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29
Answer Section
Worksheet 1
a) water vapour b) clouds
c) 10% d) crystal
e) hydrosphere f) oceans
g) ice caps h) 75%
i) solvent j) biological chemical reactions
k) transports l) supports and cushions
m) habitat n) stable
o) absorb a lot of heat p) climate
q) erosion r) cooking
s) recreation t) irrigation
u) solvent v) hydro-electricity
w) 0
o
C x) 100
o
C
y) 1.00 g/mL z) less
aa) closer ab) lattice
Worksheet 2
1.a) 8.8 g/cm
3
b) 1.2 g/cm
3
c) 4.8 cm
3
d) 0.72 g/cm
3
e) 264g f) 5.7 cm
3
2.
a) Substances B & F, because they have the same
density.
b) Substance D, because density is less than water.
3. D 4. C
5.
a) It is the solvent for life chemicals.
It transports substances in blood.
b) Main agent of erosion.
Ocean currents distribute heat... controls climate.
c) Crop irrigation
Making hydro-electricity
6.
a) For most substances, the solid has a higher
density than the liquid. Water is the opposite.
b) Water ice is a molecular lattice in which the
molecules are held in a regular array by hydrogen
bonding. When ice melts, the molecules can move
around, but the strong hydrogen bonds still act.
Mol ecul es are attracted so strongl y that they
wriggle in even closer to each other than in the
solid lattice arrangement. This results in a smaller
volume, and a higher density.
Worksheet 3
a) properties b) forces/bonding/H-bonds
c) as far apart d) tetrahedron
e) nitrogen f) hydrogen
g) unshared h) pyramid
i) unshared electrons j) bent
k) evenly l) polar
m) uneven n) partial
o) dipole p) attraction
q) dipole-dipole r) inter-
s) state
t) oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine
u) Hydrogen v) high
w) surface tension x) sink
y) viscosity z) streamlined
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Preliminary Chemistry Topic 3 Water

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Worksheet 4
1. D 2. B 3. B
4. a) diagram labels
b) Polar covalent bond
is formed when a pair of
electrons is shared
unevenly.
c) Hydrogen bonds attract the
molecules to each other very
strongly, so it requires a lot of heat
energy to break up the solid lattice (melting) or to
allow particles to fly freely in the gas state. Hence
the m.p. & b.p. are relatively high.
Worksheet 5
a) KBr
(s)
K
+
(aq)
+ Br
-
(aq)
b) CaSO
4(s)
Ca
2+
(aq)
+ SO
4
2-
(aq)
c) LiNO
3(s)
Li
+
(aq)
+ NO
3
-
(aq)
d) MgI
2(s)
Mg
2+
(aq)
+ 2I
-
(aq)
e) Al(NO
3
)
3(s)
Al
3+
(aq)
+ 3NO
3
-
(aq)
f) NH
4
Cl
(s)
NH
4
+
(aq)
+ Cl
-
(aq)
g) Fe(NO
3
)
2(s)
Fe
2+
(aq)
+ 2NO
3
-
(aq)
h) CuSO
4(s)
Cu
2+
(aq)
+ SO
4
2-
(aq)
i) Ca(OH)
2(s)
Ca
2+
(aq)
+ 2OH
-
(aq)
Worksheet 6
1.
a) barium sulfate b) iron(II) hydroxide
c) no reaction d) lead(II) chloride
e) silver bromide f) no reaction
g) magnesium carbonateh) copper(II) carbonate
i) barium sulfate
2.
a) i) 2Na
+
(aq)
+ SO
4
-2
(aq)
+ Ba
+2
(aq)
+2NO
3
-
(aq)
BaSO
4(s)
+ 2Na
+
(aq)
+ 2NO
3
-
(aq)
ii) Ba
+2
(aq)
+SO
4
-2
(aq)
BaSO
4(s)
b) i) 2K
+
(aq)
+ 2OH
-
(aq)
+ Fe
+2
(aq)
+2Cl
-
(aq)
Fe(OH)
2(s)
+ 2K
+
(aq)
+ 2Cl
-
(aq)
ii) Fe
+2
(aq)
+ 2OH
-
(aq)
Fe(OH)
2(s)
c) no reaction
d) i) 2K
+
(aq)
+ 2Cl
-
(aq)
+ Pb
+2
(aq)
+2NO
3
-
(aq)
PbCl
2(s)
+ 2K
+
(aq)
+ 2NO
3
-
(aq)
ii) Pb
+2
(aq)
+2Cl
-
(aq)
PbCl
2(s)
Covalent
bonds
Hydrogen
bond
+
+

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30
2. i) moles required: n = cV
= 0.028 x 0.050 = 0.0014 mol
mass: m = n x MM MM(AlCl
3
) = 133.33g
= 0.0014 x 133.33 = 0.19g
ii) moles required: n = cV
= 0.400 x 0.250 = 0.100 mol
mass: m = n x MM MM(Na
2
SO
4
) = 142.05g
= 0.100 x 142.05 = 14.2g
iii) moles: n = cV
= 3.75x10
-5
x 2.50 = 9.375x10
-5
mol
mass: m = n x MM MM(Ca(OH)
2
) = 57.088g
= 9.375x10
-5
x 57.088 = 5.35 x10
-3
g
iv) moles: n = cV
= 1.50 x 0.0250 = 0.0375 mol
mass: m = n x MM MM(KBr) = 119.0g
= 0.0375 x 119.0 = 4.46g
v) moles: n = cV
= 0.800 x 0.100 = 0.0800 mol
mass: m = n x MM MM(Cu(NO
3
)
2
) = 251.12g
= 0.0800 x 251.12 = 20.1g
Worksheet 9
1. use c
2
= c
1
V
1
/V
2
in each case.
i) 0.100 x 25.0/1000
c
2
= 0.00250 (2.50x10
-3
) molL
-1
ii) 1.25 x 5.00/100
c
2
= 0.0625 (6.25x10
-2
) molL
-1
iii) 0.025 x 2.5/500
c
2
= 0.000125 (1.25x10
-4
) molL
-1
iv) 0.500 x 8.6/50
c
2
= 0.086 (8.6x10
-2
) molL
-1
v) 5.35x10
-3
x 10.0/250
c
2
= 0.000214 (2.14x10
-4
) molL
-1
2. Use V
1
= c
2
V
2
/c
1
in each case. (all vols in mL)
i) 0.250 x 1000/1.50 V
1
= 167 mL
ii) 0.500 x 100/6.00 V
1
= 8.33 mL
iii) 1.00x10
-4
x 250/0.250 V
1
= 0.100 mL
iv) 0.010 x 50/0.500 V
1
= 1.00 mL
v) 0.500 x 10.0/0.875 V
1
= 5.71 mL
Worksheet 10
(Equations written in molecular form to save space)
1.
Na
2
SO
4(aq)
+Ba(NO
3
)
2(aq)
BaSO
4(s)
+ 2NaNO
3(aq)
n(Ba(NO
3
)
2
) = cV = 0.500 x 0.0250 = 0.0125 mol.
n(BaSO
4
) = 0.0125 mol. (mole ratio 1:1)
m(BaSO
4
) = n x MM MM(BaSO
4
) = 233.37g
= 0.0125 x 233.37
mass BaSO
4
= 2.92g
2.
Na
2
SO
4(aq)
+Ba(NO
3
)
2(aq)
BaSO
4(s)
+ 2NaNO
3(aq)
mass(BaSO
4
) collected = 1.27g MM(BaSO
4
) = 233.37g
n(BaSO
4
) = m/MM = 1.27/233.37 = 0.00544 mol.
n(Na
2
SO
4
) = 0.00544 mol (mole ratio = 1:1)
c(Na
2
SO
4
) = n/V = 0.00544/0.0100 (10mL = 0.01 L)
Concentration Na
2
SO
4
= 0.544 molL
-1
.
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Preliminary Chemistry Topic 3 Water

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Worksheet 6 (cont)
2. (continued)
e) i) Mg
+2
(aq)
+ 2Br
-
(aq)
+ 2Ag
+
(aq)
+2NO
3
-
(aq)
2AgBr
(s)
+ Mg
+2
(aq)
+ 2NO
3
-
(aq)
ii) Ag
+
(aq)
+Br
-
(aq)
AgBr
(s)
f) no reaction
g) i) Mg
+2
(aq)
+ 2Cl
-
(aq)
+ 2Na
+
(aq)
+ CO
3
-2
(aq)
MgCO
3(s)
+ 2Na
+
(aq)
+ 2Cl
-
(aq)
ii) Mg
+2
(aq)
+ CO
3
-2
(aq)
MgCO
3(s)
h) i) Cu
+2
(aq)
+ SO
4
-2
(aq)
+ 2Na
+
(aq)
+ CO
3
-2
(aq)
CuCO
3(s)
+ 2Na
+
(aq)
+ SO
4
-2
(aq)
ii) Cu
+2
(aq)
+ CO
3
-2
(aq)
CuCO
3(s)
i) Cu
+2
(aq)
+ SO
4
-2
(aq)
+ Ba
+2
(aq)
+ 2NO
3
-
(aq)
BaSO
4(s)
+ Cu
+2
(aq)
+ 2NO
3
-
(aq)
ii) Ba
+2
(aq)
+SO
4
-2
(aq)
BaSO
4(s)
Worksheet 7
1. use c = n/V in each case.
i) c = 2.50/0.750 = 3.33 molL
-1
ii) c = 0.025/0.050 = 0.50 molL
-1
iii) c = 0.35/0.100 = 3.5 molL
-1
iv) c = 1.2x10
-3
/4.0 = 3.0x10
-4
molL
-1
v) c = 0.95/0.200 = 4.75 molL
-1
2. use n = cV in each case.
i) n = 0.400 x 2.00 = 0.800 mol
ii) n = 1.25 x 0.450 = 0.563 mol
iii) n = 0.025 x 0.050 = 1.25 x10
-3
mol
iv) n = 0.0035 x 0.00200 = 7.0 x10
-6
mol
v) n = 2.25 x 0.050 = 0.113 mol
Worksheet 8
1. i) n = m/MM MM(KNO
3
) = 101.1g
= 15.80/101.1 = 0.1563 mol
c = n/V
= 0.1563/0.200 = 0.781 molL
-1
ii) n = m/MM MM(CuSO
4
) = 159.62g
= 3.66/159.62 = 0.02293 mol
c = n/V
= 0.02293/0.500 = 0.0459 molL
-1
iii) n = m/MM MM(NaCl) = 58.44g
= 127/58.44 = 2.173 mol
c = n/V
= 2.173/1.50 = 1.45 molL
-1
iv) n = m/MM MM(Pb(NO
3
)
2
) = 331.22g
= 85.6/331.22 = 0.2584 mol
c = n/V
= 0.2584/3.000 = 0.0861 molL
-1
v) n = m/MM MM(LiBr) = 86.841g
= 2.35/86.841 = 0.02706 mol
c = n/V
= 0.02706/0.250 = 0.108 molL
-1
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31
Worksheet 12
a) kinetic b) move/vibrate faster
c) Specific Heat Capacityd) J/
o
C/g
e) high f) DH = -mCDT
g) calorimeter h) Specific Heat
i) Exo- j) rises
k) lost l) negative
m) Endo- n) falls
o) gained p) positive
q) Heat of Solution r) absorb heat
s) specific heat capacity t) surroundings
u) insulating v) specific heat capacity
w) minor/very small x) thermometer
y) life forms and climate z) stable
aa) transport ab) cooling
ac) temperate ad) waste heat
ae) solubility af) oxygen
ag) lower
Worksheet 13
1. Simple Heat Calculations
a) Use H = mCT in each case.
i) H = 50.0 x 4.18 x 30 = 6270 J = 6.27 kJ.
ii) H = 400 x 4.18 x 85 = 142,120 J = 142 kJ
iii)H = (560 x 10
6
) x 4.18 x 16 = 3.75 x 10
10
J
iv)H = 100 x 0.39 x 1075 = 41,925 J = 42 kJ
v) H = 100,000 x 0.45 x 100 = 4.5 x10
6
J
2. Use T = H/mC
i) T = 72,000/(250 x 4.18) = 69
o
final T = 89
o
C
ii) T = 5,000/(80.0 x 4.18) = 15
o
final T = 10
o
C
iii)T = 10,000/(1000 x 4.18) = 2
o
final T = 6
o
C
iv)T = 20,000/(5000 x 0.45) = 9
o
final T = -16
o
C
v) T = 1,200/(20.0 x 2.44) = 25
o
final T = 5
o
C
Worksheet 14
1.
i) H = - mCT
= - (100 + 5.85) x 4.18 x (-13)
= +5,752 J for the dissolving of 5.85g
Energy per gram: H = +5752/5.85 = +983 J per gram
Energy per mole: MM(NH
4
NO
3
) = 80.05g
H = +983 x 80.05 = +78,691 J per mole
Heat of Solution = +78.7 kJmol
-1
(endothermic)
ii) H = - mCT
= - (100 + 8.42) x 4.18 x 9.5
= - 4,305 J for the dissolving of 8.42g
Energy per gram: H = - 4,305/8.42 = -511 J per gram
Energy per mole: MM(Na
2
CO
3
) = 106.0g
H = -511 x 106 = - 54,166 J per mole
Heat of Solution = - 54.2 kJmol
-1
(exothermic)
2.
i) H
sol
(NaOH) = -41.6 kJmol
-1
. MM=40.00g
Energy change for 10.0g = -41.6 x 10.0/40.00
= -10.4 kJ = -10,400 J
H = - mCT, so T = H/(-mC)
= -10,400/(- 250 x 4.18)
= + 9.95
o
final temp = 28
o
C (to nearest degree)
ii) H
sol
(NH
4
Cl) = +15.2 kJmol
-1
. MM= 53.49g
Energy change for 18.5g = +15.2 x 18.5/53.49
= +5.257 kJ = +5,257 J
H = - mCT, so T = H/(-mC)
= +5,257/(- (150+18.5) x 4.18)
= - 7.46
o
final temp = 15
o
C (to nearest degree)
Worksheet 10 (cont.)
3. 2AgNO
3(aq)
+ K
2
CO
3(aq)
Ag
2
CO
3(s)
+ 2KNO
3(aq)
i) n(AgNO
3
) = cV = 0.500 x 0.0500 = 0.0250 mol.
n(Ag
2
CO
3
) = 0.0125 mol. (mole ratio 2:1)
m(Ag
2
CO
3
) = n x MM MM(Ag
2
CO
3
) = 275.81g
= 0.0125 x 275.81
mass Ag
2
CO
3
= 3.45g
ii) 2Ag
2
CO
3(s)
4 Ag
(s)
+ 2CO
2(g)
+O
2(g)
from previous part,
moles of Ag
2
CO
3
decomposed = 0.0125 mol.
moles of silver formed = 0.0250 mol (ratio = 2:4)
m(Ag) = n x MM = 0.0250 x 107.9 = 2.70g
moles of CO
2
formed = 0.0125 mol (mole ratio = 2:2)
volume of CO
2
= 0.0125 x 24.8 = 0.310 L (310 mL)
Worksheet 11
1. C 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. B
8.
a) CaCl
2(s)
Ca
2+
(aq)
+ 2Cl
-
(aq)
b) Ca
2+
(aq)
+ 2Cl
-
(aq)
CaCl
2(s)
c) CaCl
2(s)
Ca
2+
(aq)
+ 2Cl
-
(aq)
9.
a) A precipitate of insoluble lead(II) carbonate would
form.
b) Pb
2+
(aq)
+ 2NO
3
-
(aq)
+ 2K
+
(aq)
+ CO
3
2-
aq)
PbCO
3(s)
+ 2NO
3
-
(aq)
+ 2K
+
(aq)
c) Moles of PbCO
3
: n = cV
= 0.500 x 0.020
= 0.0100 mol.
Mass of PbCO
3
: m = n x MM (MM=267.21g)
= 0.0100 x 267.21
= 2.67 g
d) 2PbCO
3(s)
2Pb
(s)
+ 2CO
2(g)
+ O
2(g)
e) Moles of PbCO
3
decomposed = 0.0100 (from part c)
moles of gases: CO
2
= 0.0100 mol. O
2
= 0.0050 mol.
Total gas moles = 0.0150 mol.
Volume = 0.0150 x 24.8 = 0.372 L (372 mL)
10.
Moles of KI needed:
n = cV = 0.250 x 0.500 = 0.125 mol.
Mass KI needed: m = n x MM MM(KI) = 166.0g
= 0.125 x 166.0
= 20.75g
Procedure: Weigh out the solid and dissolve in pure
water i n a beaker. Transfer l i qui d to a 500mL
volumetric flask. Rinse beaker with several small
amounts of extra water and add washings to flask.
Add water to the 500mL mark, drop-wise near the end.
Insert stopper and invert flask to mix.
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Preliminary Chemistry Topic 3 Water

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Copying is permitted according to the Site Licence Conditions only
32
Worksheet 15
1. A 2. D 3. B
4.
a) H = -mCT
= -(50 + 4.27) x 4.18 x 27
= -6,125 J for 4.27g
Heat per gram = -6,125/4.27 = -1,434 J/g
MM(LiOH) = 23.95g
Heat per mole = -1,434 x 23.95 = -34,343 J/mol
H
sol
(LiOH) = -34.3 kJ mol
-1
.
b) The cal ori meter absorbs some of the heat
released, and this has not been included in the
calculation.
Some of the heat released may have been lost to the
surroundings, hence giving a lower measured value.
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Preliminary Chemistry Topic 3 Water

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