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section title
Getting
Back to
Work
Rebuilding Livelihoods in
Post-Conflict Environments
April 26-29, 2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Transforming a War Economy
5 The Conflict Environment
13 Tensions and Trends with
Economic Recovery
17 Economic Recovery Initiatives
23 Putting New Insights to Work
25 Conclusion
Writing and editing by Holly Larson. Event content synopses provided by Ben Oppenheim.
Cover design by Jesse Darling. Report layout and graphics by Efrain Ferrer. Photography by
Orion Spellman. Copyright 2009 Center for Stabilization and Reconstruction Studies. All rights
reserved. The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied herein are
those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Naval Postgraduate
School, the US Navy, US Defense Department, or any other agency or organization.
1
Transforming a War Economy
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0
$250
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
Source: A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility: Report of the High-level Panel on Threats,
Challenges and Change, United Nations (2004), p. 15. See endnotes for complete citation.2
2
Transforming a War Economy
Learning Objectives
Getting Back to Work was designed to help
participants achieve the following learning objectives:
Develop a deeper knowledge
of post-conflict economic
forces that influence stability,
the rebuilding of livelihoods,
and job creation.
3
Transforming a War Economy
CSRS events provide an opportunity for S&R actors from different communities
to share ideas and strategies and broaden professional networks.
4
Transforming a War Economy
Workshop Facilitators
Dr. Nat J. Colletta was the founding manager of the World Banks
Conflict Prevention and Post Conflict Reconstruction Unit. He now teaches
at New College and works with a number of multilateral and bilateral
agencies and governments, advising organizations extensively on
conflict, security, and development matters.
Dr. Sophal Ear, an assistant professor in the National Security Affairs
Department of the Naval Postgraduate School, has more than a decade
of experience in development consulting, with a focus on Southeast
Asia. His work experience includes stints with the United Nations
Development Programme in East Timor, the Asian Development Bank,
and the World Bank.
5
The Conflict Environment
6
THE CONFLICT ENVIRONMENT
7
The Conflict Environment
8
The Conflict Environment
Financing Models in
Non-Western Countries
How do different states manage their economies and respond to
economic crisis or opportunity? An educator used several case
studies to illustrate different banking and financing models.
Her examples included:
Somaliland, which suffered a crippling trade embargo when
Saudi Arabia, its principal trade partner, refused to purchase livestock
in the wake of an animal health scare. As a consequence, economic
growth ground to a halt. While the nation was economically dependent
on livestock sales, it was forced to diversify into new exports such as
mango juice, henna, frankincense, and labor. Although the country
Countries that have used bulk cash smuggling in the absence of money
transfer networks or to fund illicit activities without detection. Bulk cash
smuggling has been used by Iraqi militants to fund insurgency and by the
Hezbollah to fund reconstruction efforts in Lebanon.
9
The Conflict Environment
Civil Society
The State
Inclusion
Rule of Law
Open Media
Effective, Engaging
Non-Corrupt Government
Kin-Oriented
Associative / Networked
Bridging Social Capital
Authoritarian State
Growth-Oriented Markets
Oppression
Inequality / Inequity
Individuals / Communities
Source: Dr. Nat J. Colletta and Michelle L. Cullen. Violent Conflict and the Transformation
of Social Capital: Lessons from Cambodia, Rwanda, Guatemala, and Somalia,
The World Bank (2000), p. 14.
10
The Conflict Environment
Governance and
Political Institutions
Human Rights
and Security
Economic Structure
and Performance
Environment and
Natural Resources
External Forces
Governance and
political institutions
Economic growth
Availability of natural
resources
Regional conflicts
Ethnic cleavages
Stability of political
institutions
Income disparities
Access to natural
resources
(including land)
Regional imbalances
Equity of
law/judicial system
Militarization
of the society
Role of diaspora
Differential social
opportunities
Links between
government and
citizens
Security of civilians
Inflationary trends
External debt
management
Group identity-building
Reliance on high-value
primary commodities
Myth-making
Culture or tradition
of violence
Conflict-induced
poverty
Source: The Conflict Analysis Framework (CAF): Identifying Conflict-related Obstacles to Development, Conflict Prevention and
Reconstruction Unit, The World Bank (October 2002), p. 2.
11
The Conflict Environment
Profiling War-Affected
Populations
A critical part of designing job
creation strategies is understanding
local needs. Actors can use focus
groups and individual interviews to
profile beneficiaries. In addition to
gathering critical demographic data,
such as age, education, property
ownership, and assets, interviewers
should ask beneficiaries about
their aspirations. By conducting a
detailed assessment, actors can
identify and prioritize beneficiary
needs. Next, they should map local
opportunities, focusing on the
most promising sectors with labor
shortages, identifying what skills are
required to fill existing demand, and
strategizing how workers can best be
prepared to fill these jobs. Finally,
actors should research institutional
capacity and gaps. Data sources that
can be consulted include pre-conflict
and current labor market data;
existing livelihood and employment
programs; and focus group interviews
and workshops with all relevant
stakeholders, including line ministry
officials, assistance agencies,
business associations, unions,
and the communities themselves.
12
THE CONFLICT ENVIRONMENT
13
Tensions and Trends with Economic Recovery
14
Tensions and Trends with Economic Recovery
15
Tensions and Trends with Economic Recovery
Pictured from left to right: Ben Oppenheim, University of California at Berkeley; Ineba
Elizabeth Bob-Manuel, International Foundation for Education and Self-Help; Paul
Greening, International Organization for Migration; and David Odigie, MARKETS.
16
Tensions and Trends with Economic Recovery
17
Economic Recovery Initiatives
18
Economic Recovery Initiatives
In addition, ill-thought-out
reconstruction projects can meet
with failure or potentially worsen
the economic environment. The
military officer cited the example
of a clinic, built to appease a local
sheik, that could not get adequate
staffing, because it had no support
from the Ministry of Health. And the
trucking industry, which flourished
when the US military closed the rail
network, now employs thousands
of people. When a refinery in Anbar
began transporting fuel by rail,
rather than truck, truckers retaliated
by placing improvised explosive
devices on the track. If we started
the railroads again, we would
steal livelihoods from a second
economy that has now sprung up,
the officer stated.
The opportunity in Iraq lies not
with state-owned industries, which
continue to pay their employees
even as operations lie idle, but
with small businesses and private
Understanding Gender
Issues in Colombia
An NGO member presented on
gender issues in Colombia that
affect job creation and livelihood
programs. Educational achievement
for women has risen over the past
several decades, but only 22 percent
complete college. Women also earn
significantly less than their male
counterparts in the workforce.
While oil, mining, and private
security provide many of the best
employment opportunities for
Colombians, women are excluded
from these industries. In addition,
they lack access to day care
services that would enable
them to take advantage of work
opportunities, a critical problem
since women head 40 percent of
households in Colombia.
While the Colombian government has
launched a comprehensive program
to reintegrate ex-combatants, it has
ignored female victims of the conflict
who have been displaced, raped, and
forced into polygamous relationships
with guerilla or paramilitary fighters.
Domestic violence and polygamy is
culturally accepted in Colombia,
the NGO member said.
19
Economic Recovery Initiatives
Increasing Citizen
Involvement in Guatemala
20
Economic Recovery Initiatives
Promoting Social
Cohesion and
Reintegration in Aceh
An NGO member profiled a project
to promote economic recovery and
social cohesion in Acehs rural villages.
Villagers work together to develop
proposals for grants of $8,000 to
use on small-scale reconstruction
project or revitalization projects,
select implementation teams,
and monitor progress to ensure
accountability. The villagers do the
work themselves. With contractors,
you get corruption, stated the NGO
member. Villages that opted to
use the work for reconstruction
projects built roads or dug drainage
ditches to prevent flooding,
making land usable year-around.
Some villages used grants to
purchase agriculture equipment
such as tractors and threshing
machines, which could be rented
to generate income. However, most
villages chose to purchase wedding
and party equipment. The reason
why? Village weddings and ceremonies
21
Economic Recovery Initiatives
22
Economic Recovery Initiatives
CSRS Workshops
quick-impact, high income projects
that address the entire agricultural
value chain. Not everyone can
work on farms, said an NGO
member, but agriculture can
also generate jobs in production,
marketing, and transportation.
The NGO trains community members
on agricultural best practices,
including seed replacement,
fertilization, and cultivation of
indigenous crops, holding field
demonstrations so that farmers will
be able to replicate new techniques
on their own. The NGO also works
on the sector level, facilitating
credit and microfinance opportunities
for farmers. The system is working
so well, stated the NGO member,
that farmers in the Ebonyi State
are now able to plan for the future
by building homes, buying cars or
motorbikes for transportation, and
educating their children. While
the NGO has had success in several
states, it has also had to abandon
some projects due to insecurity.
An NGO Targets
Agricultural Development
Although Nigeria has abundant
natural resources, the country lacks
vital infrastructure and its people
live in poverty, with more than 70
percent dependent on subsistence
agriculture. A participant profiled the
work of an agriculture-focused NGO,
which seeks to work collaboratively
with local communities to deploy
23
Putting New Insights to Work
Putting New
Insights to Work
To help participants practice new
skills, workshop facilitators assigned
case studies, instructing participants
to perform country analyses and
then design a job creation strategy
that met the unique needs of that
particular post-conflict environment.
Countries included Aceh, Afghanistan,
Colombia, Liberia, and Timor-Leste.
The facilitator challenged the group
to design specific projects that would
promote social reconciliation and
jumpstart the economy, while
also laying the groundwork for
longer-term recovery.
Pictured from left to right: Master Sergeant Miguel Espinoza, US Army; David Odigie;
and Dr. Isabel Londono, Women for Colombia Foundation.
24
Putting New Insights to Work
25
Conclusion
Conclusion
Violence and poverty: The two
are inextricably linked, yet can be
broken with the right interventions.
Decades of academic research
have confirmed what S&R actors
have long suspected, which is that
rebuilding broken states economies
can not only stop the vicious cycle
of conflict, but can also help build
bridges over the sharp religious,
ethnic, and other schisms that have
historically fractured them. At the
most basic level, actors seek to
work with host nations to replace
economic incentives for perpetuating
conflict with economic incentives
for sustaining peace.
How to bolster fragile states
economies remains a topic of
much debate. Actors know that
they must help host nations with
some formidable challenges.
Bloated militaries will need to be
reduced, social services restored,
inequities rectified, and special
needs populations employed. But
how to accomplish these goals
26
Conclusion
Endnotes
1 A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility: Report of
the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change,
United Nations (2004), p. 11.
2 Ibid, p. 15. Graphic based on research undertaken by Macartan
Humphreys (Columbia University), using data provided by
the World Bank, the Department of Peace and Conflict
Research at Uppsala University and the International
Peace Research Institute, Oslo.
3 Paul Collier. Breaking The Conflict Trap. (Washington, DC:
The World Bank and Oxford University Press, May 2003), p. 3.
4 Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler. Civil War. (Oxford, England:
University of Oxford, March 2006), p. 24.
5 Paul Collier. Breaking the Conflict Trap, p. 2.
6 2008 Global Trends: Refugees, Asylum-seekers, Returnees, Internally Displaced and Stateless Persons, UN High Commissioner for
Refugees (June 16, 2009), p. 2. Available online at: http://www.
unhcr.org/4a375c426.html (accessed June 11, 2009).
7 Grameen Bank website, available online at http://www.
grameen-info.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id
=16&Itemid=112. Accessed on June 11, 2009.
27
Event Speakers and Participants
* Event speaker
28
Event Speakers and Participants
* Event speaker
CSRS TEAM
Mr. John Christiansen
Senior Program Advisor
Dr. Nat J. Colletta
Workshop Co-facilitator
Mr. Jesse Darling
Multimedia Designer
Dr. Sophal Ear
Workshop Co-facilitator
Ms. Shukuko Koyamo
Workshop Presenter
Ms. Holly Larson
Report Writer
Mr. Ben Oppenheim
Rapporteur
Ms. Miriam Turlington
Program Assistant
Mr. Nicholas Tomb
Program Coordinator
Mr. Matthew Vaccaro
Program Director