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The implementation of wood waste ash as a partial cement replacement material in the
production of structural grade concrete and mortar: An overview. Resour Conserv Recy (2011), doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.02.002
ARTICLE IN PRESS
GModel
RECYCL-2381; No. of Pages 17
Resources, Conservation and Recycling xxx (2011) xxxxxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Resources, Conservation and Recycling
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er . com/ l ocat e/ r esconr ec
Review
The implementation of wood waste ash as a partial cement replacement material
in the production of structural grade concrete and mortar: An overview
Cheah Chee Ban
, Mahyuddin Ramli
School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 7 September 2010
Received in revised form 3 February 2011
Accepted 10 February 2011
Keywords:
Cement replacement material
Wood waste ash
Blended cement
Hazardous waste management
Green concrete material
Reuse and recycling
a b s t r a c t
The timber manufacturingandpower generationindustryis graduallyshiftingtowards the use of biomass
such as timber processing waste for fuel and energy production and to help supplement the electri-
cal energy demand of national electric gridlines. Though timber processing waste is a sustainable and
renewable source of fuel for energy production, the thermal process of converting the aforementioned
biomass into heat energy produces signicant amounts of ne wood waste ash as a by-product material
which, if not managed properly, may result in serious environmental and health problems. Several cur-
rent researches had been carried out to incorporate wood waste ash as a cement replacement material in
the production of greener concrete material and also as a sustainable means of disposal for wood waste
ash. Results of the researches have indicated that wood waste ash can be effectively used as a cement
replacement material for the production of structural grade concrete of acceptable strength and durabil-
ity performances. This paper presents an overview of the work carried out by the use of wood waste ash
as a partial replacement of cement in mortar and concrete mixes. Several aspects such as the physical
and chemical properties of wood waste ash, properties of wood waste ash/OPC blended cement pastes,
rheological, mechanical and the durability properties of wood waste ash/OPC concrete mix are detailed
in this paper.
2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
1.1. Factors inuencing the quantity and quality of wood waste ash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
1.2. Uses of wood waste ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
2. Physical properties of wood waste ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
3. Chemical properties and leachate of wood waste ash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
3.1. Chemical composition and phases of wood waste ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
3.2. Chemical properties of leachate from wood waste ash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
4. Properties of wood waste ash blended cement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
4.1. Standard consistency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
4.2. Initial and nal setting time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
4.3. Soundness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
4.4. Calorimetric and heat evolution characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
4.5. Microstructure of cement paste matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
5. Rheological properties of wood waste ash/OPC concrete and mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
6. Bulk density and mechanical strength of hardened wood waste ash/OPC concrete and mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
6.1. Bulk density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
6.2. Compressive strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
6.3. Split tensile strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
6.4. Flexural strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
C to 1093
C and 1000
C.
X-ray uorescence (XRF) analysis results of both wood waste y
ash samples, as shown in Table 2, conrmed the presence of essen-
tial chemical compounds governing pozzolanic reactivity namely
SiO
2
, Al
2
O
3
and Fe
2
O
3
in signicant amounts within the wood
waste y ash samples examined. Wood waste y ash samples with
higher SiO
2
+Al
2
O
3
+Fe
2
O
3
chemical compositions (F1) weredeter-
mined to have stronger pozzolanic reactivitys in comparison to
the wood waste y ash F2 which have lower SiO
2
+Al
2
O
3
+Fe
2
O
3
chemical compositions hence lower pozzolanic reactivity as can be
seen from pozzolanic reactivity results shown in Fig. 5. In Fig. 5,
it can be observed that concentrations of OH
C
within 3 days upon mixing. In addition, the time taken to reach
their peak hydration temperature was observed to be shorter for
cement pastes containing WWFA.
In the absence of WWFA, neat OPC paste tested was found to
reach peak hydration temperature at 40