Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

: Pre-Calculus - Chapter 6A
Chapter 6A - Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

Exponential Equations
Inpreviouschapterswelearnedabout theexponential andlogarithmicfunctions, studiedsomeof their
properties, andlearnedsomeof their applications. Inthischapter weshowhowtosolvesomesimple
equationswhichcontaintheunknowneither asanexponent (exponential equation) or astheargument
of alogarithmicfunction.
As a general rule of thumb, to solve an exponential equation proceed as
follows:
1. Isolatetheexpressioncontainingtheexponent ononesideof theequation.
2. Takethelogarithmof bothsidestobringdowntheexponent.
3. Solvefor thevariable.
Example 1: Solve3
x
25
Solution:
3
x
25 takethenatural logof bothsides
xln3 ln25 solvefor x
x
ln25
ln3
2. 929947
Example 2: Solve4 3
x1
8
Solution:
4 3
x1
8 isolatex
3
x1
4 takethenatural logof bothsides
x 1 ln3 ln4 solvefor x
x
ln4
ln3
1
. 2618595
Example 3: Solvetheequation
10
1 e
x
2
SolutionWeneedtoisolate thetermsinvolvingx ononesideof theequation. Wecandothisby
crossmultilpyingandthensolvingfor e
x
:
1 e
x
5
e
x
4
x ln4
x ln4 1. 386294
: Pre-Calculus
Example 4: Solvetheequation x
2
2
x
2
x
0.
Solution: Thislooksslightlydifficult. However, letsfactor the2
x
termout of theleft handside.
x
2
2
x
2
x
0
2
x
x
2
1 0
Sinceaproduct canequal zeroif andonlyif oneof thefactorsiszero, weknowthat if x isasolution,
theneither 2
x
0or x
2
1 0. But 2
x
isnever 0, thus, our solutionmust satisfy
x
2
1 0
x
2
1
x 1
Example 5: Solvetheequatione
2x
3e
x
2 0.
Solution: Thisequationreallylookshard, andit isuntil wenoticethat it isaquadraticequation
ine
x
. Toseethat thisisthecase, set u e
x
, thentheequatione
2x
3e
x
2 0canbewrittenas
u
2
3u 2. Solvingthislatter equationwehave
e
x
2
3e
x
2 0
u
2
3u 2 0
u 1u 2 0
Thus, wehaveu 1or u 2. Intermsof e
x
, thismeans
e
x
1 or e
x
2
x ln1 x ln2
x 0 x . 6931472
: Pre-Calculus
Logarithmic Equations
Inthepreviouspageweshowedhowtosolvesomeexponential equations. Herewesolvesome
logarithmicequations.
To solve a logarithmic equation proceed as follows
1. Isolatetheexpressioncontainingthelogarithmononesideof
theequation.
2. Exponeniatebothsidestoremovethelogfunction.
3. Solvefor thevariable.
Example 1: Solvelogx 35for x.
Solution: Themainitemweneedtonotehereisthat logrepresentsthelogarithmof anumber to
base10. Thus, weneedtoraisebothsidesof theequationtothe10
th
power.
logx 35
x 10
logx
10
35
Example 2: Solvelnx 3 5for x.
Solution: For thisequationthelogarithmusedisthenatural log. That is, tothebasee
2.718282.
lnx 3 5
x 3 e
5
x e
5
3
151. 4132
Example 3: Solve6 log
5
3x 2 4for x.
Solution:
6 log
5
3x 2 4
log
5
3x 2 6 4
3x 2 5
2
3x 25 2
x
27
3
9
: Pre-Calculus
Example 4: Solvetheequationlog
2
3 log
2
x log
2
5 log
2
x 2
Solution: Thefirst thingtodoistousethealgebraicpropertiesof logfunctionstotrytosimplify
thisequation.
log
2
3 log
2
x log
2
5 log
2
x 2
log
2
3x log
2
5x 2 nowraisebothsidestothepower 2.
3x 5x 2 5x 10
2x 10
x 5
Example 5: Solvelogx logx 1 log4x.
Solution: HereasinExample4, wefirst simplifythisequationbyusingsomeof thelogarithms
properties.
logx logx 1 log4x
logxx 1 log4x
xx 1 4x
x
2
5x 0
xx 5 0
Thesolutionstothislast equationarex 0andx 5. However, weneedtobesurethat theyare
solutionstotheoriginal logarithmicequation. Thereisnoproblemwiththesolutionx 5, but x 0is
not avalidsolutionasthetermlog0isnot defined.
Hencetheonlysolutiontotheequationlogx logx 1 log4x isx 5.
: Pre-Calculus
Exercises for Chapter 6A - Exponential and Logarithmic
Equations
For problems1-16, Solvetheequationfor x.
1. 3
x
14
2. 5e
x
22
3. 710
3x1
5
4. 2e
3x5
7
5.
15
1 e
2x1
4
6. 2001.02
3t
1000
7. x
2
e
x
5xe
x
6e
x
0
8. ln4x 5 0
9. 3 log
2
x 1 0
10. logx
2
3x 1
11. log
3
2x 3 4
12. log
3
x log
3
x 6 3
13. 1 log3x 1 log2x 1
14. log
2
x
2
x 2 2
15. lnlnx 3
16. log3x 10 2 logx 2
: Pre-Calculus
Answers to Exercises for Chapter 6A - Exponential and
Logarithmic Equations
1.
3
x
14
x log
3
14
2. 402174
2.
5e
x
22
x ln
22
5
1. 481605
3.
10
3x1

5
7
3x 1 ln10 ln
5
7
3x 1
ln
5
7

ln10
3x
ln
5
7

ln10
1
x
1
3
ln
5
7

ln10
1
0. 284624
4.
2e
3x5
7
x
5
3

1
3
ln
7
2
2. 084254
5.
15
1 e
2x1
4
4 4e
2x1
15
e
2x1

11
4
2x 1 ln
11
4
x
1
2
ln
11
4
1
0.005800
6.
2001.02
3t
1000
t 27. 09132
7. Thegivenequationx
2
e
x
5xe
x
6e
x
0implesthat thefollowingequationisvalid.
: Pre-Calculus
(Dividebye
x
whichisnever 0.)
x
2
5x 6 0.
Therootsof thislast equationarex 6andx 1.
8.
ln4x 5 0
4x 5 1
x
3
2
9.
3 log
2
x 1 0
log
2
x 1 3
x 1 2
3
x 9
10.
logx
2
3x 1
x
2
3x 10
1
x
2
3x 10 0
Thislast equationhassolutionsx 5andx 2. Bothof whicharesolutionstothe
original equation.
11.
log
3
2x 3 4
2x 3 3
4
2x 78
x 39
12.
log
3
x log
3
x 6 3
log
3
xx 6 3
xx 6 3
3
x
2
6x 27 0
x 9x 3 0
Solutionstolast equationarex 9andx 3. However, x 9isnot asolutiontothe
original equationsinceit isnot inthedomain. Thus, x 3istheonlysolutiontothe
original equation.
13.
1 log3x 1 log2x 1
log
2x 1
3x 1
1
2x 1
3x 1
10
Thelast equationhasx
11
28
asasolution.
11
28
isalsoasolutiontotheoriginal equation.
: Pre-Calculus
14.
log
2
x
2
x 2 2
x
2
x 2 4
x
2
x 6 0
Solutionstothelast equationarex 3andx 2. Bothof themalsosolvetheoriginal
equation.
15.
lnlnx 3
lnx e
3
x e
e
3
16.
log3x 10 2 logx 2
log
3x 10
x 2
2
3x 10
x 2
100
Thesolutiontothelast equationisx
190
97
. However, it isnot asolutiontotheoriginal
equationsinceit isnot inthedomain.
: Pre-Calculus
: Pre-Calculus - Chapter 6B
Chapter 6B - Applications of Exponentials and Logarithms
Exponential Functions and Population Models
Therearemanyspeciesof plantsandanimalswhosepopulationsfollowanexponential growthlaw. We
will look at several examplesof suchbehavior inthissection.
A populationof somespeciessatisfiesanexponential growthlawif therearenumbersa and
k suchthat if Pt equalsthepopulationof thespeciesat t, then
Pt P0a
kt
,
whereP0 representsthepopulationat timet 0.
Note: inpracticetheseparatevaluesof a andk arenot important. What iscrucial isa
k
, for if weknow
thisnumber, thenwecancomputePt. Sincewecanwritea e
lna
everyexponential growthlawcan
alsobeexpressedintermsof thenatural exponential function. That is,
Pt P0a
kt
P0e
kt lna
.
Example 1: If Pt 6 5
2t
, thenPt satisfiesanexponential growthlaw. What isP0. Finda
valueof t suchthat Pt 150.
Solution: Tofindout what P0 equalsweset t 0intheexpressionfor Pt.
P0 6 5
0
6 1 6.
Thelast part of theexampleistofindavalueof t for whichPt 150.
150 Pt 6 5
2t
150
6
25 5
2t
25 5
2
t
25
t
asolutiontothisequationis
t 1
Example 2: Supposethat abacterial colonyonapetri dishdoublesitspopulationevery3hours.
Showthat thenumber of bacteriasatisfiesanexponential growthlaw.
Solution: Let Pt represent thenumber of bacteriapresent at timet inhours. Thestatement that
thenumber of bacteriadoublesevery3hourscanbewrittenasPt 3 2Pt. Theformulasbelow
areconstructedusingthisequation.
P3 2P0
P6 P3 3 2P3 22P0 2
2
P0
P9 P6 3 2P6 22
2
P0 2
3
P0 Doyouseearelationship
P12 P9 3 2P9 22
3
P0 2
4
P0 betweentheargument of P
P15 P12 3 2P12 22
4
P0 2
5
P0 andtheexponent of 2?
Thereisarelationshipbetweentheargument of Pt andtheexponent of 2. If t istheargument of P,
thentheexponent of 2ist/3. Weconjecturethefollowingformula.
Pt P02
t/3
.
: Pre-Calculus
Letsverifythat thisfunctionsatisfiestheconditionthat everythreehoursitssizedoubles:
Pt 3 P02
t3/3
P02
t/31
P02
t/3
2 2P02
t/3
2Pt
Thus, wehavefoundconstantsa andk suchthat Pt P0a
kt
, wherea 2andk 1/3. Hencethe
bacterial populationsatisfiesanexponential growthlaw.
Question: Whichof thefollowingfunctionssatisfyanexponential growthlaw? (Hint: morethan
oneof thesefunctionssatisfiesanexponential growthlaw.)
a) 2t
3
b)
2t
2
5
t 1
c) 2
t
d)
3
5
t
e) 1556
5t
Answer:
a) Thisfunctiondoesnot satisfyanexponential growthlaw.
b) Not anexponential growthlaw.
c) Thisisanexponential growthlaw. P0 1, a 2, andk 1.
d) Thisisanexponential growthlaw. P0 3, a 5, andk 1
e) Thisisanexponential growthlaw. P0 15, a 56, andk 5.
Question: Express5 4
kt
intermsof thenatural exponential function.
Answer:
5 4
kt
5 e
ln4
kt
5 e
1.39
kt
5 e
1.39kt
Example 3: Let Pt 35 2
3t
. What doP0, P1, andP3 equal ?
Solution: Toanswer thesequestionsweonlyneedtoevaluatethefunctionPt at thespecified
valuesof t.
P0 35 2
0
35
P1 35 2
1
70
P3 35 2
33
35 2
9
35 512 17, 920
: Pre-Calculus
Example 4: SupposePt satisfiesanexponential growthlaw. If
P2
P1
5, what must a
k
equal ?
If P0 6, determineP4.
Solution: SincePt P0a
kt
, weknowthat
P2
P1

P0a
2k
P0a
k
a
k
. Sincewearetoldthis
ratioequals5, wehavea
k
5. TocalculateP4 wehave
P4 P0a
4k
6a
k
4
65
4
3750
Example 5: A biologist countsthenumber of bacteriainapetri dishevery3hours. Thetablebelow
givesthedatashefound. Assumingthepopulationof thebacteriasatisfiesanexponential growthlaw,
usethedatatodeterminethepreciselaw. That isfinda, k, andP0. Hint: it isonlynecessayto
determinea
k
. Thevaluesof a andk bythemselvesarenot neededtocomputePt.
t 0 3 6 9 12
Pt 6.7 8.92 11.87 15.79 21.03
ThepopulationPt isinhundreds. Thus, 6.7represents670bacteria.
Solution: P0 canbereadright fromthetable. P0 6.7. Sinceweareassumingthat the
populationof thebacteriasatisfiesanexponential growthlawweareassumingthat
Pt 6.7a
kt
6.7a
k
t
. If welook at theratiosof thetabulateddatawehavethefollowing.
8.92
6.7

P3
P0

6.7a
k
3
6.7
a
k
3
Thus, weshouldhavea
k
8.92
6.7
1. 3313433, or a
k
1. 3313433
1/3
1. 1000946. Letslook
at someof theother ratios.
a
k
P6
P3

11.87
8.92
1. 3307175
a
k
1. 3307175
1/3
1. 0999222
Thisisprettygoodagreement withthefirst estimateof a
k
. For onelast comparisonletslook at the
ratioof
P12
P3
.
21.03
8.92

P12
P3

a
k
12
a
k
3
a
k
9
: Pre-Calculus
Thus, weshouldhavea
k

21.03
8.92
1/9
1. 0999832. Still inverygoodagreement withour first
twocalculations. Thus, toonedecimal placeweestimatethat a
k
1.1.
Question: If weusetheratios
P9
P3
, what wouldweget for anestimateof a
k
?
Answer:
P9
P3

P0a
k
9
P0a
k
3
a
k
6
. Fromthetablewehave
P9
P3

15.79
8.92
1. 7701794.
Thus,
a
k
1. 7701794
1/6
1. 099857
Example 6: A biologist decidesthat anepidemicspreadsthroughapopulationof acityaccording
tothefollowingmodel pt 1 e
0.34t
, wherept representsthat fractionof thecityspopulation
whichhascomedownwiththedisease, andt isinweeks. Howlongwill it takefor 90%of thecityto
becomeinfected?
Solution: Noticethat p0 0. That is, at thebeginningof theepidemicnooneinthecityhasthe
disease. Notetoo, that astimeprogressessalarger andlarger fractionof thecitybecomesinfected. In
fact thevalueof pt getscloser andcloser to1ast getslarger andlarger. Theequationweneedto
solveis
.9 1 e
0.3t
e
0.3t
1 0.9 0.1
0.3t ln0.1
t
ln0.1
0.3
7. 67528
It seemsthat thisisadiseasewhichspreadsveryrapidly. After 8weeksover 90%of thepopulationis
infected.
: Pre-Calculus
Exponential Functions and Radioactive Decay
Therearemanymaterial substanceswhichdecayradioactively. That is, theyspontaneouslychangeinto
adifferent material, andinthedecayprocessemit chargedparticles. Somenaturallyoccurringisotopes
whichdecayarecarbon14,
14
C, uranium234,
234
U, andmercury196,
196
Hg. Associatedwithany
radioactivesubstanceisaperiodof timecalleditshalf-life. Thehalf-life of asubstanceishowlongit
takesfor half of thesubstancetodecay.
Thus, if thehalf lifeof asubstanceis2years, andwestart out withonepoundof thematerial, thenafter
2yearswell have1/2poundleft, andafter 4yearswell have1/2of 1/2or 1/4of apoundleft, etc.
Thetablebelowlistssomeradioactiveelements, their chemical symbol, andtheir half-life.
Element carbon14 platinum192 radium226 tungston183 uranium235
Symbol
14
C
192
Pt
226
Ra
183
W
235
U
Half-life(years) 5.8 10
3
10
5
1,622 10
17
7.1 10
8
If anelement decaysradioactively, thentheamount of thiselement at anytimet satisfiesanexponential
growth/decaylaw. That is, if At denotestheamount of material at timet, then
At A0e
kt
.
Thedifferencebetweenexponential functionsusedtomodel interest earned, populationgrowth, and
radioactivedecayisthat, inthefirst two, theterme
k
islarger than1whileinadecaysituationthe
terme
k
islessthan1.
Example 1: Usingthefact that thehalf-lifeof carbon14is5800years, determinetheexponential
growth/decaylawwhich
14
C satisfies.
Solution: Let A0 denotetheamount of
14
C present at t 0. Let t
2
denotethehalf-life. Thenwe
haveAt
2

1
2
A0. UsingtheformulaAt A0e
kt
, wehave
1
2
A0 At
2
A0e
kt2
dividebyA0
1
2
e
kt2
takethenatural logof bothsides
ln2 t
2
k
k
ln2
t
2
So, for anelement withahalf lifeof t
2
years, itsexponential growthlawisAt A0e
t ln2/t2
.
Thus, sincet
2
5800for
14
C, thisradioactiveelement satisfiesthelawAt A0e
t ln2/5800
.
Question: If thehalf lifeof asubstanceis5years, howmanyyearswill it takefor 2poundsof this
substancetodecayto
1
8
of apound? Hint: youdonot needtodeterminetheexponential decaylaw.
Answer: 20yearsiscorrect. After 5years, 1poundisleft. After 10years, 1/2poundisleft. After
15years, 1/4poundisleft. After 20years, 1/8poundleft.
: Pre-Calculus
Example 2: Thehalf lifeof uranium235is7.1 10
8
years. If westart out with1.5kilogramsof
235
U in1999, howmuchuraniumwill beleft after 10,000years?
Solution: Wesawontheprecedingpagethat theexponential growth/decaylawis
At A0e
t ln2/t2
,
wheret
2
isthehalf-life. Thus, for 1.5kilogramof
235
U wehave
At 1.5e
t ln2/7.110
8
.
Soafter 10,000yearswewill have
A10,000 1.5e
10000ln2/7.110
8
1. 499 kilograms.
Not much
235
U hasdecayedafter 10,000years.
Example 3: Supposearadioactivesubstancesatisfiestheexponential growth/decaylaw
At A04
t
, wheret isincenturies. What isthehalf-lifeof thissubstance?
Solution: Wewant tofindthat valueof t for whichAt
1
2
A0. That is,
1
2
A0 A04
t
1
2
4
t
Tosolvethisequationwetakethenatural logof bothsides.
1
2
4
t
ln2 t ln4
t
ln2
ln4

ln2
2ln2

1
2
Thus, thehalf-lifeof thissubstanceequals
1
2
centuryor 50years.
Example 4: A physicist compilesthefollowingtableof datafor thedecayof aradioactivematerial.
Assumingthematerial satisfiesanexponential decaylaw, findanexponential functionwhichmodels
thedata.
timeinmonths amount of material inounces
4 15. 3726
8 14. 7699
12 14. 1907
Solution: Thefunctionweusetomodel thisdatahastheformft ca
kt
, wherec, a, andk are
constantstobedetermined. However, wecanessentiallyignorewhat thebaseis, becausewe
nowrealizethat wecanusethenatural exponential functiontomodel anyformof exponential growth.
That is, welook for afunctionof theformft ce
kt
, wherec andk havetobedetermined. Thefirst
tworowsintheabovetableleadtothefollowingequations
15.3726 ce
4k
14.7699 ce
8k
.
: Pre-Calculus
Takingthenatural logof bothsidesof eachequationwehave
ln15.3726 lnc 4k
ln14.7699 lnc 8k
Subtractingthesecondequationfromthefirst weget
ln15.5726 ln14.7699 lnc 4k lnc 8k
ln
15.3726
14.7699
4k
k
ln
15.3726
14.7699
4
k 9. 99884 10
3
Wenowtakethisvaluefor k andsubstituteintothefirst equationandthensolvefor c.
ln15.3726 lnc 49. 99884 10
3
lnc ln15.3726 49. 99884 10

3
lnc 2. 77258 nowexponentiatebothsides

c e
2.77258
15. 9999
Thus, theexponential functionwhichmodelsthegivendataequals
ft 16e
0.001t
,
wherewehaveroundedoff thevaluesof c andk.
Remember that t hasunitsof monthsandft hasunitsof ounces.
Example 5: What isthehalf-lifeof thismaterial.
Solution: Wearelookingfor avalueof t for whichft
1
2
f0. Thisleadstotheequation.
16e
0.001t
ft
1
2
f0
1
2
16 8
e
0.001t
8
16

1
2
takethenatural logof bothsides
0.001t ln0.5
t
ln0.5
0.001
693. 147
Thus, thehalf-lifeof thismaterial isapproximately693monthsor alittlelessthan58years.
: Pre-Calculus
Exercises for Chapter 6B - Applications of Exponentials
and Logarithms
1. A certainstrainof bacteriasatisfiestheexponential growthlawPt 15 4
t
, wheret isin
hours. Calculatethenumber of bacteriaat 1hour intervalsfor thefirst 6hours.
2. A chemist andabiologist want totest if acertainchemical iseffectiveincontrollinga
particular bacteria. A specificcolonyof thisbacteriasatisfiestheexponential growthlaw
Pt 1004.5
t
, wheret isinhours. At timet 0thetwoscientistsexposethecolonyto
thechemical whichtheyhopewill control thebacteria. Thebiologist, at hourlyintervals,
countsthenumber of bacteria. Her dataistabulatedbelow. Doyouthink thechemical was
effectiveincontrollingthebacteria?
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
count 102 300 990 2150 4080 8450 16,375
3. Ananthropologist whilestudyingaEuropeanregionisabletodeterminethepopulationof
thisregionat varioustimes. Insodoinghebelievesthat thisthepopulationof thisregion
satisfiestheexponential growthlawPt 500e
0.002t
, wheret 0correspondsto2500BC.
What doesthismodel predict thepopulationof theregionwill beintheyear 2000?
4. Let pt 200e
kt
represent thenumber of bacteriainapetri dishafter t days. Supposethe
number of bacteriadoublesevery5days. What must k equal ?
5. A epidemiologist whilestudyingtheprogessionof afluepidemicdecidesthat thefunction
pt
3
4
1 e
kt
, k 0, will beagoodmodel for thefractionof theearthspopulation
whichwill contract theflu. t isinmonths. If after 2months
1
1000
of theearthspopulation
hastheflu, what isthewhat isthevalueof k?
6. Thehalf-lifeof tungstonis10
17
years. Howlongwill it takefor 10gramsof tungstonto
decayto5grams, and2.5grams?
7. Thehalf-lifeof tungstonis10
17
years. If thereiscurrentlyatotal of 10
10
poundsof
tungston, howmuchtungstonwill beleft 50,000yearsfromnow?
8. After 5years10poundsof aradioactivematerial hasdecayedto2.5pounds. What isthe
half-lifeof thisradioactivematerial ?
9. Referingtothematerial inthepreviousproblem, howmuchof theoriginal 10poundswill
beleft after 50years?
10. If aradiactivematerial satisfiesthedecaylawAt 15
1
2
4t
, what isthehalf-lifeof this
material, andhowmuchwill beleft in200years?
: Pre-Calculus
11. Radium226hasahalf-lifeof 1,622years. Radiumismainlyusedfor medical treatments.
Supposeamedical center buys1/4poundof
226
Ra for $5000. What isthedollar valueof the
radiumafter 100years?
12. If fx 16e
3x
, findx suchthat fx 8. If fx representedaradioactivematerial, thenthe
valueof x weareseekingwouldbecalledthehalf-lifeof thematerial.
13. Findthevalueof k suchthat if ft ce
kt
representstheamount of radioactivematerial of a
substanceafter t years, thenthissubstancehasahalf-lifeof 1500years.
14. Thenumber of bacteriapresent inacultureNt at timet hoursisgivenby30002
t
.
a) What istheinitial population? b) Howmanybacteriaarepresent in24hours?
c) Howlongwill it takethepopulationtotripleinsize?
15. Themassmt remainingafter t daysfroma40 g sampleof thorium-234isgivenby
mt 40e
0.0277t
.
a) Howmuchof thesampleremainsafter 60days?
b) After howlongwill only10g of thesampleremain?
: Pre-Calculus
Answers to Exercises for Chapter 6B - Applications of
Exponentials and Logarithms
1. P1 60P2 240P3 960P4 3840P5 15360P6 61440. Thus, after 1
hour thereare60bacteria. After 2hoursthereare240bacteria. After 3hoursthereare960
bacteria. After 4hoursthereare3840bacteria. After 5hoursthereare15360bacteria.
After 6hoursthereare61440bacteria.
2. Beforeansweringthequestionastotheefficacyof thechemical, weshouldseewhat the
exponential model predicts. P0 100, P1 450.0, P2 2025.0, P3 9112. 5,
P4 41006. 25, P5 184528. 13. After comparingthesenumberstotheactual
numbers, wecertainlyfeel that thechemcal hasinhibitedthegrowthof thebacteria.
However, it doesappear that thebacterial colonyisstill experiencingexponential growth,
althoughat areducedrate. It appearstodoubleinsizeeveryhour insteadof everyhalf-hour.
Sotheconclusionthescientistsshoulddrawisthat thechemical slowsdownthegrowthof
thecolony, but thebacteriastill growexponentially.
3. Theyear 2000correspondstot 4500. Themodel predictsthat thepopulationof theregion
will be
P4500 4,051,542.
4. Wearetofindk suchthat p5 2p0. Theequationwhichthisleadtois
p5 200e
5k
2p0
2 200
e
5k
2
5k ln2
k
ln2
5
0. 138629
5. Thedatap2
1
1000
meansthat
3
4
1 e
2k

1
1000
1 e
2k
4
3000
e
2k
2996
3000
2k ln
2996
3000
k
1
2
ln
2996
3000
6. 671 10
4
6. It will take10
17
yearsfor the10gramstodecayto5grams, andit will takeanother 10
17
yearsor atotal of 2 10
17
yearsfor it todecayto2.5grams.
: Pre-Calculus
7. If At representstheamount of tungstont yearsfromnow, thenweknowthat
At 10
10 1
2
t/10
17
Thus, 50,000yearsfromnowtherewill be
A50,000 10
10 1
2
50000/10
17
10
10
0. 999999999999653
9,999,999,999. 99653pounds.
8. Theamount of material hasdecayedto1/4of theoriginal amount. Sothismeans2half-lives
havepassed. Thus, 2t
h
5or
t
h

5
2
2.5years.
9. At 10
1
2
t/t
h
. Thus,
A50 10
1
2
50/2.5
10
1
2
20.0
9. 54 10
6
pounds.
10. FromAt 15
1
2
4t
havethat
t
t
h
4t .
Solvingfor t
h
, weget
t
h

1
4
.
After 200years
A200 15
1
2
800
2. 3 10
240
poundswill beleft.
11. Thevalueof theradiumis$20,000per pound, since1/4poundcost $5,000. Todetermine
thedollar valueof theradiumafter 100yearsweneedtofirst computehowmuchradium
will beleft after 100years.
A100 1/4
1
2
100/1622
. 239542pounds.
Thus, thedollar valueof theradiumwill be
20000. 239542 $4790. 84
: Pre-Calculus
12. Fromfx 16e
3x
, weget theequation
8 16e
3x
divideby16
e
3x
1
2
takelogs
3x ln1/2
x
ln2
3
0. 231049
13. Wewant tofindavalueof k suchthat f1500
1
2
f0. Thisleadstotheequations
ce
1500k
1
2
c
e
1500k
1
2
1500k ln1/2 ln2
k
ln2
1500
4. 62098 10
4
14.
a. 3000
b. N24 30002
24
5. 033165 10
10
c. Theequationweneedtosolveis
3 3000 Nt 30002
t
or
2
t
3
t ln2 ln3
t
ln3
ln2
1. 584963hours
15.
a. m60 7. 590grams
b. Weneedtosolvetheequation
10 mt
Thisleadstotheequation
10 40e
0.0277t
e
0.0277t
4
0.0277t ln4
t
ln4
0.0277
50. 04672days
: Pre-Calculus

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: Pre-Calculus - Chapter 6A

Chapter 6A - Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

lnc ln15.3726 49. 99884 10

lnc 2. 77258 nowexponentiatebothsides

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