Threaded Joints ThreadedJoints

VedatTemiz
Assistant Professor ofMachine Design
Introduction
A screw thread is formed by cutting a continuous helical Ascrewthreadisformedbycuttingacontinuoushelical
grooveonacylindricalsurface.Ascrewmadebycuttinga
singlehelicalgrooveonthecylinderisknownassingle g g y g
threaded(orsinglestart)screwandifasecondthreadiscut
inthespacebetweenthegroovesofthefirst,adouble
threaded(ordoublestart)screwisformed.
Similarly,tripleandquadruple(i.e.multiplestart)threads
b f d Th h li l b t ith i ht maybeformed.Thehelicalgroovesmaybecuteitherright
handorlefthand.
Introduction
A screwed joint is mainly composed of two elements i e a bolt Ascrewedjointismainlycomposedoftwoelementsi.e.abolt
andnut.Thescrewedjointsarewidelyusedwherethe
machinepartsarerequiredtobereadilyconnectedor p q y
disconnectedwithoutdamagetothemachineorthe
fastening.
Thismaybeforthepurposeofholdingoradjustmentin
assemblyorserviceinspection,repair,orreplacementorit
b f th f t i bl maybeforthemanufacturingorassemblyreasons.
AdvantagesandDisadvantagesof
Screwed Joints ScrewedJoints
Advantages g
1.Screwedjointsarehighlyreliableinoperation.
2.Screwedjointsareconvenienttoassembleand j
disassemble.
3.Awiderangeofscrewedjointsmaybeadoptedtovarious 3 de a ge o sc e ed jo ts ay be adopted to a ous
operating conditions.
4.Screwsarerelativelycheaptoproducedueto y p p
standardisation andhighlyefficientmanufacturingprocesses.
Disadvantages
Themaindisadvantageofthescrewedjointsisthestress
concentrationinthethreadedportionswhicharevulnerable
d bl l d d pointsundervariableloadconditions.
ImportantTermsUsedinScrewThreads p
1.Majordiameter.Itisthelargestdiameterofanexternalorinternal
screw thread The screw is specified by this diameter It is also known as screwthread.The screwisspecifiedbythisdiameter.Itisalsoknownas
outsideornominaldiameter.
2.Minordiameter.Itisthesmallestdiameterofanexternalorinternal
h d I i l k di screwthread.Itisalsoknownascoreorrootdiameter.
ImportantTermsUsedinScrewThreads p
3.Pitchdiameter.Itisthediameterofanimaginarycylinder,onacylindricalscrewthread,the
surfaceofwhichwouldpassthroughthethreadatsuchpointsastomakeequalthewidthof
thethreadandthewidthofthespacesbetweenthethreads.Itisalsocalledaneffective
diameter. Inanutandboltassembly,itisthediameteratwhichtheridgesontheboltarein
completetouchwiththeridgesofthecorrespondingnut.
4 Pitch It is the distance from a point on one thread to the corresponding point on the next 4.Pitch.Itisthedistancefromapointononethreadtothecorrespondingpointonthenext.
Thisismeasuredinanaxialdirectionbetweencorrespondingpointsinthesameaxialplane.
Mathematically,
ImportantTermsUsedinScrewThreads p
5. Lead. It is the distance between two 5.Lead.Itisthedistancebetweentwo
correspondingpointsonthesamehelix.Itmay
also bedefinedasthedistancewhichascrew
thread advances axially in one rotation of the threadadvancesaxiallyinonerotationofthe
nut.Leadisequaltothepitchincaseofsingle
startthreads,itistwicethepitchindouble
start,thricethepitchintriplestartandsoon. , p p
6.Crest.Itisthetopsurfaceofthethread.
7.Root.Itisthebottomsurfacecreatedbythetwoadjacentflanksofthethread.
8.Depthofthread.Itistheperpendiculardistancebetweenthecrestandroot.
9.Flank.Itisthesurfacejoiningthecrestandroot.
l f h d i h l i l d d b h fl k f h h d 10.Angleofthread.Itistheangleincludedbytheflanksofthethread.
11.Slope.Itishalfthepitchofthethread.
Forms ofScrew Threads
1 B iti h t d d hit th (B S W ) th d 1.Britishstandardwhitworth (B.S.W.)thread.
Thesethreadsarefoundonboltsand
screwedfasteningsforspecial
purposes.TheBritishstandard
threadswithfinepitches(B.S.F.)are
usedwheregreatstrengthattheroot
isrequired.Thesethreadsarealso
usedforlineadjustmentsandwhere
theconnectedpartsaresubjectedto
increasedvibrationsasinaeroand
automobilework.
Th B iti h t d d i (B S P) TheBritishstandardpipe(B.S.P.)
threadswithfinepitchesareusedfor
steelandironpipesandtubes
carrying fluids In external pipe carryingfluids.Inexternalpipe
threading,thethreadsarespecified
bytheboreofthepipe.
Forms ofScrew Threads
2 B iti h i ti (B A ) th d 2.British association (B.A.)thread.
Th th d Thesethreadsare
usedforinstruments
andotherprecision
works works.
Forms ofScrew Threads
3 A i ti l t d d th d 3.Americannationalstandardthread.
Theflatcrestcan
withstandmorerough
usagethansharpV
h d threads.
Thesethreadsare
usedforgeneral
b lt purposese.g.onbolts,
nuts,screwsand
tappedholes.
Forms ofScrew Threads
4 U ifi d t d d th d 4.Unified standard thread.
Thethreecountriesi.e.,Great
Britain,CanadaandUnited
Statescametoanagreement
f h d foracommonscrewthread
systemwiththeincluded
angleof60,inorderto
f ilit t th h f facilitatetheexchangeof
machinery.
Forms ofScrew Threads
5 S th d 5.Square thread.
Thesquarethreads,because
oftheirhighefficiency,are
widely used for widelyusedfor
transmissionofpowerin
eitherdirection.Suchtypeof
threadsareusuallyfoundon y
thefeedmechanismsof
machinetools,valves,
spindles,screwjacksetc.The
squarethreadsarenotso
strongasVthreadsbutthey
offerlessfrictionalresistance
tomotionthanWhitworth
threads.Thepitchof
thesquarethreadisoften
k h f takentwicethatofaB.S.W.
threadofthesamediameter.
Forms ofScrew Threads
6 A th d 6.Acme thread.
Itisamodificationofsquare
thread.Itismuchstronger
than square thread thansquarethread
andcanbeeasilyproduced.
Thesethreadsarefrequently
usedonscrewcuttinglathes, g ,
brassvalves,cocksandbench
vices.Whenusedin
conjunctionwithasplitnut,
asontheleadscrewofa
lathe,thetaperedsidesofthe
threadfacilitateready
engagementand
disengagementofthehalves
ofthenutwhen required.
Forms ofScrew Threads
7 K kl th d 7.Knuckle thread.
Itisalsoamodificationof
squarethread.Ithasrounded
top and bottom. It can topandbottom.Itcan
becastorrolledeasilyand
cannoteconomicallybe
madeonamachine.These
threadsareusedforrough
andreadywork.Theyare
usuallyfoundonrailway
carriagecouplings,hydrants,
necksofglassbottles
andlargemoulded insulators
usedinelectricaltrade.
Forms ofScrew Threads
8 B tt th d 8.Buttress thread.
Itisusedfortransmission
ofpowerinonedirection
only. The force is only.Theforceis
transmittedalmostparallelto
theaxis.Thisthread
unitstheadvantageofboth g
squareandVthreads.It
hasalowfrictionalresistance
characteristicsofthesquare
threadandhavethesame
strengthasthatofVthread.
Thespindlesofbenchvices
areusuallyprovidedwith
buttressthread.
Forms ofScrew Threads
9.Metric thread.
Location ofScrewed Joints
The choice of type of fastenings and its location are very Thechoiceoftypeoffasteningsanditslocationarevery
important.Thefasteningsshouldbelocatedinsuchawayso
thattheywillbesubjectedtotensileand/orshearloadsand y j /
bendingofthefasteningshouldbereducedtoaminimum.
Thebendingofthefasteningduetomisalignment,tightening
uploads,orexternalloadsareresponsibleformanyfailures.
Inordertorelievefasteningsofbendingstresses,theuseof
l h i l t h th d i clearancespaces,sphericalseatwashers,orotherdevicesmay
beused.
CommonTypesofScrewFastenings yp g
1.Through bolts. g
Thecylindricalpartoftheboltisknown asshank. The
throughboltsmayormaynothaveamachinedfinishand
aremadewitheitherhexagonalorsquareheads.Athrough
boltshouldpasseasilyintheholes,whenputunder
tensionbyaloadalongitsaxis.
Iftheloadactsperpendiculartotheaxis,tendingtoslide
oneoftheconnectedpartsalongtheotherendthus
subjectingittoshear,theholesshouldbereamedsothat
theboltshankfitssnuglytherein.Thethroughbolts
accordingtotheirusagemaybeknownasmachinebolts,
i b lt t bil b lt b lt t carriagebolts,automobilebolts,eyeboltsetc.
CommonTypesofScrewFastenings yp g
2.Tapbolts. p
Atapboltorscrewdiffersfromabolt.Itisscrewed
into a tapped hole of one of the parts to be fastened intoatappedholeofoneofthepartstobefastened
withoutthenut
d 3.Studs.
Astudisaroundbarthreadedatbothends.
Oneendofthestudisscrewedintoatapped pp
holeofthepartstobefastened,whilethe
otherendreceivesanutonit,asshowninFig.
Studsarechieflyusedinsteadoftapboltsfor
securingvariouskindsofcoverse.g.coversof
engineandpumpcylinders,valves,chestsetc.
Thisisduetothefactthatwhentapboltsare
unscrewedorreplaced,theyhaveatendency
tobreakthethreadsinthehole.This
disadvantageisovercomebytheuseofstuds
CommonTypesofScrewFastenings yp g
4.Cap screws.
Thecapscrewsaresimilartotapboltsexceptthattheyareofsmallsizeandavariety p p p y y
ofshapesofheadsareavailable
5 M hi 5.Machinescrews.Thesearesimilartocapscrewswiththeheadslottedfora
screwdriver.Thesearegenerallyusedwithanut.
CommonTypesofScrewFastenings yp g
6.Setscrews.
Theseareusedtopreventrelativemotionbetweenthetwoparts.Asetscrewis
screwedthroughathreadedholeinonepartsothatitspoint(i.e.endofthescrew)
pressesagainsttheotherpart.Thisresiststherelativemotionbetweenthetwoparts
bymeansoffrictionbetweenthepointofthescrewandoneoftheparts.Theymaybe
usedinsteadofkeytopreventrelativemotionbetweenahubandashaftinlight
power transmission members. They may also be used in connection with a key, where powertransmissionmembers.Theymayalsobeusedinconnectionwithakey,where
theypreventrelativeaxialmotionoftheshaft,keyandhubassembly.
CommonTypesofScrewFastenings yp g
6.Setscrews.
Thediameterofthesetscrew(d)maybeobtainedfromthefollowingexpression:
whereDisthediameteroftheshaft(inmm)onwhichthesetscrewispressed.
Thetangentialforce(inN)atthesurfaceoftheshaftisgivenby
Torquetransmittedbyasetscrew,
andpowertransmitted(inwatts)
where N is the speed in r p m whereNisthespeedinr.p.m.
Locking Devices g
Ordinarythreadfastenings,generally,remaintightunderstaticloads,but
many of these fastenings become loose under the action of variable loads manyofthesefasteningsbecomelooseundertheactionofvariableloads
orwhenmachineissubjectedtovibrations.Thelooseningoffasteningis
verydangerousandmustbeprevented.
1.Jamnutorlocknut.Ithasaboutonehalftotwothirdthicknessofthe
standardnut.Thethinlocknutisfirsttighteneddownwithordinaryforce,
andthentheuppernut(i.e.thickernut)istighteneddownuponit.The
uppernutisthenheldtightlywhiletheloweroneisslackenedbackagainst
it.
Locking Devices g
2.Castlenut.Itconsistsofahexagonalportionwithacylindricalupper
part which is slotted in line with the centre of each face as shown in Fig partwhichisslottedinlinewiththecentreofeachface,asshowninFig.
below.Thesplitpinpassesthroughtwoslotsinthenutandaholeinthe
bolt,sothatapositivelockisobtainedunlessthepinshears.Itis
t i l d j b bj t d t dd h k d id bl extensivelyusedonjobssubjectedtosuddenshocksandconsiderable
vibrationsuchasinautomobileindustry.
Locking Devices g
3.Sawnnut.Ithasaslotsawedabouthalfwaythrough,asshowninFig.
below After the nut is screwed down the small screw is tightened which below.Afterthenutisscreweddown,thesmallscrewistightenedwhich
producesmorefrictionbetweenthenutandthebolt.Thispreventsthe
looseningofnut.
Locking Devices g
4.Penn,ringorgroovednut.Ithasaupperportionhexagonalandalower
part cylindrical as shown in below It is largely used where bolts pass partcylindricalasshowninbelow.Itislargelyusedwhereboltspass
throughconnectedpiecesreasonablyneartheiredgessuchasinmarine
typeconnectingrodends.Thebottomportioniscylindricalandisrecessed
t i th ti f th l ki t Th b lt h l i t toreceivethetipofthelockingsetscrew.Theboltholerequirescounter
boringtoreceivethecylindricalportionofthenut.Inordertoprevent
bruisingofthelatterbythecasehardenedtipofthesetscrew,itis
recessed.
Locking Devices g
5.Lockingwithpin.Thenutsmaybelockedbymeansofataperpinor
cotter pin passing through the middle of the nut as shown in Fig (a) But a cotterpinpassingthroughthemiddleofthenutasshowninFig.(a).Buta
splitpinisoftendriventhroughtheboltabovethenut,asshowninFig.
(b).
Locking Devices g
6.Lockingwithplate.Aformofstop
plate or locking plate is shown in Fig plateorlockingplateisshowninFig.
ontheright.Thenutcanbeadjusted
andsubsequentlylockedthrough
l i t l f 30 b i angularintervalsof30 byusing
theseplates.
7.Springlockwasher.Aspringlock
washerisshowninFig.ontheright.
Asthenuttightensthewasher
againstthepiecebelow,oneedgeof aga st t e p ece be o , o e edge o
thewasheriscausedtodigitselfinto
thatpiece,thusincreasingthe
resistance so that the nut will not resistancesothatthenutwillnot
loosensoeasily.Therearemany
kindsofspringlockwashers
manufactured some of which are manufactured,someofwhichare
fairlyeffective.
Designation ofScrew Threads g
According to related ISO standards the complete designation of the screw AccordingtorelatedISOstandards,thecompletedesignationofthescrew
threadshallinclude:
1.Sizedesignation.Thesizeofthescrewthreadisdesignatedbytheletter
` ' f ll d b h d d h h b d b h `M'followedbythediameterandpitch,thetwobeingseparatedbythe
sign.Whenthereisnoindicationofthepitch,itshallmeanthatacoarse
pitchisimplied.
2.Tolerancedesignation.Thisshallinclude
(a)Afiguredesignatingtolerancegradeasindicatedbelow:
f fi d f l ( di ) d d f d 7for fine grade,8for normal(medium)grade,and 9for coarse grade.
(b)Aletterdesignatingthetolerancepositionasindicatedbelow:
H for unit thread d for bolt thread with allowance and h for bolt H forunitthread, d forboltthreadwithallowance,and h forbolt
threadwithoutallowance.
Forexample,Aboltthreadof6mmsizeofcoarsepitchandwith
ll h h d d l ( di ) l d i allowanceonthethreadsandnormal(medium)tolerancegradeis
designatedasM68d.
StandardDimensionsofScrew
Th d Threads
Standard Standard
Dimensions
ofScrew
Th d Threads
StressesinScrewedFastening
d t St ti L di duetoStaticLoading
The following stresses in screwed fastening due to Thefollowingstressesinscrewedfasteningdueto
staticloadingareimportantfromthesubjectpoint of
view : view :
1.Internalstressesduetoscrewingupforces,
2.Stressesduetoexternalforces,and
3.Stressduetocombinationofstressesat(1)and ( )
(2).
StressesinScrewedFastening
d t St ti L di duetoStaticLoading
1.Tensilestressduetostretchingofbolt.
Sincenoneoftheabovementionedstressesareaccuratelydetermined,
thereforeboltsaredesignedonthebasisofdirecttensilestresswithalarge
factor of safety in order to account for the indeterminate stresses. The initial factorofsafetyinordertoaccountfortheindeterminatestresses.Theinitial
tensioninabolt,basedonexperiments,maybefoundbytherelation
P
i
=2840.d[N] where
P
i
=Initialtensioninabolt,andd=Nominaldiameterofbolt,inmm.
Theaboverelationisusedformakingajointfluidtightlikesteamengine
cylinder cover joints etc. When the joint is not required as tight as fluidtight cylindercoverjointsetc.Whenthejointisnotrequiredastightasfluid tight
joint,thentheinitialtensioninaboltmaybereducedtohalfoftheabove
value.Insuchcases
P 1420 d [N] P
i
=1420.d[N]
Thesmalldiameterboltsmayfailduringtightening,thereforeboltsofsmaller
diameter(lessthanM16orM18)arenotpermittedinmakingfluidtight
joints.
StressesinScrewedFastening
d t St ti L di duetoStaticLoading
1.Tensilestressduetostretchingofbolt.
Iftheboltisnotinitiallystressed,thenthemaximumsafeaxialloadwhich
maybeappliedtoit,isgiven by
ThestressareamaybeobtainedfromTablesgivenpreviouslyoritmaybefoundby y g p y y y
usingtherelation
d = Pitch diameter and d
p
=Pitch diameter,and
d
c
=Coreorminordiameter.
StressesinScrewedFastening
d t St ti L di duetoStaticLoading
2.Torsional shearstresscausedbythefrictionalresistanceof
h h d d i i i h i thethreadsduringitstightening.
Thetorsional shearstresscausedbythefrictionalresistanceofthethreads
during its tightening may be obtained by using the torsion equation. We know duringitstighteningmaybeobtainedbyusingthetorsionequation.Weknow
that
=Torsional shear stress,
T=Torque applied,and
It has been shown during experiments that due to repeated unscrewing and
q pp
d
c
=Minororcorediameterofthethread.
Ithasbeenshownduringexperimentsthatduetorepeatedunscrewingand
tighteningofthenut,thereisagradualscoringofthethreads,which
increasesthetorsional twistingmoment(T)
StressesinScrewedFastening
d t St ti L di duetoStaticLoading
3. Shear stress across the threads. The average thread shearing stress 3.Shearstressacrossthethreads. Theaveragethreadshearingstress
forthescrew(
s
)isobtainedbyusingtherelation:
b = Width of the thread section at the root b=Widthofthethreadsectionattheroot.
n=Numberofthreadsinengagement.
Th th d h i t f th t i Theaveragethreadshearingstressforthenutis
d=Major diameter.
StressesinScrewedFastening
d t St ti L di duetoStaticLoading
4. Compression or crushing stress on threads. The compression or 4.Compressionorcrushingstressonthreads. Thecompressionor
crushingstressbetweenthethreads(
c
)maybeobtainedbyusingthe
relation:
d=Major diameter,
d = Minor diameter and d
c
=Minor diameter,and
n=Numberofthreadsinengagement.
StressesinScrewedFastening
d t St ti L di duetoStaticLoading
5. Bending stress if the surfaces under the head or nut are not 5.Bendingstressifthesurfacesundertheheadornutarenot
perfectlyparalleltotheboltaxis.Whentheoutsidesurfacesofthe
partstobeconnectedarenotparalleltoeachother,thentheboltwillbe
bj d b di i h b di ( b) i d d i h h k f subjectedtobendingaction.Thebendingstress(b)inducedintheshankof
theboltisgiven by
Diff i h i ht b t th t f th t x=Differenceinheightbetweentheextremecornersofthenutor
head,
l=Lengthoftheshankofthebolt,and
E = Youngs modulus for the material of the bolt E=Young smodulusforthematerialofthebolt.
Stresses due to External Forces
1 Tensile stress The bolts studs and screws usually carry a load in the 1.Tensilestress.Thebolts,studsandscrewsusuallycarryaloadinthe
directionoftheboltaxiswhichinducesatensilestressinthebolt.
Letd
c
=Rootorcorediameterofthethread,and
t
=Permissibletensilestressforthebolt
c
f
t
f
material.Weknowthatexternalloadapplied,
NowfromTablesgivenpreviously,thevalueofthenominaldiameterofboltcorrespondingto
th l f d b bt i d thevalueofd
c
maybeobtained.
Notes:(a)Iftheexternalloadistakenupbyanumberofbolts,then
(b)Incasethestandardtableisnotavailable,thenforcoarsethreads,d
c
=0.84.d,
wheredisthenominaldiameter ofbolt.
Stresses due to External Forces
2.Shearstress.Sometimes,theboltsareusedtopreventtherelative
movementoftwoormoreparts,asincaseofflangecoupling,thentheshear
stressisinducedinthebolts.Theshearstressesshouldbeavoidedasfaras
possible.Itshouldbenotedthatwhentheboltsaresubjectedtodirect p j
shearingloads,theyshouldbelocatedinsuchawaythattheshearingload
comesuponthebody(i.e.shank)oftheboltandnotuponthethreaded
portion. In some cases, the bolts may be relieved of shear load by using shear portion.Insomecases,theboltsmayberelievedofshearloadbyusingshear
pins.Whenanumberofboltsareusedtosharetheshearingload,thefinished
boltsshouldbefittedtothereamedholes.
Shearingloadcarriedbythebolts,
d=Majordiameterofthebolt,and j f ,
n=Number ofbolts.
StressduetoCombinedForces
The resultant axial load on a bolt depends upon the following Theresultantaxialloadonaboltdependsuponthefollowing
factors:
1 The initial tension due to tightening of the bolt 1.Theinitialtensionduetotighteningofthebolt,
2.Theexternal load,and
3 The relative elastic yielding (springiness) of the bolt and the 3.Therelativeelasticyielding(springiness)oftheboltandthe
connectedmembers.
StressduetoCombinedForces
Whentheconnectedmembersareveryyieldingascompared
with the bolt which is a soft gasket as shown in Fig (a) then withthebolt,whichisasoft gasket,asshowninFig.(a),then
theresultantloadontheboltisapproximatelyequaltothe
sumoftheinitialtensionandtheexternalload.Ontheother
hand,iftheboltisveryyieldingas comparedwiththe
connectedmembers,asshowninFig.(b),thentheresultant
l d ill b ith th i iti l t i th t l l d loadwillbe eithertheinitialtensionortheexternalload,
whicheverisgreater.
StressduetoCombinedForces
The actual conditions usually lie between the two extremes In Theactualconditionsusuallylie betweenthetwoextremes.In
ordertodeterminetheresultantaxialload(P)onthebolt,the
following equationmaybeused: g q y
P
1
=Initialtensionduetotighteningofthebolt,
P
2
=Externalloadonthebolt,and
2
a=Ratioofelasticityofconnectedpartstotheelasticityofbolt
Forsoftgasketsandlargebolts,thevalueofaishighandthevalueof a/(1+a)is
approximately equaltounity,sothattheresultantloadisequaltothesumofthe
initialtensionandtheexternalload.
F h d k t t l t t l t t f d ith ll b lt th Forhardgasketsormetaltometalcontactsurfacesandwithsmallbolts,the
valueofaissmall andtheresultantloadismainlyduetotheinitialtension
StressduetoCombinedForces
The value of a may be estimated by the designer to obtain an approximate Thevalueof a maybeestimatedbythedesignertoobtainanapproximate
valueforthe resultantload.Thevaluesof Kforvarioustypeofjointsare
showninTable below.The designerthushascontrolovertheinfluenceon
th lt t l d b lt b ti i th i f th t d theresultantloadonaboltbyproportioningthesizes oftheconnected
partsandboltsandbyspecifyinginitialtensioninthebolt.
DesignofCylinderCovers g y
The cylinder covers may be secured by means of bolts or studs but studs Thecylindercoversmaybesecuredbymeansofboltsorstuds,butstuds
arepreferred.The possiblearrangementofsecuringthecoverwithbolts
andstudsisshowninFig.(a)and(b) respectively.
DesignofCylinderCovers g y
1.Designofboltsorstuds. Inordertofindthesizeandnumberofboltsor
d h f ll i d b d d studs,thefollowingproceduremaybeadopted.
LetD=Diameterofthecylinder,
p = Pressure in the cylinder p Pressureinthecylinder,
d
c
=Corediameteroftheboltsorstuds,
n=Numberofboltsorstuds,and

tb
=Permissibletensilestressfortheboltorstudmaterial
W k h d f i h li d Weknowthatupwardforceactingonthecylindercover,
Thisforceisresistedbynnumberofboltsorstuds
providedonthecover.
DesignofCylinderCovers g y
Fromabove equations,wehave
Fromthisequation,thenumberofboltsorstudsmaybeobtained,ifthesizeoftheboltor
stud isknownandviceversa.Usuallythesizeoftheboltisassumed.Ifthevalueofnas
obtainedfromthe aboverelationisoddorafraction,thennexthigherevennumberis
adopted.
Theboltsorstudsarescreweduptightly,alongwithmetal
gasketorasbestospacking,inorder toprovidealeakproof g p g p p
joint.Due tothetighteningofbolts,sufficienttensilestress
isproducedintheboltsorstuds.Thismaybreakthebolts
orstuds,evenbeforeanyload duetointernalpressureacts
uponthem.Thereforeaboltorastudlessthan16mm
diametershould neverbeused.
DesignofCylinderCovers g y
2.Designofcylindercoverplate
The thickness of the cylinder cover plate (t ) and the thickness of the cylinder Thethicknessofthecylindercoverplate(t
1
)and thethicknessofthecylinder
flange(t
2
)maybe determinedasdiscussedbelow:
Letusconsiderthesemicoverplateasshownin Fig.below.Theinternal
pressureinthecylindertriesto liftthecylindercoverwhiletheboltsorstuds
trytoretain itinitsposition.Butthecentres ofpressureofthesetwo loadsdo
notcoincide.Hence,thecoverplateissubjected tobendingstress.ThepointX
isthecentreofpressure forboltloadandthepointYisthecentreofinternal
pressure.
DesignofCylinderCovers g y
2.Designofcylindercoverplate
We know that the bending moment at A A WeknowthatthebendingmomentatAA
Sectionmodulus,
w=Widthofplate
=Outsidedia.ofcoverplate 2 dia.ofbolthole
=D
o
2d
1
Knowingthetensilestressforthecoverplate
material,the valueoft
1
maybedeterminedby
usingthebendingequation,

t
=M/Z.
DesignofCylinderCovers g y
3.Designofcylinderflange
The thickness of the cylinder flange (t ) may be determined from bending Thethicknessofthecylinderflange(t
2
)maybedetermined frombending
consideration.Aportionofthecylinderflange undertheinfluenceofonebolt
isshowninFig. below.
Theloadintheboltproducesbendingstressinthesection XX.Fromthe
geometryofthefigure,wefindthateccentricity oftheloadfromsectionXXis
Bendingmoment
DesignofCylinderCovers g y
RadiusofthesectionXX,
WidthofthesectionXX,
where n is the number of bolts wherenisthenumberofbolts.
Sectionmodulus,
Knowingthetensilestressforthecylinderflange
material,thevalueoft
2
maybeobtainedby usingthe
bendingequation

t
=M/Z.