pedro

Phase 1A Pacita Complex, San Pedro Laguna

A. Discuss the history of microprocessor.

B. What are the different types of register?
Discuss the functions.





Submitted By: Lilie Ann S. Silva

Instructor: Mr. Lester Ramos












1.Discuss the history of microprocessor.
A microprocessor incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing
unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits. All
modern CPUs are microprocessors making the micro- prefix redundant. The
microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable device that accepts digital data as
input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results
as output. It is an example of sequential digital logic, as it has internal memory.
Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral
system.The integration of a whole CPU onto a single chip or on a few chips greatly
reduced the cost of processing power. The integrated circuit processor was produced in
large numbers by highly automated processes, so unit cost was low. Single-chip
processors increase reliability as there are many fewer electrical connections to fail. As
microprocessor designs get faster, the cost of manufacturing a chip (with smaller
components built on a semiconductor chip the same size) generally stays the
same.Before microprocessors, small computers had been implemented using racks of
circuit boards with many medium- and small-scaleintegrated circuits. Microprocessors
integrated this into one or a few large-scale ICs. Continued increases in microprocessor
capacity have since rendered other forms of computers almost completely obsolete
(see history of computing hardware), with one or more microprocessors used in
everything from the smallest embedded systems and handheld devices to the
largest mainframes and supercomputers.
STRUCTURE
The internal arrangement of a microprocessor varies depending on the age of the
design and the intended purposes of the processor. The complexity of an integrated
circuit is bounded by physical limitations of the number of transistors that can be put
onto one chip, the number of package terminations that can connect the processor to
other parts of the system, the number of interconnections it is possible to make on the
chip, and the heat that the chip can dissipate. Advancing technology makes more
complex and powerful chips feasible to manufacture.A minimal hypothetical
microprocessor might only include an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and a control logic
section. The ALU performs operations such as addition, subtraction, and operations
such as AND or OR. Each operation of the ALU sets one or more flags in a status
register, which indicate the results of the last operation (zero value, negative number,
overflow, or others). The logic section retrieves instruction operation codes from
memory, and initiates whatever sequence of operations of the ALU requires to carry out
the instruction. A single operation code might affect many individual data paths,
registers, and other elements of the processor.
As integrated circuit technology advanced, it was feasible to manufacture more and
more complex processors on a single chip. The size of data objects became larger;
allowing more transistors on a chip allowed word sizes to increase from 4- and 8-
bit words up to today's 64-bitwords. Additional features were added to the processor
architecture; more on-chip registers sped up programs, and complex instructions could
be used to make more compact programs. Floating-point arithmetic, for example, was
often not available on 8-bit microprocessors, but had to be carried out in software.
Integration of the floating point unit first as a separate integrated circuit and then as part
of the same microprocessor chip, sped up floating point calculations.
Occasionally, physical limitations of integrated circuits made such practices as a bit
slice approach necessary. Instead of processing all of a long word on one integrated
circuit, multiple circuits in parallel processed subsets of each data word. While this
required extra logic to handle, for example, carry and overflow within each slice, the
result was a system that could handle, say, 32-bit words using integrated circuits with a
capacity for only four bits each.
With the ability to put large numbers of transistors on one chip, it becomes feasible to
integrate memory on the same die as the processor. This CPU cache has the
advantage of faster access than off-chip memory, and increases the processing speed
of the system for many applications. Processor clock frequency has increased more
rapidly than external memory speed, except in the recent past, so cache memory is
necessary if the processor is not delayed by slower external memory.

2.What are the different types of register? Discuss their function
MAR stand for Memory Address Register
This register holds the memory addresses of data and instructions. This register is
used to access data and instructions from memory during the execution phase of an
instruction.Suppose CPU wants to store some data in the memory or to read the data
from the memory. It places the address of the-required memory location in the MAR.
Program Counter
The program counter (PC), commonly called the instruction pointer (IP) in Intel x86
microprocessors, and sometimes called the instruction address register, or just part of
the instruction sequencer in some computers, is a processor register
It is a 16 bit special function register in the 8085 microprocessor. It keeps track of the
thenext memory address of the instruction that is to be executed once the execution of
the current instruction is completed. In other words, it holds the address of the memory
location of the next instruction when the current instruction is executed by the
microprocessor.
Accumulator Register
This Register is used for storing the Results those are produced by the System. When
the CPU will generate Some Results after the Processing then all the Results will be
Stored into the AC Register.
Memory Data Register (MDR)
MDR is the register of a computer's control unit that contains the data to be stored in
the computer storage (e.g. RAM), or the data after a fetch from the computer storage. It
acts like a buffer and holds anything that is copied from the memory ready for the
processor to use it. MDR hold the information before it goes to the decoder.
Index Register
A hardware element which holds a number that can be added to (or, in some cases,
subtracted from) the address portion of a computer instruction to form an effective
address. Also known as base register. An index register in a computer's CPU is a
processor register used for modifying operand addresses during the run of a program.
Memory Buffer Register
MBR stand for Memory Buffer Register. This register holds the contents of data or
instruction read from, or written in memory. It means that this register is used to store
data/instruction coming from the memory or going to the memory.
Data Register
A register used in microcomputers to temporarily store data being transmitted to or from
a peripheral device.