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Interference Reduction
Objectives
The participant is able to
use methods for interference reduction
Contents
1 Power Control
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Measurement Preprocessing for Power Control
1.3 Power Control Decision
1.4 Power Control Execution
2 Frequency Hopping
2.1 ntro!uction
2.2 Frequency Hopping "ystem
3 Discontinuous #ransmission D#$
4 C%annel &llocation !ue to nterference 'evel
5 Concentric Cells
6 Exercises
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1 Power Control
1.1 Objectives
The ob"ecti#e of po$er control is to adapt the transmit po$er of the %& as $ell as of the
'T& to the reception conditions. (or e)ample a mobile station %& 1 located near the the
'T& can use a lo$er transmit po$er than a mobile station %& 2 at the ed*e of a cell to
achie#e the re+uired uplin, +ualit-.
(#"
M" )
#
$
P
*
+
M" ,
#
$
P
*
+
(i*. 1
There are t$o ad#anta*es of po$er control.
reduction of the a#era*e po$er consumption /especiall- in the %&01
reduction of the interference e)perienced b- cochannel /for ad"acent0 channel users.
2o$er control is applied separatel- for the uplin, and the do$nlin, and separatel- for
each lo*ical channel0. 3t can be enabled4disabled usin* the follo$in* 5a*s /administered
$ithin the 2678 ob"ect0.
&peci9cation :ame ;' :ame %eanin*
<:=%&=28 <%&2678 (la* to enable4disable uplin, po$er control.
<:='&=28 <'&2678 (la* to enable4disable do$nlin, po$er control.
(i*. 2
3t should be noted that do$nlin, po$er control is not applied for do$nlin, bursts usin*
the '88> fre+uenc-.
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1.2 Measurement Preprocessing for Power Control
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An- control loop is based on measurements of the controlled s-stem parameters. (or 28
purposes1 for each call in pro*ress and for both lin,s /do$nlin,4uplin,01 measurements
of.
recei#ed si*nal le#el
recei#ed si*nal +ualit-
are carried out o#er each &A88> multiframe1 $hich is 104 T;%A frames /480 ms0 for a
T8> and 102 T;%A frames /41 ms0 for a &;88>.
<#er- &A88> multiframe the %& sends in the ne)t &A88> messa*e bloc, the do$nlin,
measurements on the dedicated channel /a#era*ed o#er one &A88> multiframe0 #ia the
%easurement 7eport messa*e to the ser#in* T7X of the 'T&. This means that an-
&A88> messa*e $ill report the a#era*ed data for the pre#ious reportin* period onl-. The
T7X performs the uplin, measurements on the dedicated channel. The measurement
reports /uplin, and do$nlin,0 referrin* to the same &A88> multiframe are used as input
parameters for the %easurement 7eport a#era*in* procedures1 implemented $ithin the
'T&.
This means that the ad"ustment of the transmit po$er of the %& and the 'T& is based on
follo$in* measurement #alues /refer to 8hapt. 4.2.1 %easurement 2reprocessin* for
>ando#er0.
7X?<@=;?=(A?? 4 &A' - 7X?<@=A?=(A?? 4 &A'
7XBAA?=;?=(A?? 4 &A' - 7XBAA?=A?=(A?? 4 &A'
The measurement #alues are preprocessed $ithin the 'T& in the same $a- as for the
hando#er process1 i.e. a *lidin* a#era*e $indo$ and a $ei*htin* of (A?? and &A' #alues
is used. The parameters for measurement preprocessin* for po$ercontrol are
administered in the ob"ect 2678 and are listedin the table belo$.
Power control correction
This mechanism is necessar- to ensure full hando#er functionalit- if '& po$er control
and fre+uenc- hoppin* is enabled.
:ormall-1 if '& 2678 is enabled the %& is informed about this b- a 5a* in the &C&=3:(D.
This 5a* ma,es the %& suppress measurement reports deri#ed from the '88> carrier in
order to a#oid the measurements to be falsi9ed b- the Efull po$erF part of the '88>.
3f fre+uenc- hoppin* is disabled - $hich could be the case after fre+uenc- rede9nition
due to failure of a T7X- the %& ma- hop on the '88> carrier onl-. 3n this case all
measurement reports are supressed /or declared Enot #alidF0 b- the %& - $hich means
that no hando#er is possible.
<nablin* the po$er control correction mechanism has the follo$in* results.
a0 The '& 2678 5a* is set to E0F in the &C&=3:(D e#en if the parameter
<'&2678GT7A<.
b0 The %& thus pro#ides #alid measurement reports e#en for the '88> carrier.
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c0 The 'T& ta,es care that the Efull po$erF part from the '88> carrier is correctl-
substracted from the measurement reports.
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Parameters for measurement preprocessing power control
&peci9cation :ame ;' :ame 7an*e %eanin*
A=BAA?=28 2A@7BAA?
AQUALPC
1-31 A#era*in* $indo$ siHe for 7XBAA?
#alues1 used for po$er control
decisions
6=BAA?=28 2A@7BAA?
WQUALPC
1-3 6ei*htin* for 7XBAA?=(A?? #alues
A=?<@=28 2A@7?<@
ALEVPC
1-31 A#era*in* $indo$ siHe for 7X?<@
#alues1 used for po$er control
decisions
6=?<@=28 2A@7?<@
WLEVPC
1-3 6ei*htin* factor for 7X?<@=(A??
#alues
<:='&=2678=8D77 <'&2687 T7A<4
(A?&<
2o$er control correction in case of
'&-po$er control and fre+uenc-
hoppin*
(i*. 3
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1.3 Power Control ecision
(or po$er control decision the a#era*e #alues of 7X?<@=A?4;? and 7XBAA?=A?4;? are
compared $ith some preset thresholds /DI% parameters0. A 5o$ chart of the po$er
control decision process is sho$n in the 9*ure belo$.
Power Control ecision Process
+$-.&'/$$0
./+$-.&'/$$/P
no
no
yes
yes
power !ecrease
PC Decision
Process
+$'E1/$$ 0
'/+$'E1/$$/P
2 PO*/+ED/
"#EP/"3E
$
+$-.&'/$$4
'/+$-.&'/$$/P
no
yes
power increase
$
+$'E1/$$4
./+$'E1/$$/P
no
yes
power !ecrease
$
+$'E1/$$0
'/+$'E1/$$/P
no
yes
power increase
$
(i*. 4
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Power Control ecision
'/+$-.&'/$$/P
+$'E1
56
./+$-.&'/$$/
P
7
8
+$-.&'
PO*/+ED/"#EP/"3E
'/+$'E1/$$/P
./+$'E1/$$/P
Power Decrease
9goo! quality:
Power Decrease
9goo! level:
Power ncrease
9ba! level:
Power ncrease
9ba! quality:
(i*. 5
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The po$er control decision is primaril- based upon the recei#ed si*nal +ualit-1 rather
than on the recei#ed si*nal le#el. The reason behind this1 is that the transmitter po$er
directl- aJects the +ualit- of the radio lin, re*ardless of the o#erall recei#ed si*nal le#el1
$hich ma- be dominated b- cochannel interference. 3f the controlled #ariable /its
a#era*e #alue0 lies in the tolerance de9ned b- the thresholds1 then no control action is
ta,en1 i.e. a KdeadbandL t-pe of control response is produced. This introduces stabilit-
into the control process and *uarantees an ade+uate speech +ualit-. :ote1 that the
controlled #ariables in#ol#ed in the al*orithm are used in accordance $ith their codin*1
e.*. 7XBAA?=XX G 0 corresponds to the least '<7 /best si*nal +ualit-. '<7M0.2N0.
The test
7X?<@=XX M ?=7X?<@=XX=2 O 2D6=7<;=&T<2=&3P<
should pre#ent the control loop from oscillatin*1 i.e. a po$er decrease decision for
+ualit- reasons should not be follo$ed b- po$er increase decision for si*nal le#el
reasons. :ote1 that the DI% parameter 2D6=7<;=&T<2=&3P< is de9ned in terms of a
diJerence bet$een t$o transmit po$er le#els. An unit po$er le#el step corresponds to a
nominal 2 d' step in the #ariation of the transmit po$er. (ield measurements at
&3<%<:& ha#e sho$n that e#en at #er- lo$ recei#ed po$er le#els a *ood +ualit- for a
radio lin, can be obtained $ith a relati#e hi*h probabilit-. 'ecause sudden fades ma-
deteriorate the +ualit- #er- rapidl-1 if the abo#e condition is satis9ed1 the recei#ed
po$er le#el is then compared $ith the correspondin* lo$er threshold to ensure a
re+uired minimum po$er le#el on the radio lin,.
Parameters for Power Control ecision
The parameters for po$er control decision are administered in the ob"ect 2678 and are
listed in the table belo$.
!peci"cation
#ame
$ #ame Range Meaning
?=7X?<@=;?=2
?=7X?<@=A?=2
?D6T?<@;
?D6T?<@A
0...63 7X?<@ threshold on do$nlin,4uplin,
for po$er increase
A=7X?<@=;?=2
A=7X?<@=A?=2
A2T?<@;
A2T?<@A
0...63 7X?<@ threshold on do$nlin,4uplin,
for po$er decrease
?=7XBAA?=;?=2
?=7XBAA?=A?=2
?D6TBAA;
?D6TBAAA
0... 7XBAA? threshold on do$nlin,4uplin,
for po$er increase
A=7XBAA?=;?=2
A=7XBAA?=A?=2
A2TBAA;
A2TBAAA
0... 7XBAA? threshold on do$nlin,4uplin,
for po$er decrease
(i*. 6
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The follo$in* inte*rit- conditions on the po$er control thresholds ha#e to be obser#ed.
A=7XBAA?=XX=2 M ?=7XBAA?=XX=2 XX G A?1 ;?Q
?=7X?<@=XX=2 M A=7X?<@=XX=2 XX G A?1 ;?.
(urthermore the po$er control thresholds ha#e to harmoniHe $ith the ones for hando#er1
i.e..
A=7XBAA?=XX=P M ?=7XBAA?=XX=P M ?=7XBAA?=XX=% XX G A?1 ;?Q
?=7X?<@=XX=% M ?=7X?<@=XX=P M A=7X?<@=XX=P XX G A?1 ;?.
1.& Power Control '(ecution
>a#in* detected $ithin the decision process that a chan*e of transmit po$er should be
carried out1 the #alue for this chan*e has to be 9)ed. 3f po$er control $ould onl- be
based on 7X?<@1 the diJerence bet$een 7X?<@ and the le#el threshold could be used as
the step siHe for po$er control decision. >o$e#er1 since the main ob"ecti#e is to maintain
an acceptable speech +ualit- and since there is no direct simple relation bet$een a
chan*e of the transmit po$er le#el and the resultin* chan*e of 7XBAA?1 the strate*- is
to chan*e the transmit po$er in small steps and then anal-He the resultin* 7XBAA?. This
means that 9)ed step siHes for po$er increase and po$er decrease are used *i#en b-
the parameters.
2D6=3:87=&T<2=&3P<. 214 or 6 d'
2D6=7<;=&T<2=&3P<. 2 or 4 d'1
To be able to react fast enou*h on sudden drops of lin, +ualit- one should ha#e
2D6=3:87=&T<2=&3P< R 2D6=7<;=&T<2=&3P<.
The ma)imum ran*e for uplin, po$er control is *i#en b-.
13 d'm ... %in /%&=TX267=%AX1 20 for a S&%-%& 2hase 1
5 d'm ... %in /%&=TX267=%AX1 20 for a S&%-%& 2hase 2
0 d'm ... %in /%&=TX267=%AX1 20 for a ;8&1800-%&
$here 2 is the ma)imum 7( output po$er of the %& /po$er class0 and %&=TX267=%AX
the ma)imum transmit po$er allo$ed in the respecti#e cell. The minimum step siHe for
transmit po$er ad"ustment is 2 d'.
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(or do$nlin, po$er control the ran*e is determined b- the ma)imum output po$er 2
'T&

of the 'T& and the static reduction '&=TX267=7<; /refer to chapter 1.3.40 of the 'T&
output po$er.
'&=TX267=%AX G 2
'T&
- 2 T '&=TX267=7<;
'&=TX267=7<; G 01 11 ... 61 Anit. 2 d'.
The ran*e for do$nlin, po$er control is then *i#en b-.
'&=TX267=%AX - 30 d' ... '&=TX267=%AX $ith a step siHe of 2 d'.
3n the case of a po$er control decision a %&4'& 2o$er 8ontrol messa*e is created
$herein the %&4'& is re+uested to ad"ust its transmit po$er le#el to.
7<B=TX267 G 8D:(=TX267 O 2D6=3:87=&T<2=&3P< /2o$er 3ncrease0
7<B=TX267 G 8D:(=TX267 - 2D6=7<;=&T<2=&3P< /2o$er ;ecrease0
$here 8D:(=TX267 is the con9rmed po$er le#el used b- the %& or 'T& on the
concerned channel. 3f these #alues of 7<B=TX267 are not $ithin the ran*e for po$er
control1 the nearest #alue $ithin the ran*e is used instead.
>a#in* re+uested a transmit po$er 7<B=TX2671 the po$er control decision process is
suspended and it is $aited for a con9rmation that the transmit po$er of the %&4'T& is
ad"usted to re+uested #alue1 i.e.
8D:(=TX267 G 7<B=TX267.
3f such a con9rmation is not recei#ed $ithin an inter#al of 2=8D:(37% &A88>
multiframes1 the po$er control decision process is immediatel- resumed usin* the most
recentl- reported con9rmed #alue.
3f a con9rmation is recei#ed1 the po$er control decision process is suspended for a
certain number of &A88> multiframes *i#en b- the parameter 2=8D:=3:T<7@A?. The
reason for this is to allo$ an obser#ation of the eJect of one po$er control decision
before initialiHin* the ne)t oneQ b- this means the po$er control process is stabiliHed.
Thus it is recommended to set
2=8D:=3:T<7@A? R A=BAA?=28
in terms of a number of multiframes.
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The processes and time relations are illustrated in the 9*ure belo$.
request
#$P*+
(
2) requested transmit power
not confirmed
(1) requested transmit power confirmed
CO;F/#$P*+
< +E-/#$P*+
suspension of PC !ecision
P/CO;/;#E+1&'
P/CO;F+M
resume
Power Control
resume
Power Control
9,: 9):
time
(i*.
Time relations for po$er control e)ecution.
case 1. re+uested transmit po$er con9rmed
case 2. re+uested transmit po$er not con9rmed
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Parameters for Power Control '(ecution
&peci9cation :ame ;' :ame
4Db"ect
7an*e %eanin*
%&=TX267=%AX %&TX2%AX 4
'T&'
2...15 S&%
0...15 ;8&
T 2 d'
ma)imum TX267 an %& ma- use in
the ser#in* cell
2 G 3! d'm1 15 G 13 d'm /S&%!000
0 G 30 d'm1 15 G 0 d'm /;8&18000
7an*e for uplin, po$er control.
13 d'm ... %AX /S&%1 phase 10
5 d'm ... %AX /S&%1 phase 20
0 d'm ... %AX /;8&0
%AX G %in /%&=TX267=%AX1 20
2. po$er class of the %&
'&=TX267=7<; 2677<;
4 T7X
01 1...6
T 2 d'
&tatic reduction of the T7X output
po$er.
'&=TX267=%AX
G 2
'T&
- 2 T '&=TX267=7<;
7an*e for do$nlin, po$er control.
'&=TX267=%AX - 30 d' ...
'&=TX267=%AX
2D6=3:87=
&T<2=&3P<
2673:8&&
4 2678
;'21;'41;'
6
&tep siHe for po$er increase in d'
2D6=7<;=
&T<2=&3P<
267<;&&
4 2678
;'21;'4 &tep siHe for po$er reduction in d'
2=8D:(37% 2678D:(
42678
1...31
T 2 T
&A88>
%a)imum inter#al for $aitin* for a
con9rmation of the ne$ transmit
po$er le#el.
2=8D:=3:T<7@A? 28D:3:T
4 2678
0...31
T 2 T
&A88>
%inimum inter#al bet$een chan*es of
the 7( transmit po$er le#el /time for
suspension of a po$er control
decision after a po$er control
e)ecution0
(i*. 8
7elations to be obser#ed.
To a#oid an oscillatin* po$er control due to le#el the follo$in* ine+ualit- shall be
ful9lled.
2D6=7<;=&T<2=&3P< M 2D6=3:87=&T<2=&3P<
M A=7X?<@=XX=2 - ?=7X?<@=XX=2 XX G A?1 ;?
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2 )re*uenc+ %opping
2.1 Introduction
The principle of (re+uenc- >oppin* used $ithin S&% is that successi#e T;%A bursts of a
connection are transmitted #ia diJerent fre+uencies - the fre+uencies belon*in* to the
respecti#e cell accordin* to net$or, plannin*. This method is called &lo$ (re+uenc-
>oppin* /&(>0 since the transmission fre+uenc- remains constant durin* one burst /in
contrast to fast fre+uenc- hoppin* $here the transmission fre+uenc- chan*es $ithin one
burst0.
The eJect of (re+uenc- >oppin* is that lin, +ualit- ma- chan*e from burst to burst1 i.e.
a burst of hi*h bit error rate ma- be follo$ed b- a burst of lo$ bit error rate since
short term fadin* is diJerent on diJerent fre+uencies1
the interference le#el is diJerent on diJerent fre+uencies.
&ince the information for one speech frame is interlea#ed o#er 8 successi#e burst and
the successful decodin* of a speech frame depends on the a#era*e bit error rate o#er
these 8 bursts1 a speech frame ma- be decoded e#en if there $ere some bursts $ith bad
+ualit-. 6ithout hoppin* in *eneral all 8 bursts are either *ood or bad. >ence the bene9t
of (re+uenc- >oppin* is a ,ind of e+ualiHation of the lin, +ualit- of all connections b-
fre+uenc- di#ersit- - a#era*in* of short term fadin*1
interference di#ersit- - a#era*in* of interference.
To achie#e interference di#ersit-1 connection in diJerent co-channel cells ma- not hop in
a s-nchronous1 but in an uncoordinated $a-. The correspondin* hoppin* mode is called
/2seudo0 7andom >oppin*. uncorrelated hoppin* se+uences are used in diJerent co-
channel cells. >ence the probabilit- of a collision /interference0 of t$o speci9c
connections in co-channel cells is in#erse proportional to the number of fre+uencies
used in the hoppin* se+uence. A hoppin* se+uence is characteriHed b- the so-called
>oppin* &e+uence :umber >&:.
3n S&% there are 63 uncorrelated pseudo random hoppin* se+uences />&: G 11 ...1 630.
(urthermore1 there is a 8-clic >oppin* %ode1 characteriHed b- >&: G 0.
These t$o >oppin* %odes are illustrated in (i*. !.
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2= interference averaging
> = no optimum frequency !iversity
2= optimum frequency !iversity
9averaging of +ayleig% fa!ing:
> = no interference averaging
connection ,
connection )
cell , 9same frequencies as cell ):
cell )
frame
Hopping "equence ;umber H"; < )
Pseudo Random Hopping:
f?
f6
f,
f)
f?
f6
f,
f)
frame
e@g@ H"; < ,8 for reuse cell
collision probability < ) A no@ frequencies
f?
f6
f,
f)
frame
Hopping "equence ;umber H"; < 7
Cyclic Hopping:
(i*. !
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)re*uenc+ %opping ,ain-
1. A#era*in* of &hort Term (adin*
&i*nal to noise ratio re+uired to obtain 0.2 N residual '<7 for class 1b bits.
fre*uenc+ .opping diversit+ /03 /012 %/122
none none 11.5 .5 6.8
2 fre+uencies none 10.0 6.5 6.
4 fre+uencies none 8.3 6.0 6.6
8 fre+uencies none .5 6.0 6.6
none -es 6.8 - -
2 fre+uencies -es 5.5 - -
4 fre+uencies -es 4.6 - -
8 fre+uencies -es 4.1 - -
(i*. 10 T-pical (re+uenc- >oppin* and Antenna ;i#ersit- Sain for S&%
(or lo$ speed of the %&1 each doublin* of the hop step number results in an 1.5 d'
impro#ement. (or hi*her speed and for hill- terrain1 fre+uenc- hoppin* does not *i#e
additional *ain1 since short term fadin* is alread- a#era*ed b- motion. The *ain of (>
increases $ith increase number of fre+uencies.
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2. 3nterference ?e#els.
3n the follo$in* a simple e)ample for the eJect of interference a#era*in* is *i#en.
?et us assume that if the sum of all interferences is so hi*h1 that 843 is less than 5.0 /
d'01 a call is disturbed. 3t is recommended to obtain a 843 R 10 d' in most areas of a cell.
6e *i#e an e)ample for 843 ratios in a cell $ith 4 fre+uencies $ith and $ithout fre+uenc-
hoppin*.
8<?? A. f11 f21 f31 f4
3nterferer 8<?? '. f11 f21 f51 f6
3nterferer 8<?? 8. f31 f41 f51 f6
f1 f2 f3 f&
%& to 'T& interference
le#el $ithout (>
0.10
843 G 10 d'
0.14
843 G 8.5 d'
0.25
843 G 6 d'
0.28
843 G 5.5 d'
%& to 'T& a#era*e
interference le#el $ith
(>
0.1!
843 G .2 d'
'T& to %& interference
le#el $ithout (>
0.10
843 G 10 d'
0.10
843 G 10 d'
0.28
843 G 5.5 d'
0.28
843 G 5.5 d'
'T& to %& a#era*e
interference le#el $ith
(>
0.1!
843 G .2 d'
(i*. 11 3nterference le#els for cell A
This means that $ithout (> t$o calls ha#e lo$ lin, +ualit- /843 M d'01 $hereas $ith (>
the +ualit- of all calls is "ust abo#e the threshold of 843 G d'.
(re+uenc- >oppin* Techni+ues in &'&
3n '72.1 $e use baseband hoppin* as the standard techni+ue. The bursts belon*in* to
one connection are s$itched to diJerent hi*h fre+uenc- boards in the 'T&<. 3n this
release1 each 'T&< can ser#e a 9)ed number of fre+uencies /7(81 T7X0. The '& 20421
can ser#e 21 the '& 60461 can ser#e 6. The number of hoppin* fre+uencies is restricted
to the number of fre+uencies per cell. 3n '72.1 there are ma)imum 4 fre+uencies
allo$ed1 because there are combiner 4.1 a#ailable.
&-nthesiHer >oppin* is introduced since release '73.. 3n this techni+ue $e use tunable
po$er ampli9er $hich chan*e the fre+uenc- for e#er- burst to be transmitted. 3f one 2A
can tune to an- fre+uenc-1 it is possible to hop o#er more than 2 fre+uencies e#en $ith a
'&20421.
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2.2 )re*uenc+ %opping !+stem
3n this chapter $e discuss the implementation of a fre+uenc- hoppin* s-stem in &'& and
the diJerent al*orithms for the e#aluation of hoppin* se+uences. A hoppin* se+uence is
the time dependent se+uence of used output fre+uencies. Dne parameter used in the
creation of a fre+uenc- hoppin* s-stem is the so called %obile Allocation MO$344OC
$hich is the list of all fre+uencies used in the se+uence. There are t$o possibilities to
administrate these se+uences.
C+clic .opping-
The c-clic hoppin* is mainl- used to combat the 7a-lei*h fadin*. The fre+uencies are
used one after another. 3f the %D'A??D8 G f11 f21 f31 f4 is created a cell1 the parameter
for allocatin* c-clic hoppin* is >oppin* &e+uence :umber >&: G 0. The result is a
hoppin* f11 f21 f31 f41 f11 f21 f31 f41..... The start fre+uenc- for the hoppin* is
administrated $ith the parameter %obile Allocation 3nde) DJset M3IO. 3ts #alue
depends on the number of *i#en fre+uencies.
Pseudo Random .opping-
3f another #alue for >&: is ta,en1 the output se+uence is pseudo random. The 7andom
hoppin* is used mainl- to impro#e the 843 le#el for e)ample in cells $ith the same
fre+uencies if a diJerent >&: is *i#en.
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Objects and parameters in !$! for administration of fre*uenc+ .opping-
6ith the &'& s-stem fre+uenc- hoppin* is con9*urated b- creatin* fre+uenc- hoppin*
s-stem ob"ects /87<AT<.(>&C-'T&:-(>&C:0 and b- assi*nment of radio channels to
these hoppin* s-stems.
!peci"cation
#ame
Object5
Pac6age
$ #ame Range Meaning
>D22=%D;< 'T&4'T&D >D2%D;< ''>D2
&C:>D2
(la* indicates $ether baseband
or s-nthesiHer hoppin* is used
'T&=3&>D223:S 'T&4'T&D >D22 T7A<
(A?&<
(la* to enable4disable (> $ithin
the 'T&
(>=&C&=:A%'<7 (>&C (>&C
FHSYN
1...10 number to identif- a fre+uenc-
hoppin* s-stem
>&: (>&C >&: 0...63 hoppin* se+uence number
0. c-clic hoppin*
1...63. random hoppin*
%A (>&C %D'A??D8 0...10231
...1
0...1023
mobile allocation.
list of fre+uencies $ithin the (>
s-stem /ma)imum number of
fre+uencies G 160.
(>=&C&T<%=3; 8>A: (>&C3; 01 11 ...10 speci9es the fre+uenc- hoppin*
s-stem /*i#en b- (>&C:0 to
$hich a channel shall belon*. /0.
no hoppin*0
%A3D 8>A: %A3D 0...63 mobile allocation inde) oJset.
de9nin* the startin* fre+uenc-
/number in the %A fre+uenc- list0
for a hoppin* se+uence at a
certain frame number (:1 i.e.
diJerent channels usin* the
same (> s-stem shall ha#e
diJerent %A3Ds.
(i*. 12
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T7X 0
f0
T7X 1
f1
T7X2
f2
T7X 3
f3
8>A:0
'88>
(>&C3; G 0
%A3D G 0
&;88>
(>&C3; G 2
%A3D G 0
&;88>
(>&C3; G 2
%A3D G 1
T8>
(>&C3; G 2
%A3D G 2
8>A:1
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 0
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 1
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 2
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 3
8>A:2
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 0
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 1
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 2
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 3
8>A:3
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 0
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 1
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 2
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 3
8>A:4
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 0
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 1
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 2
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 3
8>A:5
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 0
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 1
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 2
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 3
8>A:6
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 0
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 1
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 2
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 3
8>A:
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 0
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 1
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 2
T8>
(>&C3; G 1
%A3D G 3
(>=&C&T<%=3;. (>&C3; G 0 -R :o >oppin*
(>=&C&T<%=3;. (>&C3; G 1 -R %D'A??D8 G f01 f11 f21 f3
(>=&C&T<%=3;. (>&C3; G 2 -R %D'A??D8 G f11 f21 f3
(i*. 13 <)ample for channel con9*uration for fre+uenc- hoppin*
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3 iscontinuous /ransmission /7
;TX has been de#eloped for satellite s-stems some -ears before. 3n S&% it is used the
9rst time in a mobile communication s-stem. The *oal is to reduce %& po$er
consumption and to reduce the interference in a cell. ;urin* a normal con#ersation1 the
participants spea, onl- 50N of time. <ach direction of transmission is occupied about
50N of time. ;TX is a mode of operation $here the transmitters are s$itched on onl- for
those frames containin* useful information. The diUcult- is to 9nd techni+ues to
distin*uish nois- speech from real noise e#en in a nois- en#ironment. These al*orithms
are implemented in the @A; /@oi#e Acti#it- ;etection0 function. The bac,*round acoustic
noise has to be e#aluated in order to transmit characteristic parameters to the recei#e
side. The recei#e sides *enerates a similar noise called comfort noise durin* periods
$here the radio transmission is cut.
!$! parameter for /7 5 83 administration-
!peci"cation
#ame
Object5
Pac6age
$
#ame
Meaning
;TX indicator
uplin,
'T&4'T&D ;TXA? 0. %& ma- use ;TX /if possible0
1. %& shall use ;TX
2. %& shall not use ;TX
;TX indicator
do$nlin,
'T&4'T&D ;TX;? (A?&<. do$nlin, ;TX disabled at 'T&
T7A<. do$nlin, ;TX enabled at 'T&
(i*. 14
The *oal of ;TX is to reduce the speech data rate from 13 ,bit4s /user spea,in*0 to 500
bit4s. This lo$ rate is enou*h to encode the bac,*round noise. This means instead of one
frame of 260 bits per 20 ms onl- one frame per 480 ms is sent. These so called &3;
frames /&ilence ;escriptor (rames0 are sent at the start of e#er- inacti#it- period1 then
all 480 ms1 as lon* as the inacti#it- lasts bet$een 'T& and %&. 'et$een T7AA and 'T&
these comfort noise frames are sent all 20 ms. The time beha#ior loo,s li,e follo$in*.
T7AA M-R 'T&
!!!!CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC!!CCCCCCC!
'T& M-R %&
!!!!C C C C !!C C !
$here & G speech frame
8 G comfort noise frame
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The so called T7AA frame contains not onl- these 260 bit.
number of bits1 A? number of bits1 ;?
frame s-nchroniHation 35 35
discrimination. speech1
data1 full rate1 half rate
5 5
time ali*nment 6 6
bad frame indication 1
;TX mode 1 1
other info 3 1
speech 260 260
spare 5 !
(i*. 15 8ontents of a speech bloc, for transmission at 16 ,bit4s1 details in S&% 08.60
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& C.annel 3llocation due to Interference 4evel
The 'T& performs measurements of the /uplin,0 recei#ed le#el on all its idle traUc
channels /T8>s0 in the same $a- as for the bus- channels described in 8hapter 4.2.11
i.e. the le#el #alues in Vd'mW in each T;%A frame are a#era*ed o#er one &A88> period.
The a#era*ed #alue is mapped on an 7X?<@ #alue /01 ...1 6301 as described in 8hapter
4.2.1.
&ince these measurements are related to idle channel the measured le#el is interpreted
as interference le#el caused b- a mobile in another cell usin* this channel or an
ad"acent channel /or b- an e)ternal source of interference0.
The information on the interference le#el can be ta,en into account at channel selection
to assi*n the channel $ith the lo$est interference le#el $hich is e)pected to *uarantee
the best lin, +ualit-.
An impro#ement of lin, +ualit- b- this mechanism is onl- possible if there is a choice1
i.e.
in cells $ith lo$ traUc load $here some idle channels are a#ailable for assi*nment
if the interference le#el on idle channels diJers si*ni9cantl- /this is not the case if
random fre+uenc- hoppin* is applied0.
The follo$in* section describes the classi9cation and selection of traUc channels due to
interference le#el in more detail.
>a#in* measured the interference le#el for some &A88> multiframes1 an arithmetic
mean 7X?<@=3;?< of a certain number of of successi#e interference le#el samples1 *i#en
b- a parameter 3:TA@<1 is calculated if the channel has been idle for the $hole
measurement period 3:TA@< T T
&A88>
.
Asin* this a#era*ed interference le#el1 an idle traUc channel is classi9ed as a channel of
Interference Band 1 if 0 < RXLEVI!LE < X1
Interference Band " if X1 < RXLEVI!LE < X"
Interference Band # if X" < RXLEVI!LE < X#
Interference Band $ if X# < RXLEVI!LE < X$
Interference Band % if X$< RXLEVI!LE < X% & '#
$here X11 X21 ... X5 denote the boundaries /DI% parameter0 of the 9#e interference
bands.
0 M X1 M X2 M X3 M X4 M X5 G 63
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nterference (an! B
$B
$?
$6
$,
$)
7
low quality
%ig% quality
+$'E1/D'E
nterference (an! ?
nterference (an! 6
nterference (an! ,
nterference (an! )
(i*. 16
3f a traUc channels has not been idle durin* the $hole measurement period1 it is not
ta,en into account in the classi9cation procedure.
>a#in* classi9ed all the traUc channels $hich ha#e been idle durin* the $hole
measurement period1 the T7X immediatel- sends the result of this classi9cation to the
'&8 /7( 7esource 3ndication messa*e0 $here it is used in the channel allocation process.
The period for sendin* the 7( 7esource 3ndication messa*e can be set b- a parameter
7(=7<&=3:;=2<73D;.
The time relations bet$een measurements in the 'T& and information sendin* to the
'&8 is illustrated in the 9*ure belo$.
+F +E" ;D
9#+$ >4 ("C:
time
"&CCH/
Multiframe
averaging
perio!
;#&1E < B
+F resource in!ication perio!
+F/+E"/;D/PE+OD < )B
averaging
perio!
;#&1E < B
+F +E" ;D
9#+$ >4 ("C:
(i*. 1
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3n the case of a call setup as $ell as in the case of a hando#er a traUc channel out of the
best non-empt- interference class is allocated.
A condensed form of the information on the K+ualit-L of the idle traUc channels at a
certain 'T& is sent from the '&8 to the %&8 usin* the 7<&DA78< 3:;38AT3D: messa*e.
This messa*e contains1 for a speci9ed cell /'T&01 the number of idle T8>s $hich are
a#ailable separatel- in each of the 9#e interference bands.
Parameters for C.annel 3llocation due to Interference 4evel
The parameters are administered in the ob"ect 'T& in the pac,a*e 'T&3 and are listed in
the table belo$.
!peci"cation #ame $ #ame Range Meaning
<:=3:T=8?A&& 3:T8?A&& T7A<4
(A?&<
(la* to enable the classi9cation
procedure in the 'T&
3:TA@< 3:TA@<27
a(era)in)
Peri*d
1...31
T T
&A88>
2eriod for a#era*in* the measured
interference le#el. A traUc channels
$hich has not been idle durin* the
$hole measurement and a#era*in*
period1 it is not ta,e into account in the
classi9cation procedure.
X11 X21 ...1 X5 3:TA@<27
interference
+,re-,*.d-
B*/ndarie-
0...63
'oundaries of the interference classes4
bands.
7(=7<&=3:;=2<73D; 7(7&3:;2 0...255
T T
&A88>
2eriod for sendin* the classi9cation
information to the '&8.
(i*. 18
7elations.
0 M X1 M X2 M X3 M X4 M X5 G 63
3:TA@< M 7(=7<&=3:;=2<73D;
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1 Concentric Cells
8oncentric 8ells means t$o lo*ical cells $ithin one S&%4;8& cell. 3nner area and
complete area.The TX po$er of the T7XFs belon*in* to the inner area is stron*l-
reduced1 $hich results in a lo$er radius.
Inner 3rea
Complete 3rea
(i*. 1! 8ell con9*ured as concentric
This feature can be used to introduce an additional fre+uenc- re-use pattern for the
fre+uencies in the inner area1 i.e. a ne$ fre+uenc- re-use pattern can be used $ith a
shorter re-use distance. This $ill increase the net$or, capacit- $ithout appreciable
increase of interference.
A 5a* is used to de9ne $hether the cell is a concentric one or not.1 furthrermore it has to
be speci9ed per T7X $ether this T7X should belon* to the inner area or to the complete
area.Dne set of si*nallin* channels -'88> I &;88>- in the complete area is used for
both areas.
Objects and parameters in !$! for installation of concentric cell con"guration-
Object5
Pac6age
$
#ame
Range Meaning
'T&4'T&' 8D:8<?? T7A<4
(A?&<
(la* indicates $ether concentric cell con9*uration
is used or not
T7X 2677<; 0...6
T 2 d'
&tatic reduction of T7X output po$er.
'&=TX267=%AX G 2
'T&
- 2 T '&=TX267=7<;
T7X T7XA7<A :D:<
3::<7
8D%2?<T<
This parameter speci9es the area the T7X belon*s
to
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3ntracell hando#ers bet$een the t$o areas are dependin* on 9eld stren*th le#el and the
location of the mobile. These hando#ers are e)ecuted on le#el 4 distance conditions
de9ned b- appropriate thresholds in the hando#er pac,a*e. %oreo#er1 durin* the call
setup procedure in a concentric cell the same #alues are also e#aluated to determine
$hether the call is set up on a T8> belon*in* to an inner or complete area T7X
Parameters for Concentric Cell .andover be.aviour
'#9CO#9C'449I!/
Db"ect 2ac,a*e ;' :ame 7an*e &tep &iHe Anit
>A:; 88;3&T T7A<4
(A?&<
(i*. 21
(la* to enable4disable $hether the distance should also ha#e an impact on the intracell
hando#er decision in addition to the 7X?@3 4 7X?@D $ithin the concentric cell intracell
hando#er al*orithm.
%O9R74'8949I##'R
Db"ect 2ac,a*e ;' :ame 7an*e &tep &iHe Anit
>A:; >D7X?@;?3 0...63 1 1 d'
(i*. 22
This attribute de9nes the recei#e si*nal stren*th threshold on do$nlin, $hich is
e#aluated for the intracell hando#er from a T7X belon*in* to the inner area to a T7X
belon*in* to the complete area of a concentric cell.
The condition $hich must be ful9lled to perform an intracell hando#er from inner- to
complete area is.
7X?<@=;?
/ser#. cell0
M R748I
The 7X?<@=;?
/ser#. cell0
is the a#era*ed #alue deri#ed from the hando#er measurement
preprocessin*Q refer to chapter 4.2.2
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%O9R74'8949O0/'R
Db"ect 2ac,a*e ;' :ame 7an*e &tep &iHe Anit
>A:; >D7X?@;?D 0...63 1 1 d'
(i*. 23
This attribute de9nes the recei#e si*nal threshold le#el on do$nlin, $hich is e#aluated
for the intracell hando#er from a T7X belon*in* to the complete area to a T7X belon*in*
to the inner area of a concentric cell1 furthermore the T8> assi*nment is in5uenced b-
this threshold.
The condition $hich must be ful9lled to perform an intracell hando#er from complete- to
inner area1 or to assi*n a T8> directl- in the inner area is.
7X?<@=;?
/ser#. cell0
R R748O
%O9CO#9C'449I!/
Db"ect 2ac,a*e ;' :ame 7an*e &tep &iHe Anit
>A:; >D88;3&T 0...35 1 1 Xm
(i*. 24
This attribute speci9es the distance limit bet$een inner and complete area of a
concentric cell $hich is ta,en into account for the intracell ando#er in addition to the
attribute ho7)le#;inner respecti#el- ho7)?e#;louter.
The condition $hich must be ful9lled to perform an intracell hando#er from inner- to
complete area is.
7X?<@=;?
/ser#. cell0
M R748I or
'&=%&=;3&T R %CC /if <:88;GT7A<0
The condition $hich must be ful9lled to perform an intracell hando#er from complete- to
inner area1 or to assi*n a T8> directl- in the inner area is.
7X?<@=;?
/ser#. cell0
R R748O and
'&=%&=;3&T M %CC /if <:88;GT7A<0
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'#9I##'R9I##'R9%O
Db"ect 2ac,a*e ;' :ame 7an*e &tep &iHe Anit
>A:; 3:3:>D T7A<4
(A?&<
(i*. 25
(la* to enable4disable the intercell hando#er from inner to inner area in sectoriHed
concentric cells.
CO4OC3/'9C'44
Db"ect 2ac,a*e ;' :ame 7an*e &tep &iHe Anit
>A:; 88<?? 'T&0...'T&11
!-
'T&0...'T&11
!
1 'T&-number
(i*. 26
The attribute de9nes the cells belon*in* to the sectoriHed concentric cells for $hich it is
possible to perform an intercell hando#er into the inner area.
The condition $hich must be ful9lled to perform an intercell hando#er into the inner area
of a collocated nei*hbour cell is.
7X?<@=:8<??
/ad". cell0
R R748O:n; and
'&=%&=;3&T M %CC:n; /if <:88;/n0GT7A<0
3n this case the '&8 sends a messa*e. Ypreferred=area=re+uestY to the ser#in* 'T&
to*ether $ith the rele#ant parameters of the tar*et cell. The 'T& calculates $ether a
intercell hando#er directl- into the inner area is possible or not. The '&8 is informed $ith
messa*e. Ypreferred=areaY and assi*ns an appropriate T8>.
To a#oid hando#er oscillation bet$een inner and complete area1 the follo$in*
recommendations ha#e to be concidered.
7X?@D R 7X?@3
7X?@D - 7X?@3 R '&=TX267=%AX
/8omplete0
- '&=TX267=%AX
/3nner0
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< '(ercises
'(ercise 1- Power Control
8onsider a mobile station /of S&% phase 10 of ma)imum output po$er 2
%&
G 3! d'm.
6ithin the cell ser#in* that %& the foll$oin* parameters are set.
%&=TX267=%AX G 33 d'm
'&=TX267=%AX G 43 d'm
2D6=3:87=&T<2=&3P< G 6 d'
2D6=7<;=&T<2=&3P< G 4 d'
(urthermore1 the follo$in* thresholds for the uplin6 po$er control decision are set.
?=7XBAA?=2 G 4 ?=7X?<@=2 G 20
A=7XBAA?=2 G 3 A=7X?<@=2 G 26
3n the table belo$ some e)amples for the measured and a#era*e /uplin,0 7X?<@ and
7XBAA? as $ell as for the last con9rmed TX267 are *i#en. 6hat are the correspondin*
#alues for the ne$ commended TX267Z
<)ample last con9rmed
TX267 /d'm0
7XBAA? 7X?<@ ne$
commanded
TX267
1 25 2 23 Z
2 21 4 28 Z
3 15 2 30 Z
4 31 5 25 Z
5 1 5 34 Z
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'(ercise 2- C.annel 3llocation due to Interference 4evel
8onsider a cell $ith the follo$in* parameters or interference classi9cation.
3:TA@< G 2
7(=7<&=3:;=2<73D G 4
X1 G 10
X2 G 20
X3 G 30
X4 G 40
X5 G 63
The follo$in* le#els ha#e been measred b- the 'T& on its channels each &A88> frame
c%an ) ( )C ,) ,6 )B )B
c%an , ( ( ( ( ( (
c%an 6 ), )? )? )5 )? )?
c%an ? ,7 ,, )D )D )8 )D
) , 6 ? B 5
(= busy c%annel
"&CCH frame
'ast +F +esource in!ication message
To $hich interference bands do channel 1-4 belon* at &A88> frame Z
6hich channel is allocated this time in the case of an assi*nment re+uestZ
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A30181-X18!-X004-01-635 6 - 3
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!olutions
'(ercise 1- Power Control
<)ample 1. 2 G 7XBAA? M A=7XBAA?=2 2o$er decrease b- 4 d'
but- 7X?<@ - 4 d' G 1! M ?=7X?<@=2 no power control
<)ample 2. no po$er control due to +ualit-1 but due to le#el
28 G 7X?<@ R ?=7X?<@=2 po$er decrease b- 4 d'
TX267 /ne$0 G 21 - 4 d'm G 1= d$m
<)ample 3. 2 G 7XBAA? M A=7XBAA?=2 po$er decrease 4 d'
TX267 /old0 - 4 d' G 11 d'm M 13 d' lo$er transmit po$er for
phase
1 %&0 TX267 /ne$0 G 13 d$m
<)ample 4. 5 G 7XBAA? R ?=7XBAA?=2 po$er increase b- 6 d'
TX267 /old0 O 6 d' G 3 d'm lo$er than 2
%&
1 but *reater than
%&=TX267=%AX G 33 d$m G TX267 /ne$0
<)ample 5. Throu*h there is a *ood 7X?<@ R A=7X?<@=2 $e hac#e
5 G 7XBAA? R ?=7XBAA?=2 po$er increase b- 6 d'
TX267 /ne$0 G /1 O 60 d'm G 23 d$m
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'(ercise 2-C.annel 3llocation due to Interference 4evel
&ince 7(=7<&=3:;=2<73D; G 41 the rele#ant resource indication messa*e has been sent
directl- after &A88> frame 4 usin* the le#els in frames 3 and 4 for a#era*in* and
classi9cation.
A@=7X?<@ /chan10 G [ /21O230 G 22 interference band 3
channel 2 bus- $ithin measurement period interference band 5
A@=7X?<@ /chan30 G [ /14O160 G 15 interference band 2
A@=7X?<@ /chan40 G 18 interference band 2
channel 3 or 4 is allocated.
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A30181-X18!-X004-01-635 6 - 41