Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.

org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline
$ol.5% No.2&% 2&1'

32
Colour in Instructional Computer Graphics Design and Students
Performance in Fine Arts in Private Secondary Schools in Akwa
Iom State of !igeria

(nsele) N*a+ (P+.,
,epart)ent of -ine and Industrial (rts%.ni/ersit* of .*o% P.0.1. 1&17% .*o% (2wa I3o) State %Nigeria
E-)ail4 ansele)n*a5*a+oo.co)

Astract
6+is stud* set out to deter)ine t+e effect of colour in co)puter grap+ics designed instructional )aterials on
students7 acade)ic perfor)ance in fine arts in pri/ate secondar* sc+ools in (2wa I3o) State. ( si)ple rando)
sa)ple of 8& SS II fine arts students fro) two pri/ate secondar* sc+ools was used for t+e stud*. 6+ese two
sc+ools were purposi/el* selected fro) fi/e pri/ate secondar* sc+ools t+at offer fine arts at SS II class. 6+e non
rando)i9ed control group pre-test-post-test e:peri)ental design was used in carr*ing out t+e stud*. #ne researc+
instru)ent na)ed% Student Perfor)ance 6est in -ine (rts (SP6-( was used in gat+ering data. 6+e anal*sis of
data in/ol/ed t+e use of descripti/e statistics of )ean% standard de/iation and anal*sis of co/ariance ((N;#$(.
6+e result o3tained fro) t+e anal*sis s+owed t+at students taug+t using ;o)puter-(ided designed (;(,
instructional )aterials perfor)ed significantl* 3etter t+an t+ose taug+t wit+out using an* (;(, instructional
)aterials. ;olour s+owed +ig+ significance. It was t+erefore reco))ended a)ong ot+er t+ings t+at co)puter
grap+ics s+ould 3e effecti/el* used in t+e preparation of instructional )aterials 3ecause of its o/erall significant
effect on t+e students7 perfor)ances in fine arts. It was suggested t+at t+e proprietors of t+e pri/ate secondar*
sc+ools in (2wa I3o) State s+ould esta3lis+ ,es2top pu3lis+ing unit for t+e de/elop)ent of <ualit* print
instructional )aterials.
"eywords# ;olour% co)puter grap+ics% co)puter-aided design (;(,% instructional )aterials% students7
perfor)ance.

$%& Introduction
In fine arts as in an* ot+er discipline% /arious instructional )et+ods and approac+es are used 3* teac+ers to )a2e
t+e su3=ect )atter clearer and 3etter understood 3* t+e learners. 6eac+ers and educators +a/e alwa*s 3een
interested in finding )et+ods w+ic+ will en+ance learning. 6+is +as engendered se/eral researc+es in t+e area of
)et+ods of teac+ing fine arts. ( few of t+ese researc+ers on )et+ods of teac+ing fine arts include E2were (2&&5
and .ti (2&&8. (ccording to E2were% t+e use of instructional )aterials for lessons is o3ser/ed to 3e inade<uate.
6+e few t+at are used are 3eing selected and utili9ed wit+out due consideration to w+at E2po (1>!! offers as
guidelines for designing instructional )aterials.
$isuals are seen to contri3ute to effecti/e classroo) perfor)ance% no wonder 0ac2en9ie (2&&5 affir)s t+at
/isuals en+ance classroo) perfor)ance and also add professional solutions to classroo) teac+ing and learning
pro3le)s. It is o3ser/ed 3* Proffit (1>>8 t+at t+e difficult* co))onl* encountered in t+e preparation of print
instructional )aterials is t+e preparation of t+e artwor2. Proffit re/eals t+at t+e reason for suc+ difficult* and
poor artistic rendition is as a result of t+e a3use of t+e /isual design tools. 6+e de/elop)ent of grap+ic design
application soft wares li2e% (do3e illustrator and Page0a2er% ,esigner studio% ;orel,raw% P+otos+op and
(uto;(, are 2nown to +a/e pro/ided possi3ilities to i)pro/e t+e use of t+ese /isual design tools in our
instructional grap+ics.
Proffit (1>>8 affir)s t+at t+e use and )isuse of colour in instructional /isuals can +a/e i)pact on students7
perfor)ance. 6+e sa)e )a* 3e applied to ot+er /isual tools if not properl* used. ?6+e utili9ation of /isual
ele)ents of arts na)el*4 line% space% /alue% te:ture% colour% s+ape eit+er singularl* or co)3ined in co)puter
grap+ic design +as a forceful appeal to t+e e)otions of people w+o percei/e t+e)@(Jirouse2% 1>>5. Aearners
w+o are e:posed to learning t+roug+ t+e use of t+ese /isual ele)ents would li2el* 3e )oti/ated to ac+ie/e )ore
in t+eir learning and conse<uentl* t+eir perfor)ance t+an t+ose w+o )a* +a/e 3een taug+t fine arts wit+out
using t+ese ele)ents (Bie3er% 1>>&
(ccording to .NES;# (2&&2% i)pro/ing t+e <ualit* of education t+roug+ t+e di/ersification of contents and
)et+ods and pro)oting e:peri)entation% inno/ation% diffusion and s+aring of infor)ation and 3est practices are
.NES;#7s strategic o3=ecti/es in education.
6+is stud* in/estigated t+e use of colour in co)puter-aided designed instructional )aterials and students7
perfor)ance in fine arts in pri/ate secondar* sc+ools in (2wa I3o) State.
;olour is one of t+e )ost powerful /isual ele)ents. It +as tre)endous e:pressi/e <ualities. (n understanding of
t+e uses of colour is crucial to an effecti/e co)position in design. ;olour is pro3a3l* 3est considered a
secondar* grap+ic ele)ent in t+e design of instructional )aterials (Bie3er% 2&&&.
Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline
$ol.5% No.2&% 2&1'

33
In selection of colour for use in instructional )aterials% t+e designer )ust 3e conscious of t+e fact t+at colour
differ greatl* in t+eir affecti/e and attenti/e /alues. So)e colours are descri3ed as acti/e% li/el*% restless% cold%
retreating% ad/ancingC ot+ers seen su3dued% ti)id% contrasting and war). Eac+ c+aracteristic )ust 3e well
applied 3* t+e designer for 3est instructional outco)e. In selecting colour for secondar* sc+ools and tertiar*
institutions% depending on t+e su3=ect% E2were (2&&5 proposes t+at su3tle colours wor2 well% suc+ as lig+t sage
greens and refres+ing 3lues and green wit+ 3rig+ter trend* and )ore saturated +ues used as accent colours.
S2aalid (1>>> is of t+e opinion t+at instructional )aterials s+ould 3e designed in s+ades of gre*% 3lac2% and
w+ite first wit+ colour added later in fas+ion w+ic+ adds to instructional effecti/eness.
;o)puter grap+ics +as ine:+austi3le palette of colour for selection. In designing and de/eloping instructional
)aterials t+roug+ t+e use of co)puter% t+e colours can 3e easil* )i:ed% toned% filtered and e/enl* rendered and
printed out wit+out roug+ edges and spatial c+ro)atic defects. 0ore so% application of colour wit+ t+e co)puter
pro/ides t+e designer wit+ t+e co)plete tools and colours to wor2 wit+. 6+erefore% stepping up t+e <ualit* of
neatness and /isual effects.
$%$ Statement of the Prolem
.9oag3a (2&&& and Dang3o=e (1>!2 o3ser/e t+at t+ere is poor perfor)ance of students in fine arts in pu3lic
e:a)inations. 0an* researc+ers 3la)e t+e poor perfor)ances on inade<uate teac+ing 3* teac+ers% w+ic+
includes ineffecti/e use of instructional )edia. Besearc+es are done in t+e utili9ation of instructional )edia to
i)pro/e learning% 3ut t+e utili9ation of instructional co)puter grap+ic design is not gi/en )uc+ e)p+asis%
especiall*% regarding t+e effecti/e application of t+e ele)ents of design in /isual co))unication strategies.
6+erefore% t+is stud* e:a)ined t+e effect of ;olour in Instructional ;o)puter Erap+ics design on student7s
perfor)ance in fine arts.
$%' Purpose of the Study
6+e purpose of t+is stud* was to deter)ine t+e effect of t+e utili9ation of colour in ;o)puter-(ided designed
instructional )aterial on students7 perfor)ance in fine arts in pri/ate secondar* sc+ools in (2wa I3o) State.
$%( )esearch *uestions
#ne researc+ <uestion was raised to guide t+e stud*.
Is t+ere an* effect in utili9ation of colour in ;o)puter-(ided designed instructional )aterial on students7
perfor)ance in fine arts in pri/ate secondar* sc+oolsF
$%+ ,ypothesis
#ne +*pot+esis was for)ulated to gi/e direction to t+e stud*.
6+ere is no significant effect of t+e utili9ation of colour in ;o)puter-(ided designed instructional )aterials on
students7 perfor)ance in fine arts in pri/ate secondar* sc+ools.

'%& -ethods
6+e stud* )ade use of t+e non rando)i9ed control group pre-test Gpost Gtest e:peri)ental design. 6+e pre-test G
post-test e:peri)ental design was used to +elp in e:a)ining t+e effects of t+e use of colour as a /isual ele)ent
in co)puter aided designed instructional )aterials on students7 perfor)ance in fine arts. Intact classes were
used for t+e e:peri)ent.
'%$ Population
6+e population for t+is stud* consisted of all t+e (SS.11 fine arts students in t+e pri/ate secondar* sc+ools in
(2wa I3o) State.
'%( Sample and Sampling .echni/ue#
( sa)ple si9e of 8& (SS 11 fine arts students in pri/ate secondar* sc+ools was used for t+e stud*. It was
rando)l* selected 3* t+e use of 3alloting to represent t+e e:peri)ental and t+e control sc+ools.
'%+ Sample and Sampling .echni/ue#
( sa)ple si9e of 8& (SS 11 fine arts students in pri/ate secondar* sc+ools was used for t+e stud*. -ro) t+e '8
pri/ate sc+ools t+at offer fine arts% 21 sc+ools are pro/ided wit+ good arts studiosC e<uipped wit+ H,on2e*s7% art
)aterials and )edia% si9ea3le classroo)s and <ualified art teac+ers. #ut of t+e 21 well-e<uipped pri/ate
secondar* sc+ools% fi/e sc+ools offer fine arts at t+e (SS.11 class. -ro) t+ese fi/e sc+ools% w+ic+ satisfied t+e
a3o/e criteria% two were rando)l* selected 3* t+e use of 3alloting to represent t+e e:peri)ental and t+e control
sc+ools.
( sa)pled si9e of 3& (SS.11 fine arts students of one sc+ool ser/ed as t+e e:peri)ental class and anot+er
sa)pled si9e of 3& (SS.11 fine arts students of t+e ot+er sc+ool ser/ed as t+e control class% w+ic+ were selected
for use in t+e stud* t+roug+ rando) assign)ent% t+at ga/e t+e total of t+e a3o/e sa)ple si9e% w+ic+ was used for
t+e stud*.
'%0 Instrumentation
#ne researc+ instru)ent was de/eloped and used for t+e stud*. 6+e instru)ent constituted t+e Student7s
Perfor)ance 6est in fine arts (SP6-(. 6+is researc+er designed instru)ent was used to e:a)ine t+e effect of
colour as a design ele)ent in t+e ;o)puter-(ided designed instructional )aterial on wall c+art to en+ance
Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline
$ol.5% No.2&% 2&1'

3'
students7 perfor)ance in fine arts. It consisted of 2& )ultiple c+oice o3=ecti/e ite)s.
'%1 )eliaility of the Instrument
6+e )easure of consistenc* of SP6-( was esta3lis+ed using t+e test G retest relia3ilit* )et+od wit+ a ti)e lag of
two wee2s. 6+e test of t+e instru)ent was carried out in SS. II class of a sc+ool% w+ic+ was not a)ong t+e
sc+ools used for t+e stud*. E<ui/alent stud* sa)ple of 3& SS. II students of t+e sc+ool was used for t+e test. 6+e
Pearson product )o)ent correlation coefficient was applied on t+e scores. 6+e essence of t+e testing was to find
out +ow t+e respondents would react to t+e SP6-( instru)ent. 6+e relia3ilit* co-efficient o3tained was &.!7C an
indication t+at t+e relia3ilit* of t+e instru)ent was +ig+ enoug+ to =ustif* t+e use of t+e researc+ instru)ent.

(%& Development of Instructional -aterial
3.1 Wall chart: ( wall c+art was designed 3* t+e use of co)puter grap+ics% s+owing t+e pri)ar*%
secondar* and co)ple)entar* colours wit+ t+eir functions on a co))on 3ac2ground of sap green colour. 6+e
cool sap green 3ac2ground of t+e c+art was c+osen to gi/e rest to t+e e*es.
6+e c+art con/e*ed ;o)puter (ided illustrated colours and la3eling of t+e different t*pes of colour on t+is
/isuall* conduci/e 3ac2ground. 6+ese su3tle 3ac2ground colours were carefull* introduced to reduce t+e
/i3ranc* of t+e +ues for /isual rela:ationC t+erefore% pro/iding contrast to ot+er selected colours used on
co)puter aided illustrations and te:ts. 6+e 3ac2ground was designed wit+ two flat colours to ensure t+e
effecti/eness of contrast% /isual arrest% e:cite)ent% si)plicit* and sustained interest.
6+e design was done t+roug+ t+e co)3ined use of ;orel,raw and P+otos+op co)puter softwares. It was neatl*
rendered to gi/e i)pression of realis) to )aintain )oti/ational appeal 3* constantl* refres+ing t+e lessons7
le/el of no/elt* and curiosit* as o3ser/ed 3* (Sur3er and Aeeder% 1>!!
(ppropriate lettering st*les w+ic+ include% (rial 3lac2% 3rod* ,% 3rus+ script 16% co)pacta 1II 16% co)pacta
1d 16 and futura "1II 16% were selected and applied fro) t+e co)puter. 1rilliant red colour was used for
)a=or captions for t+e purpose of e)p+asis. 1lac2 and w+ite are si)pl* neutral colours% w+ic+ were used for
stronger accentuations.
6+e design of t+e c+art was printed t+roug+ a colour printer on (3 si9e art paper% w+ic+ was )ade per)anent.
6+e c+art was used for instructions on t+e s*)3olis)% t+e use% and effecti/eness of colour as a design ele)ent%
w+ic+ was treated in t+e lesson.
(%' Instrument Administration#
6wo intact classes were re<uired in t+e two selected pri/ate secondar* sc+ools. 6+ere was an intact class for t+e
e:peri)ental group in one sc+ool and anot+er intact class for t+e control in t+e ot+er sc+ool. 6+ere was pre-
testing for t+e two groups. 6+e control group was not treated% 3ut t+e e:peri)ental group was treated wit+ t+e
grap+ics )aterial. 6+e researc+er taug+t and was assisted 3* two SS.II fine arts teac+ers in t+e two sc+ools w+o
distri3uted and collected all test scripts fro) t+e students.
6+ese lessons were taug+t using co)puter designed instructional )aterial Gwall c+art. ( dou3le period of >&
)inutes lesson on colour as an ele)ent of design was gi/en to t+e students for a period of one wee2 after w+ic+
<uestions were as2ed 3ased on t+e lesson taug+t. #ne lesson was taug+t for t+e specified period. 6+e answers to
t+e essa* test <uestions pro/ided t+e necessar* data for anal*sis.
Pre-testing wit+ 2& )ultiple <uestions was carried out on t+e control and t+e e:peri)ental groups. Post-testing
wit+ 2& )ultiple <uestions was also carried out on t+e two groups. Eac+ ite) of t+e test scored fi/e )ar2s for
eac+ correct answer% w+ic+ was 3ased on a total score of 1&&J. 6+ese scores were t+ereafter used in deter)ining
t+e effect of t+e treat)ent on students7 perfor)ances.
(%( Data Analysis
6+e data o3tained in/ol/ed t+e use of descripti/e statistics of )eans% standard de/iation and anal*sis of /ariance
((N;#$( in answering t+e researc+ <uestion and in testing t+e onl* researc+ +*pot+esis.
(%+ )esults
(nal*sis of t+e effect of utili9ation of colour in ;o)puter- aided designed instructional )aterial.
.ale $# -eans and standard deviation scores of e2perimental and control groups for utili3ation of
colour as a design element%

42perimental Group Control Group

5ariales Pretest Post .est Pretest Post .est
n 2 SD 2 SD n 2 SD 2 SD Post test Gain
6se of Colour 3& 1&.17 5.8' 18.5& 3.75 3& 8.85 3.21 1&.&& 3.22 8.5&

Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline
$ol.5% No.2&% 2&1'

35
6+e result presented in 6a3le 1 s+ows t+at for t+e utili9ation of colourC t+e )eans of t+e post test scores for t+e
e:peri)ental group was +ig+er t+an t+e )eans of t+e post test for t+e control group. 6+is )eans t+at% students
w+o were taug+t utili9ation of colour using ;o)puter-(ided designed instructional )aterials perfor)ed 3etter
t+an t+ose taug+t wit+out suc+ )aterials. 6+e post test ac+ie/e)ent gains s+owed t+at t+e gain of t+e utili9ation
of colour in e:peri)ental group is 8.5&.
.ale '# Analysis of Covariance of the effect of utili3ation of Colour in Computer7Aided designed
instructional materials on students academic performance in fine arts in private secondary schools%

Source of Sum of DF -ean Significance
5ariance s/uare s/uares F of F

;orrected 0odel 7'2.5>3 2 371.2>7 35.352 .&&&
;o/ariate Pretest 1&!.!'3 1 1&!.!'3 1&.383 .&&2
6reat)ent Effect 3!>.>!& 1 3!>.>!& 37.131 .&&&
Error 5>!.857 57 1&.5&3
6otal 11!75.&&& 8&
;orrected 6otal 13'1.25& 5>
-- /alue for colour in ;(, instructional )aterial is significant at ,- 1%57 at P K .&5 alp+a.


1ased on t+is result% t+e null +*pot+esis of no significant effect of t+e utili9ation of colour in ;o)puter- (ided
designed instructional )aterials on students7 acade)ic perfor)ance in fine arts in pri/ate secondar* sc+ools was
re=ected% w+ile t+e alternate +*pot+esis is retained. 6+erefore% t+ere is a significant effect of t+e utili9ation of
colour in ;o)puter-(ided designed instructional )aterials on students7 acade)ic perfor)ance in pri/ate
secondar* sc+ools. t+e result as presented in 6a3le 1% s+owed t+at students taug+t using ;o)puter-(ided
designed instructional )aterials (E:peri)ental group wit+ a )ean of (:L 18.5& perfor)ed significantl* 3etter
t+an t+ose taug+t wit+out suc+ )aterials (control group wit+ a )ean of (:L 1&.&&.
6+is finding supports t+e findings of Bie3er (2&&& w+ic+ states t+at colour is pro3a3l* 3est considered a
secondar* grap+ic ele)ent in t+e design of instructional )aterials% and s2aalid (1>>> t+at colour +a/e t+e
potentials to attract attention% de/elop interest% create a desire for and e/entuall* lead to action. 6+is action
cul)inates in learning% +ence% i)pro/ed perfor)ance. -urt+er)ore% t+is stud* +as confir)ed (c2er and Ilein
(1>!8 assertion t+at students7 preferences and e:pectation for /isuals t+at differ in t+e a)ount of realis) in
instructional )aterials t+roug+ co)puter grap+ics )a* influence t+e effecti/eness )ore t+an direct instructional
use of t+is /isual c+aracteristic.

+%& Conclusion
1ased on t+e findings of t+is stud*% it is t+erefore concluded t+at colour on its +ig+ le/el of significance w+en
used in ;o)puter-(ided designed instructional )aterials% +as a strong /isual potentials for t+e en+ance)ents of
students7 perfor)ance in fine arts% w+ic+ )a* 3e due to its sti)ulating% e:citing and attracti/e <ualities and also
its a3ilit* to draw attention of learners.

)ecommendations
-ro) t+e findings of t+is stud*% t+e following reco))endations are )ade4
1. 6+e use of ;o)puter grap+ics s+ould 3e encouraged in t+e preparation of instructional )aterials
3ecause of its o/erall significant effect on t+e acade)ic perfor)ance of students in fine arts in pri/ate secondar*
sc+ools in (2wa I3o) State.
2. 1ecause of t+e c+allenges for an i)pro/ed educational <ualit* at t+is le/el t+e proprietors of pri/ate
secondar* sc+ools in (2wa I3o) State s+ould esta3lis+ ,es2top pu3lis+ing unit for de/elop)ent of <ualit*
;o)puter-(ided designed Instructional )aterials for t+e teac+ing of fine arts and ot+er su3=ects as well. In t+is
case professional grap+ic artists s+ould 3e recruited in t+e ,es2top pu3lis+ing units of t+ese sc+ools to de/elop
t+e print instructional )aterials% 3ased on t+eir 2nowledge of proper utili9ation of t+e /isual ele)ents.
3. ;olour as a result of its +ig+ effect on t+e perfor)ance of students s+ould 3e effecti/el* utili9ed in
co)puter grap+ic designed instructional )aterials. 6+is is reco))ended 3ased on its a3ilit* to e:cite% draw
Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper ISSN 2222-2!!" (#nline
$ol.5% No.2&% 2&1'

38
attention and sustain t+e learning interest of students.

)eferences

(c2er% S. B. M Ilein% E.A. (1>!8. $isuali9ing Spatial tas2s4 ( co)parison of ;o)puter grap+ic and -ull-3and
$ideo ,ispla*s. Educational Communications and Technology Journal, 3' (1% 21-3&.
E2po% ;. 0. (1>!!. #rgani9ation and ,e/elop)ent of Educational Besource ;entre in I3e-1asse*%E. S. (Ed.%
Fundamentals of Educational Technology: A text & A Reader (pp.87-!1. .*o4 ,orand Pu3lis+ing
;o)pan*.
E2were% S. E. (2&&5. Colour in Instructional Media esign and !econdary !chool students" #erformance in
Fine Arts$ P+., ,issertation .ni/ersit* of .*o.
Jirouse2% ;. (1>>5. Art, esign and %isual Thin&ing: An Interacti'e Text(oo&$Betrie/ed% #cto3er 1&%2&&7 fro)
+ttp4NNc+ar4 t:a.;ornell edu NlanguageNele)ent Nele)ent +t) .
0ac2en9ie% J. (2&&5 0otii/ation and Aearning. Ja)ie)ac2en9ieinf5fnopres.co) www.google.co)
Bie3er% A. P. (2&&&. (ni)ation in co)puter G 3ased instruction. Educational Technology Research and
e'elo#ment, 3!(1% 77-!8.
S2aalid% 1.(1>>>.Colour$Betrie/ed%0arc+'%2&&8 fro)Ottp4NNwww.usas2.caNedu
cation.coursewor2Ns2aalidNpageNscrndsgnN colour.+t)
.NES;#% (2&&2. Information and Communication Technologies in Teacher Education: A #lanning )uide.
Paris4 .NES;#.
.ti% -. I. (2&&8. 6+e Influence of ;artoons as Instructional )ediu) on secondar* sc+ool students7 acade)ic
perfor)ance in ;ross Bi/er State. (n unpu3lis+ed 0. (. (Ed 6+esis% .ni/ersit* of .*o% .*o.



The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open-Access hosting service and academic event
management. The aim of the firm is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.

More information about the firm can be found on the homepage:
http://www.iiste.org

CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS
There are more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals hosted under the hosting
platform.
Prospective authors of journals can find the submission instruction on the
following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/ All the journals articles are available
online to the readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers
other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Paper version
of the journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.

MORE RESOURCES
Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/

IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar


Business, Economics, Finance and Management Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
European Journal of Business and Management EJBM@iiste.org
Research Journal of Finance and Accounting RJFA@iiste.org
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development JESD@iiste.org
Information and Knowledge Management IKM@iiste.org
Journal of Developing Country Studies DCS@iiste.org
Industrial Engineering Letters IEL@iiste.org
Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Chemistry Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research CMR@iiste.org
Journal of Mathematical Theory and Modeling MTM@iiste.org
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications APTA@iiste.org
Chemical and Process Engineering Research CPER@iiste.org
Engineering, Technology and Systems Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems CEIS@iiste.org
Innovative Systems Design and Engineering ISDE@iiste.org
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy JETP@iiste.org
Information and Knowledge Management IKM@iiste.org
Journal of Control Theory and Informatics CTI@iiste.org
Journal of Information Engineering and Applications JIEA@iiste.org
Industrial Engineering Letters IEL@iiste.org
Journal of Network and Complex Systems NCS@iiste.org
Environment, Civil, Materials Sciences Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Environment and Earth Science JEES@iiste.org
Journal of Civil and Environmental Research CER@iiste.org
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Life Science, Food and Medical Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Advances in Life Science and Technology ALST@iiste.org
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare JBAH@iiste.org
Journal of Food Science and Quality Management FSQM@iiste.org
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research CMR@iiste.org
Education, and other Social Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Education and Practice JEP@iiste.org
Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization JLPG@iiste.org
Journal of New Media and Mass Communication NMMC@iiste.org
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy JETP@iiste.org
Historical Research Letter HRL@iiste.org
Public Policy and Administration Research PPAR@iiste.org
International Affairs and Global Strategy IAGS@iiste.org
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences RHSS@iiste.org
Journal of Developing Country Studies DCS@iiste.org
Journal of Arts and Design Studies ADS@iiste.org