1

Construction

Grab for
cohesionless soil

Hydrofraise for very cohesive

soils
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 Construction

• Vibratory hammer
• Hammer
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Similar method of design
• Definition of the dimension
• Embedment
• Type of sheetpile or thickness of the slurry wall

• Design of the anchor system if required

• Number
• Length
• Kind

• Global stability analysis

• Analysis of hydraulic flow under the wall 4

• Rigid plastic method

• Elastic plastic method

Modulus of subgrade reaction method

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• Bidimensional analysis

• Rigid plastic behavior

• Stresses normal to the wall (Rankine theory)

• Strains in the wall remain small

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 Deflection y

« Rotation O
point »

Active earth Passive earth

pressure pressure 7
 Maximum active earth
pressure
z
Maximum H
passive earth
pressure
A
f0
FC D
0.2f0
O
Max counter passive Max counter active Resulting
earth pressure earth pressure diagram of
earth pressure

Simplified model Final model

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• Hypotheses
• Rotation around O
• Balance equations of the system (unknown : f0, Fc)

Active pressure : a ( z ) = K a .γz

Passive pressure : b( z ) = − K p .γ ( z − H )
K pH Ka H
For point A : a ( z ) + b( z ) = 0 ⇒ z A = ⇒ D = 1.2 f 0 +
K p − Ka K p − Ka

∑F = 0
r r

∑ M /o = 0
r r

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• Hypotheses
T
Point B : 0 ≤ y ( B ) ≤
k d
T B
Point O : end restraint H

y (O ) = 0
A
y′(O) = 0 D
FC
Unknowns : T , f0 , Fc O

we state : y ( B ) = 0

∑F = 0
r r

∑ M /o = 0
r r
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• Solvation of the problem

Iterative method

Blum method (equivalent beam)

Hyp : M f ( A) = 0
y′(O) = 0 rejected

B
T

R A
A R
FC
O
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• In case of several rows of anchors

displacements restrained

plastic equilibrium is no more correct

Elastic plastic method

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z≤H
σ H′ (z )

p i = K 0 .σ v′ ( z ) p p = K p .σ v′ ( z )

pi : at rest pressure
p a = K a .σ v′ ( z )

y ya yp

• Elastic domain : ya ≤ y ≤ y p
p ( y ) = pi + K h ( y ). y Kh : subgrade reaction modulus

• Plastic domain :

y ≤ ya p ( y ) = pa ya ≈ 0.0005 H
y ≥ yp p( y) = p p y p ≈ 0.005H 13
 p out
z≥H
p p out
K h out
p a out
y
p a in
p p in K h in

p in

p = pout − pin

pp out − pa in 1 : K h in
3
y 2 2: K h in + K h out
p a out − p p in 1
3 : K h out

5 linear portions 14
 d2y
EI 2 = − M Bending moment for beam theory
dz
∂M ∂2M
T =− ⇒ dT = pdz = − 2 dz Shear force
∂z ∂z
d4y
EI 4 = p ( y, z ) with p( y, z ) = pi ( z ) + K h ( y, z ). y
dz

solvation with numerical technics

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 loading stage
Assumption : p

M moves to M’ to an « elastic » state new state
M’ K p ∆σ v

K 0∆σ v
∆σ v Case 1 :
K a∆σ v M : initial state

new state
M’
Case 2 :

K 0∆σ v
M : initial state

K 0 ∆σ v
new state
M’
Case 3 : K 0∆σ v
M : initial state
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 unloading stage
Assumption : p

M does not change K p ∆σ v

Case 1 :
K a∆σ v
M =M’
Soil y
∆σ v
removed

Case 2 :
M=M’

K 0 ∆σ v M
Case 3 :
M’ exception !!!

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 Displacements y(z)

Anchor

Assumption for reaction Reality : arching between anchor and

modulus method foundation
Assumptions :
• No shear component on the wall
• Soil : independent layers
Correct estimate of pressure on the wall
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Bad estimate of wall displacements
• From pressumeter tests

industrial software
• Correlations with site experiments

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