Li ni u

Trong nhng nm gn y cc ngnh khoa hc

c bn v cng ngh c nhng tin b v!t b"c#
$h%y&n ngnh thit b' ()t nghim !c th*a h+ng nh,
ng tin b cho -h)- cc kt .% ()t nghim c
tin c"y cao/ gi thnh h0/ th1i gian th2c hin ng3n#
T%y nhi&n i4% ny 50i g3n v6i m7c -h7c t0- c
t8ch h!- cao c9a thit b' ()t nghim#:ic v"n hnh
bo ;<ng/ =>a cha thit b' ?i h@i -hi c hiA% bit
=% v4 ng%y&n 5B 5m vic v cC% t0o c9a thit b'#
Dy ()t nghim =inh ho hin !c ;Eng rCt -hF bin
trong tCt c cc vin v -h?ng khm/ 5 thit b' khng
thA thi% trong c"n 5m =ng# Gio trHnh ny ngoi
mIc 8ch c%ng cC- cc kin th7c tr&n c?n h6ng ;Jn
cc th9 tIc v"n hnh/ bo ;<ng c bn cho my ()t
nghim =inh ho#
Ti 5i% ny !c vit ;nh cho hc =inh h ;i
h0n c9a tr1ng KL Th%"t Thit M' N t/ ngoi ra c?n 5
ti 5i% tham kho cho Oi t!ng 5 cc KL th%"t vi&n
=>a cha thit b' ()t nghim#
Trong .% trHnh bi&n =o0n ti 5i% ch3c ch3n c?n
c thi% =t# PCt mong nh"n !c =2 g- B (y ;2ng
c9a cc thy c/ cc ch%y&n gia/ cc b0n Qng nghi-
v cc Rm hc =inh#
S
Di B kin ng g- (in g>i v4 Man Thit M' T)t
Ughim N T V Tr1ng KL Th%"t Thit M' N t ,WXYZ [,
ng \Hnh $9a , \Ong \a V ] Ui
Tin trn trng cm n^
Tc gi
Nguyn Hu
T
W
Mc lc
Mi W_# .%ang -hF k################################################_
`hn W#########################################################################_
$ =+ 5B th%yt ch%ng v4 my ()t nghim =inh ho# _
1. C s vt l ca my xt nghim sinh ho..2
W#W# Dt =O khi nim .%ang hc c bn##############_
W#_# Dt =O ;Ing cI .%ang hc c bn#################a
W#b# \'nh 5%"t o m%#########################################WS
W#c# $ =+ .%ang in c9a -hng -h- o m%#
############################################################################Wa
2. Tnh nng tc dng ca my xt nghim
sinh ho.....................................................2!
_#W# Gi6i thi% v4 ()t nghim =inh ho###############_b
_#_# Dt =O thng =O trong my ()t nghim =inh
ho#######################################################################_a
_#b# $ =+ ho =inh ;Eng trong my =inh ho#######b_
!. "y xt nghim sinh ho.........................!#
b#W# d Q v ng%y&n 5B ho0t ng c9a my =inh
ho#######################################################################be
b#_# $c -hng -h- o trong ()t nghim =inh
ho#######################################################################cS
$%ng gi &i'n th(c )h*n 1............................+2
`hn _#######################################################################ce
Gi6i thi% my =inh ho thng ;Ing###########################ce
Dy f%ang k e__####################################################ce
1. T,ng -.an v/ my -.ang &' 022............+0
W#W# Gi6i thi% ch%ng############################################ce
W#_# \gc t8nh kL th%"t#########################################ce
W#b# $C% trhc mgt my#########################################cY
2. 1g.y2n l l3m vic.................................+4
_#W# d Q khOi###################################################cZ
_#_# Ug%y&n 5B 5m vic#######################################aS
!. 5n h3nh...............................................61
b#W# `ha/ 9 ho chCt v cch o mJ%##################aW
b#_# Thao tc v"n hnh my .%ang k e__##########i_
+. 78o d9ng.................................................#!
c#W# Mo ;<ng th1ng (%y&n###################################ib
_
c#_# Mo ;<ng 'nh kj#########################################ic
6. ":t s; h h<ng th=ng g>) v3 cch &h?c
)hc..........................................................#6
$%ng gi &i'n th(c )h*n 2............................#@
T3i li. tham &h8o.....................................02
b
Bi 12. quang ph !"
#hn 1
$% &' l( )huy") chung *+ ,y -.) nghi/, &inh
h0
W# $ =+ v"t 5B c9a my ()t nghim =inh ho
1.1. M1) &2 !hi ni/, quang h3c c% 4n
1.1.1. nh sng An s?c
Dki nh =ng 7ng v6i mt gi tr' (c 'nh c9a b6c
=ng trong chn khng c mt =3c m% ri&ng bit
gi 5 nh =ng n =3c
c

E
t
Mc )i5u
1. Trnh by c cc c s vt l ca my sinh ho v
qan! h"c# i$n h"c.
%. Trnh by c cc th&n! s' th(n! o tron! my
sinh ho# c s ho sinh ) o c cc th&n! s' ny.
*. +, c s - n!y.n l ca my sinh ho# /h0n
t1ch c ho2t 3n! ca s -.
4. Trnh by c cc /hn! /h/ o tron! my sinh
ho.
5. +, c s - 6h'i v /h0n t1ch c n!y.n l ho2t
3n! ca my qan! 67 8%%.
9. Trnh by c cch /ha v m3t s' lo2i ho ch:t
th&n! ;<n! v cch o tr.n my qan! 67 8%%.
8. Trnh by c qy trnh b=o ;>n! my qan! 67
8%%.
?. Trnh by c m3t s' l@i th(n! !A/ 6hi sB ;<n!

Cnh 1.1. D2n! sEn! ca nh sn! n sFc
:)ct nng 5!ng E c9a =ng nh =ng 5 mt
v)ct c -hng v%ng gc v6i -hng tr%y4n =ng/ c
v"n tOc tr%y4n cl b#WS
Y
mX=#
`hng trHnh =ng nh =ng n =3c c ;0ngm

+ =

t
T
A x
t
0
2
cos

Trong m
(
t
m 5 gi tr' bi&n t0i th1i iAm t/ nm 5 bi&n
c2c 0i
T
S
m 5 ch% kj =ng
m 5 -ha
m 5 b6c =ng c9a nh =ng/ lcXo#
1.1.2. nh sng tB?ng
Uh bc hc URpton 5m mt th8 nghim nh
=a%m
qng ;n mt t1 giCy tr3ng 5&n mt ra kim 5o0i
tr?n v chia hHnh tr?n thnh nhi4% hHnh .%0t
nh@/ =a% ng 5n 5!t t m% thRo th7 t2 @/ cam/
vng/ 5Ic/ 5am/ chm/ t8m 5&n cc hHnh .%0t nh
hHnh W#_# $ho ra .%ay .%anh trIc s/ ban % .%ay
a
ch"m thH c?n thCy e m%/ khi .%anh tOc .%ay 9
56n/ ;o hin t!ng 5% nh c9a m3t 5&n cm gic c by
m% ho trn vo nha% v 5hc m3t cht cm gic
!c m% tr3ng#
T* / ng rht ra kt 5%"nm Gnh sn! trFn! l
h@n h/ ca nhi nh sn! n sFc# cE m bi7n
thi.n li.n t<c tH m I 7n m t1m.J
]Hnh W#b biA% ;iun -hF in t* tr1ng c9a vEng
.%ang hc# vi nh =ng m m3t th1ng nhHn thCy ,
!c wvEng kh kinx trong vEng c b6c =ng (C- (t
S/cS/em# Ta thCy cc ;i m% ch8nh trong vEng kh
kin t* nh =ng m% t8m t6i nh =ng m% @# :Eng
tia t> ngo0i bao gQm cc b6c =ng t* S/WS/cm v
vEng tia hQng ngo0i bao gQm cc b6c =ng trong
khong S/eWSSSm#
i
\@
$a
m
:ng
Cnh 1.%. K& /hIn! th1 n!hi$m tLn! h/ nh sn!
trFn!
[Ic
[am
$h
m
T8m
Cnh 1.*. MhL i$n tH tr(n! ca vNn! qan! h"c
:Eng nh =ng e m% 5 vEng kh kin/ c b6c
=ng bin thi&n t* bZS nm n eeS nm# Trong th2c
t/ cc ng%Qn =ng tr3ng khng cht c b6c =ng nym
trong vEng ny m c?n 5an =ang c vEng hQng ngo0i v
t> ngo0i# $c nh =ng n =3c c b6c =ng 5n c"n
nha% thH gn nh c cEng mt m% v8 ;Im
:Eng m% @ m li__eeSnm
:Eng m% ;a camm laZei__nm
:Eng m% vng m laeeaZenm
:Eng m% 5Ic m lcZ_aeenm
:Eng m% 5am chm m lcaacZ_nm
:Eng m% t8m m lbZScaanm
1.1.!. Chi nim -.ang )h,
Khi -hn t8ch mt ng%Qn =ng ra thnh cc nh
=ng n =3c gi 5 .%ang -hF# $ b 5o0i .%ang
e
-hFm f%ang -hF 5i&n tIc/ .%ang -hF v0ch -ht (0 v
.%ang -hF v0ch hC- thI#
f%ang -hF ti&n tIc 5 .%ang -hF gQm nhi4% ;i
=ng/ m% =3c khc nha%/ nOi ti- nha% mt cch 5i&n
tIc# :8 ;I nh =ng mgt tr1i/ bng zn ;y tc nng
-ht ra nh =ng### f%ang -hF 5i&n tIc ;o cc chCt
r3n/ 5@ng v kh8 c t{ khOi 56n -ht ra khi b' n%ng
nng#
f%ang -hF v0ch -ht (0 5 .%ang -hF gQm cc
v0ch m% ri&ng 5|/ ngn cch nha% byng nhng khong
tOi# Ug%Qn -ht .%ang -hF v0ch 5 cc chCt kh8/ hay
hi c t{ khOi nh@ -ht ra khi nng =ng# f%ang -hF
v0ch ;o cc ng%y&n tO khc nha% 5 khc nha% v4 c
m% =3c 5Jn =O 5!ng v0ch# :8 ;I/ hi natri b' Ot
nng =} cho .%ang -hF 5 _ v0ch m% vng/ .%ang
-hF c9a hi hir cho c v0ch 5 @/ 5am/ chm/
t8m###
f%ang -hF 5i&n tIc/ thi% v0ch m% ;o b' chCt
kh8 hay hi hC- thI/ !c gi 5 .%ang -hF hC- thI
c9a kh8 hay hi #
:ic 7ng ;Ing .%ang -hF 5i&n tIc trong ()t
nghim 5 rCt cn thit/ ng%Qn =ng ;Eng trong
-hi c ;i -hF rng A c thA 5c ra !c cc b6c
=ng cn thit trong c b mi4nm t> ngo0i/ vEng kh
kin v vEng hQng ngo0i#
Y
f%ang -hF v0ch !c 7ng ;Ing trong cc my o
Ot .%ang trong ()t nghim A (c 'nh 'nh
t8nh c9a mt =O chCt trong ;%ng ;'ch# T%y nhi&n/
hin ny -hng -h- ny khng c?n !c ;Eng vH
-h7c t0- v kt .% khng 'nh 5!ng#
1.2. M1) &2 6ng c quang h3c c% 4n
`hn ny gi6i thi% mt =O ;Ing cI .%ang hc c
bn c 7ng ;Ing trong cc my ()t nghim =inh ho
hin nay# \A hiA% th&m v4 cC% t0o chi tit c9a t*ng
;Ing cI v cc 5B th%yt 5i&n .%an/ b0n c tham
kho trong cc ti 5i% ch%y&n mn v4 .%ang hc#
1.2.1. Dng
Gng 5 ;Ing cI .%ang hc -hn (0 hon ton
khi c nh =ng chi% t6i# Gng chia 5m b 5o0im gng
-h~ng/ gng c% 5Qi/ gng c% 5m# Trong my =inh
ho/ th1ng ;Eng gng c% 5m A t"- tr%ng !c c1ng
nh =ng/ t0o thnh chEm =ng =ong =ong#
$C% t0o c9a gng th1ng gQm b 56-m
, [6- tr&n cEng 5 th%{ tinh trong =%Ot A nh =ng
i .%a# Ugoi ra n c?n c tc ;Ing t0o b4 mgt
-h~ng A -h9 56- -hn (0#
, [6- + gia !c -h9 5&n 56- th%{ tinh c tc ;Ing
-hn (0 nh =ng/ 56- ny th1ng 5 b0c hogc
nhm#
Z
, [6- c%Oi cEng th1ng 5 56- =n bo v cho 56-
-hn (0#
1.2.2. ThE. &nh
ThC% k8nh 5 mt mi tr1ng trong =%Ot gi6i h0n b+i
hai mgt c% hogc mt mgt -h~ng/ mt mgt c%#
U% thC% k8nh c hi tI vS ta c thC% k8nh
hi tI/ vS ta c thC% k8nh -hn kj# Trong my ()t
nghim/ ng1i ta cht => ;Ing thC% k8nh hi tI A t"-
WS
[6- k8nh
trong
=%Ot
[6- -hn
(0
[6- bo
v
Cnh 1.4. O: t2o ca ! n!
Cnh 1.5. Cnh ;2n! m3t s' lo2i th:
61nh
tr%ng nh =ng hogc t0o chEm =ng =ong =ong# $hEm
=ng t6i =ong =ong =} hi tI t0i ti&% iAm c9a thC%
k8nh hogc chEm =ng t6i t0i ti&% iAm =} t0o chEm
=ng =ong =ong#
1.2.!. $ng &nh
Ugy nay/ 5ng k8nh khng !c => ;Ing -hF
bin trong cc my o m% v .%ang -hF k nhng
v4 mgt 5'ch => 50i c B nghra v cEng .%an trng#
[ng k8nh tch nh =ng tr3ng thnh nh =ng n
=3c ;o gc khhc (0 c9a cc b6c =ng khi i .%a 5ng
k8nh 5 khng giOng nha%/ n&n % ra c9a 5ng k8nh
=} 5 -hF 5i&n tIc c9a nh =ng tr3ng nh hHnh W#i#
WW
Cnh 1.9. PQ t/ trn! nh sn! ca th:
61nh h3i t<
Cnh 1.8. PQ tn sFc ca nh sn! trFn!
qa lRn! 61nh
\ rng c9a ;i .%ang -hF th% !c .%a 5ng
k8nh -hI th%c ch9 y% vo nng 5!ng kh%ch tn/
bn chCt c9a 5ng k8nh v gc + tnh 5ng k8nh#
[ng k8nh => ;Ing trong cc my o m% !c 5m t*
th%{ tinh v c thA cho nh =ng n =3c c b6c
=ng nym trong ;i baS , YSSnm# U% -h)- o y&%
c% th2c hin trong vEng c2c t8m thH => ;Ing 5ng
k8nh th0ch anh vH th0ch anh c =2 hC- thI b7c (0
y% trong vEng ny n&n c1ng chEm =ng tOt hn#
1.2.+. 7: lFc DGlatin
M 5c 5o0i ny c gi thnh thC-/ c thA t0o ra
hogc tr%y4n ;i b7c (0 rng

_Snm# $C% trhc c9a

k8nh 5c giOng nh mt chic bnh =an;pich/ k-
gia hai tCm k8nh m@ng 5 mt 56- m@ng gR5atin
nh%m m% =3c mong m%On# ]0n ch c9a cc b 5c
gR5atin 5m
W# $hhng c ;i thng rng 5 ng%y&n nhn gy ra
=2 khng t%yn t8nh cho cc 1ng ch%n
_# M 5c ny hC- thI gn bS,cS b7c (0 t6i/ vH th
5m gim nng 5!ng nh =ng i vo b -ht hin
.%ang#
W_
T%y nhi&n/ cc b k8nh 5c ny 50i th8ch h!- v6i
h% ht cc 7ng ;Ing thng th1ng# \A m bo tCt
c cc b6c =ng nym trong ;i .%ang -hF nhHn thCy
!c/ c thA gh)- nhi4% k8nh 5c GR5atin khc nha%#
1.2.6. Cnh lFc giao thoa
d> ;Ing cc k8nh 5c giao thoa =} cho ;i thng
h- gn WSnm/ b 5c 5o0i ny cht hC- thI gn WS
b7c (0 t6i .%a ton b ;i .%ang -hF vH th nh
=ng i t6i cm bin .%ang c c1ng cao hn# vo
v"y/ hin nay h% ht cc 5o0i my =inh ho 4% =>
;Ing 5o0i k8nh 5c ny#
$hhng !c thit k b+i nhi4% 56- k8nh !c gt
rCt gn nha% v khong cch gia cc 56- k8nh byng
WX_ ;i c9a b6c =ng m ta cn 5c ra# Ug%y&n 5B
5c m% c9a 5o0i k8nh ny nh =a%m Khi ta cho mt
chEm nh =ng tr3ng i .%a k8nh 5c/ cc tia =ng
i vo k8nh =} tn (0 b+i nhi4% 56- k8nh !c gt
cch nha% WX_ / nhng tia =ng no c b6c =ng
khng trEng v6i b6c =ng c9a k8nh 5c tng 7ng thH =}
b' trit ti&% v + % ra ta th% !c nh =ng c b6c
=ng tng 7ng#
Wb
1.2.#. Cch tH nhiI. xJ
$ch t> !c cC% t0o ;2a tr&n hin t!ng nhiu% (0#
Khi nh =ng i .%a mt khR h- =} (%Ct hin hin
t!ng nhiu% (0 nh =ng# :Eng nhiu% (0 =} cho -hF c9a
nh =ng chi% t6i#
Dt cch t> nhi4% (0 gQm mt =O 5!ng 56n cc rnh
=ong =ong cch 4% nha% !c kh3c gn nha% tr&n
cEng mt b4 mgt c bng cao nh th)-/ th%{ tinh
hogc th0ch anh# $ch t> nhiu% (0 iAn hHnh c
W_SS , _SSS v0chXmm/ m"t cng ;y thH
n =3c cng tOt#
Khi nh =ng tr3ng chi% 5&n cch t>/ cc b6c
=ng khc nha% =} b' chch thRo cc gc khc nha%
nh hHnh W#Z#
Wc
nh =ng t6i
D% nh =ng n =3c !c (c 'nh b+i
gc ny
Cnh 1.S. Oc mTc nhiU V2 tr.n cch tB /h=n V2
WX_
Cnh 1.?. O: t2o 61nh l"c
!iao thoa
U% chEm =ng kh%ch tn =a% !c hi tI 50i
tr&n mt khR h- thH c thA chn b6c =ng nh =ng
byng cch ;'ch ch%yAn khR h- # $ch t> 5o0i
ny !c gi 5 cch t> -hn (0 th1ng ;Eng A -hn
t8ch vEng t> ngo0i# Trong -hn t8ch nh =ng kh
kin th1ng => ;Ing cch t> tr%y4n c cC% trhc nh
hHnh W#WS#
Wa
Ug%Qn
=ng
ThC% k8nh hi
tI
KhR =ng
KhR =ng
$ch t> trong
=%Ot
Cnh 1.1W. O: trXc ca cch tB
tryn
1.2.0. C.vt
\!c ;Eng trong my ()t nghim A ;2ng mJ% khi
o/ vH v"y c%v)t -hi !c 5m v6i cc gc t8nhm
, $ho .%a tCt c cc b6c =ng ;Eng trong ()t
nghim
, $ b4 mgt .%ang hc m bo =ong =ong v
-h~ng t%yt Oi A trnh =2 -hn (0 c9a nh
=ng chi% t6i#
, `hi c b4n v4 ho hc/ khng b' cc ho
chCt 5m h@ng#
Trong th2c t c nhi4% 5o0i c%vRt -hI th%c vo
chCt 5i% ch t0o# $%v)t th1ng !c 5m t* th0ch anh/
th%{ tinh hogc nh2a trong/ c chi4% ;y .%ang hc
ch%n 5 W cm A m bo cc t8nh chCt tr&n#
1.7. 89nh lu:) 0 ,u.
`hng -h- o m% 5 mt trong nhng -hng
-h- -hn t8ch thnh -hn ;%ng ;'ch ;2a tr&n vic
=o =nh c1ng c1ng m% c9a ;%ng ;'ch nghi&n
c7% v6i c1ng c9a ;%ng ;'ch ch%n w;%ng ;'ch c
nQng bit tr6cx#
Ug1i ta ;Eng -hng -h- o m% ch9 y% 5 A
(c 'nh 5!ng nh@ cc c9a cc chCt c trong ;%ng
;'ch# `hn t8ch byng -hng -h- o m% tOn 8t
th1i gian hn =o v6i -hng -h- khc/ n cho kt .%
ch8nh (c m khng cn -hi tch ri&ng cc chCt cn
Wi
(c 'nh ra kh@i thnh -hn ;%ng ;'ch# `hng -h-
o m% !c th2c hin byng hai cch c bnm
`hng -h- o m% ch9 .%an w f%an =t byng
m3t x
`hng -h- o m% khch .%an w \o m%
.%ang inx
`hng -h- o m% ch9 .%an hin nay khng
c?n !c ;Eng ;o t8nh ch8nh (c cht mang t8nh chCt
tng Oi/ -hI th%c vo ng1i .%an =t# `hng -h-
o m% .%ang in cho kt .% ch8nh (c/ khch
.%an n&n !c 7ng ;Ing -hF bin trong ()t nghim#
1.!.1. KL hE) th nh sng ca d.ng dMch
U% ri mt chEm =ng c c1ng
S
vo mt
c%v)t 2ng mt ;%ng ;'ch no thH mt -hn
r
b' -hn (0 tr&n b4 mgt c9a c%v)t/ mt -hn khc
a
b' ;%ng ;'ch hC- thI/ -hn c?n 50i
t
i .%a c%v)t ra
ngoi/ gia cc 0i 5!ng c1ng nh =ng ny c cc
h th7c =a%m

S
l
r

t
wW,Wx
Tr&n th2c t/ trong mt 5o0i -hn t8ch ta cht =>
;Ing mt 5o0i c%v)t n&n c1ng nh =ng -hn (0
r
5 khng Fi# Dgt khc/ b4 mgt c%v)t !c 5m rCt
-h~ng v nh =ng chi% vo !c t"- tr%ng gn nh
v%ng gc v6i b4 mgt c%v)t n&n
r
5 rCt nh@# :H v"y
We
c thA b@ .%a thnh -hn -hn (0# Ta c h th7c
n gin hn nh =a%m

S
l
a

t
wW,_x
Myng cch o c1ng nh =ng t6i
S
v c1ng
nh =ng ra kh@i c%v)t
t
/ ta c thA tHm !c c1ng
nh =ng b' hC- thI
a
#
1.!.2. NMnh l.t 7o.g.GB O $amPGBt
v2a tr&n th2c nhim/ `# Mo%g%Rr v #[ambRrt
thit 5"- !c mOi 5i&n h gia nh =ng tr%y4n trong
mi tr1ng v6i bn chCt c9a mi tr1ng tr%y4n ;Jn# \'nh
5%"t Mo%g%Rr , [ambRrt -ht biA% nh =a%m
Uhng 56- chCt c chi4% ;y Qng nhCt/ trong
nhng i4% kin nh nha% 5%n hC- thI mt tt 5 nh
nha% c9a ;?ng =ng ri vo nhng 56- chCt #
\A gii th8ch i4% ny/ ta gi thit mt chEm
WY

S
Cnh 1.11. K& t= (n! tryn ca nh sn! qa cvYt
chTa ;n! ;Zch
=ng c c1ng WSS 5%(/ .%a 56- ;%ng ;'ch c chi4%
;y nhCt 'nh/ chEm =ng b' hC- thI mCt i aS
ban %# Uh v"y/ chEm =ng 5 ra =a% ;%ng ;'nh
cht c?n 50i aS 5%(# Ta ti- tIc cho chEm =ng i .%a
mt 56- ;%ng ;'ch cEng t8nh chCt v chi4% ;y nh 56-
;%ng ;'ch tr6c# da% khi .%a 56- th7 hai ny/ chEm =ng
50i b' hC- thI aS c1ng v ;o cht c?n 50i _a
5%(#
Gi => c mt 56- mi tr1ng c b4 ;y ( whHnh
W#WWx !c mt chEm =ng n =3c chi% t6i m c1ng
=ng tr6c khi vo mi tr1ng 5
S
/ =a% khi i .%a
mi tr1ng c1ng nh =ng 5
(
# Tr1ng h!- ny cc
y% tO -hn (0 v khhc (0 coi 5 v cEng nh@ v c
thA b@ .%a#
DOi .%an h gia c1ng nh =ng tr6c v =a%
khi i .%a mi tr1ng !c biA% ;iun b+i cng th7cm
x
x
e I I

= .
0 wW,bx
Trong

5 h =O hC- thI c9a mi tr1ng/ -hI

th%c vo bn chCt/ m"t mi tr1ng v vo b6c
WZ

(
(
Cnh 1.1%. PQ h:/ th< nh sn! ca m&i
tr (n!
=ng c9a nh =ng chi% t6i# vC% tr* cho bit c1ng
nh =ng .%a b4 ;y ( b' gim i#
MiA% th7c tr&n cng 5 biA% th7c biA% ;iun
'nh 5%"t Mo%g%Rr , [ambRrt cho bit .%i 5%"t gim
c1ng nh =ng =a% khi tr%y4n .%a mi tr1ng# Th,
1ng ng1i ta vit 'nh 5%"t Mo%g%Rr ;6i ;0ng =a%m
Kx
I I

= 10 .
0 wW,cx
Trong k 5 h =O t3t/ k l S/cb

# U%
10
1
0
=
I
I
thH
x
K
1
=
# :"y h =O t3t c gi tr' byng ngh'ch o b4
;y m v6i n c1ng nh =ng b' y% i WS 5n#
Ui khc i/ n% 5Cy chi4% ;y hC- thI byng 0i 5!ng
ngh'ch o c9a h =O t3t thH c1ng nh =ng =}
b' gim i WS 5n#
1.!.!. NMnh l.t 7o.g.GB Q $amPGBt O 7GGB
Khi nghi&n c7% =2 hC- thI nh =ng c9a ;%ng
;'ch/ MRRr thit 5"- !c mOi 5i&n h gia h =O
t3t K v6i nQng c9a chCt hC- thI nh =ng nh =a%m
K l

#$ wW,ax
Trong m
$m nQng chCt tan trong ;%ng ;'ch
m h =O khng -hI th%c vo nQng
\'nh 5%"t MRRr cEng tng t2 nh 'nh 5%"t
Mo%g%Rr V [ambRrt# Uhng n% 'nh 5%"t Mo%g%Rr V
[ambRrt kho =t =2 thay Fi hC- thI nh =ng
_S
v6i ;%ng ;'ch c nQng (c 'nh khi thay Fi
chi4% ;y c9a 56- ;%ng ;'ch hC- thI/ c?n 'nh 5%"t
MRRr 50i kho =t =2 thay Fi hC- thI nh =ng
c9a ;%ng ;'ch v6i =2 thay Fi nQng c9a mt 56-
;%ng ;'ch c chi4% ;y khng Fi# Kt h!- hai 'nh
5%"t ny/ ta c 'nh 5%"t Mo%g%Rr V [ambRrt V MRRrm
\ hC- thI c1ng nh =ng c9a mt 56- ;%ng
;'ch -hI th%c vo bn chCt/ nQng v b4 ;y c9a
56- ;%ng ;'ch c nh =ng ri .%a
:4 mgt ton hc/ 'nh 5%"t !c biA% ;iun byng
-hng trHnhm
L C
x
I I
. .
0
10 .

=
wW,ix
Trong m
$m 5 nQng chCt tan
[m chi4% ;y 56- ;%ng ;'ch
m h =O t3t khng Fi/ cht -hI th%c vo bn
chCt c9a chCt tan v b6c =ng c9a nh =ng ri vo
;%ng ;'ch#
Trong ()t nghim/ chhng ta th1ng => ;Ing mt
=O cc thng =O gin ti- t* 'nh 5%"t Mo%g%Rr V
[ambRrt V MRRr
T{ =O gia c1ng chEm =ng =a% khi .%a ;%ng
;'ch
(
v6i c1ng chEm =ng chi% t6i
S
!c gi
tr%y4n .%a/ kB hi% 5 T
_W
0
I
I
T
x
=
U% gt =a% c%vRt th7 nhCt mt c%vRt th7 hai
giOng c%v)t th7 nhCt v cng ch7a ;%ng ;'ch c
nQng nh v"y/ c1ng nh =ng
_
=a% khi i .%a
c%v)t th7 hai 5m
1 2
TI I =
hay 0
2
2
I T I =
Uh v"y/ nh =ng tr%y4n .%a cc c%vRt gt 5i&n
ti- nha% gim thRo cC- =O nhn# :6i 5B ;o ny c
thA biA% ;iun tr%y4n nh mt -h)- o 5ogarit#
`h)- o ny 5 3 h:/ th< [ hay gi 5 mt 3
qan! v hay s#v ws-tica5 vRn=ityxm

o
t
I
I
A log =
wW,ex
]ay
T
A
1
log =
w\'nh 5%"t Mo%g%Rr,[ambRrtx

aCL A =
w\'nh 5%"t Mo%g%Rr,
[ambRrt, MRRrx
1.;. $% &' quang i/n c<a ph%ng php 0 ,u
Tr&n th2c t/ trong cc my ()t nghim/ ng1i ta
khng thA t8nh ton tr2c ti- tr&n t8n hi% .%ang m
-hi t8nh tr&n t8n hi% in/ vH v"y cn -hi c
nhng 5inh kin ch%yAn Fi cc t8n hi% .%ang
thnh t8n hi% in v ;?ng in ;o 5inh kin ny
t0o ra -hi t{ 5 v6i c1ng nh =ng chi% t6i# $c
5inh kin ny gi 5 5inh kin .%ang in/ hin t!ng
__
bin Fi .%ang thnh in gi 5 hin t!ng .%ang
in# :H v"y -hng -h- -hn t8ch thnh -hn
;%ng ;'ch ;2a tr&n nhng 5inh kin ny c?n gi 5 -h,
ng -h- o m% .%ang in#
1.+.1. Ri. (ng -.ang Ain
Um WYYe/ nh bc hc ]R(Rr 5m th8 nghim v6i
tCm k}m t8ch in m/ v ng -ht hin ra ryng
chi% tia hQ .%ang thH tCm k}m =} b' b6t m i# Khi
thay byng tCm k}m t8ch in ;ng thH in t8ch
tr&n tCm k}m khng Fi# Uhng khi ch3n chEm tia hQ
.%ang byng mt tCm k8nh trong =%Ot c tc ;Ing hC-
thI cc tia t> ngo0i thH tCm k}m khng b' mCt in
t8ch m# $c th8 nghim v6i cc kim 5o0i khc cho kt
.% tng t2 ;Jn t6i kt 5%"nm Khi chi% mt chEm
=ng th8ch h!- vo mgt kim 5o0i thH 5m cho cc
R5Rctron + mgt kim 5o0i b' b"t ra# \ ch8nh 5 hi$n t\
n! qan! i$n#
\A kho =t chi tit hin t!ng .%ang in/ ng1i
ta 5m th8 nghim nh =a%m
Dt bng zn c chn khng cao w - =%Ct
khong WS
,i
mm]gx trong bng gt hai bn c2c kim
5o0im bn c2c ;ng anOt wnx v bn c2c m catOt wKx#
Mn c2c m 5m byng kim 5o0i cn nghi&m c7% hi%
7ng .%ang in# Ug%Qn in v in k !c m3c
_b
nh hHnh v}# Min tr+ P A i4% chtnh in -
ng%Qn gt vo hai bn c2c n/ K#
Cnh 1.1*. Th1 n!hi$m hi$n tn! qan! i$n
$ho nh =ng t> ngo0i chi% vo bn c2c K/ chEm
=ng ny cC- nng 5!ng gih- cho cc R5Rctron b7t kh@i
b4 mgt kim 5o0i# v6i tc ng c9a in tr1ng gt
gia n v K/ cc R5Rtron ny ch%yAn ng v4 -h8a n
v ti- tIc i trong m0ch in t0o thnh mt ;?ng
in khng Fi/ c1ng ny !c o byng in k
G# \in - gt vo nK o byng vn k :#
da% khi 5m th8 nghim v6i cc tr1ng h!- khc
nha%/ ng1i ta thCy ryngm
, Khi chi% vo catOt mt chEm =ng n =3c thH
trong m0ch (%Ct hin ;?ng in/ y gi 5 ;?ng
.%ang in c chi4% t* anOt =ang catOt#
_c
, vEng cc b6c =ng khc nha% chi% vo ng1i ta
thCy hin t!ng .%ang in cht =y ra khi cc b6c
=ng ny nh@ hn mt gi tr'
S
no wgi 5 gi6i
h0n .%ang inx#
, Thay Fi hi% in th gt vo nK/ khi
tng thH ;?ng .%ang in cng tng/ nhng n
mt m7c no thH 0t gi tr' bo ho
bh
# Khi ;E
c tng thH cng khng tng#
1.+.2. Cc AMnh l.t -.ang Ain
T* cc kt .% th8 nghim + tr&n v4 hin t!ng
.%ang in/ cc nh bc hc nh dto5Rtov/ [Rnar;###
ti- tIc nghi&n c7% v -ht triAn v rht ra b 'nh
5%"t gi 5 cc 'nh 5%"t .%ang in#
]Znh lt qan! i$n thT nh:t ^ Znh lt v
!i_i h2n qan! i$n`
G]'i v_i m@i 6im lo2i ;Nn! lm cat't cE m3t b_c
sEn! !i_i h2n
W
Vc Znh !"i l !i_i h2n qan! i$n
ca 6im lo2i E# hi$n tn! qan! i$n cha s=y ra 6hi
b_c sEn! ca nh sn! 61ch th1ch nhI hoAc bbn! !i_i
h2n qan! i$n ^
W
`
:8 ;Im gi6i h0n .%ang in c9a mt =O kim 5o0i
M0c _iSnm/ Qng bSSnm/ k}m baSnm/ nhm biSnm/
can(i caSnm/ ka5i aaSnm/ (&i iiSnm# :H v"y/ trong
_a
()t nghim cn -hi chn 5o0i c % th% .%ang c
gi6i h0n .%ang in 9 56n#
]Znh lt qan! i$n thT hai ^ Znh lt v
;cn! qan! i$n`
G]'i v_i m3t nh sn! th1ch h/# c(n! 3 ;cn!
qan! i$n bdo ho te l$ thn v_i c(n! 3 ca chNm
sn! 61ch th1chJ
\i4% ny !c nnh=tanh gii th8ch 5 ;o =O
R5Rctron .%ang in b' b"t ra kh@i mgt catt trong
mt n v' th1i gian t{ 5 v6i =O -htn n "-
vo mgt catt trong th1i gian # Dgt khc =O
-htn ny 50i t{ 5 v6i c1ng chEm =ng chi% t6i#
\y 5 mt t8nh chCt ht =7c .%an trng/ m nh1
A c thA ch t0o !c my o m% .%ang in#
Tr&n y 5 hai 'nh 5%"t .%ang in c B
nghra 7ng ;Ing trong my =inh ho/ c?n 'nh 5%"t
th7 b ta khng ()t t6i trong ti 5i% ny#
1.+.!. ":t s; linh &in -.ang Ain
1.4.*.1. T7 bo qan! i$n
T7 bo qan! i$n Pflfnim ^ghD\ian! tr`
\y 5 5o0i t bo .%ang in n gin nhCt/
t bo .%ang in ny - 7ng tOt trong vEng
.%ang -hF nhHn thCy !c v khng cn ng%Qn
n%i# $c t bo .%ang in ny ho0t ng ;2a
_i
thRo hi% 7ng .%ang in trong/ byng cch ch%yAn
Fi cc -htn nh =ng thnh cc in t> trong t
bo/ khi =} (%Ct hin mt in th .%a bn c2c
b+i =2 thay Fi cC% trhc in t> trong 56- =R5ini%m#
\% ra c9a t bo tt 5 v6i c1ng nh =ng#
T7 bo qan! i$n Pilic
T bo .%ang in ny cng t0o ra in - khi
-htn nh =ng "- vo b4 mgt bn ;Jn# Uhng
nh0y c9a 5o0i t bo ny + trong vEng : k)m hn
trong vEng nhHn thCy c9a .%ang -hF#
Min qan! i$n
% iAm c9a -in .%ang in 5 gi thnh thC-
vo c nh0y cao trong vEng c2c t8m w:,5tra
:io5Rtx v nh =ng nhHn thCy !c# $C% trhc c9a -in
_e
nh
=ng
dR5Rni%
m
\ =3t
Cnh 1.14. O: trXc ca t7 bo qan!
i$n Pflfnim
.%ang in gQm mt bng th%{ tinh b&n trong trng
mt 56- v"t 5i% nh0y .%ang wTRi hogc Ka5i q(itx#
Trong bng thFi y kh8 v mt anOt !c ;%y trH +
in - cao# `in .%ang in ho0t ng ;2a tr&n
hi% 7ng .%ang in ngoi# Khi -htn nh =ng
"- vo catOt .%ang =} gii -hng cc in t> v
cc in t> ny ch%yAn ng v4 -h8a anOt/ nh v"y
t8n hi% nh =ng !c ch%yAn Fi thnh t8n
hi% in#
]i% =%Ct ch%yAn Fi nh =ng thnh t8n hi%
in c9a -in .%ang in cao hn =o v6i cc t bo
.%ang in# $c -in .%ang in cho -h)- ho0t
ng v6i cc m7c nng 5!ng nh =ng thC- hn vH
th cc b 5c thng ;i thC- hn#
_Y
nh =ng
anOt
$atOt
Cnh 1.15. O: trXc ca /in qan! i$n
'n! nh0n qan! i$n
Ong nhn .%ang in ch8nh 5 =2 kt h!- c9a
mt -in .%ang in v mt b kh%ch 0i c h =O
kh%ch 0i cao# \ nh0y c thA i4% chtnh !c
byng cch i4% chtnh in - a vo Ong nhn
.%ang#
Ong nhn .%ang in gQm mt catOt .%ang v
mt =O cc bn c2c int# Dki 5n mt in t> "-
vo mt bn c2c int thH 50i c vi in t> -ht
ra# Kt .% ny =} !c nhn 5&n gC- nhi4% 5n =o v6i
t8n hi% gOc# :H v"y/ Ong nhn .%ang in ny c
nh0y rCt cao v vH th n !c => ;Ing nhi4%
trong cc my .%ang -hF k#
_Z
Cnh 1.19. O: trXc ca 'n! nh0n qan! i$n
nh =ng
% ra
1.4.*.%. Mhotoi't
`hotoiOt 5 mt 5o0i 5inh kin .%ang bn ;Jn/
ho0t ng c9a n ;2a tr&n _ hi% 7ng .%ang ;Jn v
.%ang in trong# $C% trhc v kB hi% c9a -hotoiOt
n gin !c trHnh by nh tr&n hHnh W#We a/b#
Cnh 1.18. aj c: trXc ca /hotoi't# bj 6 hi$#
c#;j cch mFc
v6i tc ;Ing c9a nng 5!ng nh =ng/ trong mi4n
ch%yAn ti- -,n c9a chCt bn ;Jn nh0y .%ang c thA
(y ra =2 ion ho cc ng%y&n t> c9a chCt c bn v
c9a t0- chCt ;Jn n vic =inh ra cc cg- in t>
v 5k trOng# $c in t> v 5k trOng ny t"- tr%ng +
hai % bn ;Jn# U% m0ch ngoi ta nOi hai % bn
;Jn thH =} c ;?ng in ch0y .%a gi 5 ;?ng .%ang
in

/ hai % -hotoiOt (%Ct hin hi% in th

#
bS
$ hai cch m3c -hotoiOtm cch m3c khng
;Eng ng%Qn n%i + m0ch ngoi nh hHnh W#We c/ v c
ng%Qn n%i + m0ch ngoi nh hHnh W#We ;# Khi m3c v6i
ng%Qn n%i mt chi4%/ in - gt vo -hi thRo
chi4% -hn c2c ng!c#
\gc trng von,am-R c9a -hotoiOt !c trHnh by
tr&n hHnh W#WY#
Cnh 1.1?. ](n! Ac trn! +on\[m/f ca
/hotoi't
Tr&n hHnh v} ta thCy/ c1ng nh =ng ri vo
m0nh thH ;?ng ng!c c9a -hotoiOt cng 56n/ c nghra
5 in tr+ ng!c c9a -hotoiOt cng gim khi chEm
=ng ri cng tng#
\gc trng biA% ;iun =2 -hI th%c c9a ;?ng .%ang
in vo c1ng chi% =ng !c trHnh by tr&n
hHnh W#WZ#
bW

W
Cnh 1.1S. PQ /h< th3c ca ;cn! qan! i$n vo c (n!
3 nh sn!
d2 -hI th%c ny !c biA% ;iun byng cng th7cm

lK

#
Trong K

!c gi 5 nh0y t8ch -hn c9a

-hotoiOt/ K

X# d2 -hI th%c c9a nh0y vo b6c

=ng nh =ng !c gi 5 gc trng -hF c9a
-hotoiOt. :6i cc b6c =ng khc nha% thH nh0y
c9a -hotoiOt cng khc nha%# \ nh0y c?n !c hiA%
5 hi% =%Ct 5!ng t> c9a -hotoiOt/ ]i% =%Ct 5!ng t>
!c 'nh nghra 5 =O cg- in t> , 5k trOng !c =inh
ra 7ng v6i mki -hoton t6i#
]i% =%Ct 5!ng t> !c t8nh thRo cng th7c
1

h
P
q
I
opt p

Trong /
-
5 ;?ng .%ang in t0o ra t* vic hC-
thI nh =ng c cng =%Ct `
o-t
t0i b6c =ng wtng 7ng
v6i nng 5!ng -hoton hvx# Dt trong cc hyng =O nh h,
+ng t6i hi% =%Ct 5!ng t> 5 hyng =O hC- thI # :H 5
mt hm -hI th%c rCt 56n vo b6c =ng m ;i b6c
=ng 5 y% tO .%y 'nh gi6i h0n ;?ng .%ang in#
\ ;i b6c =ng c3t
c
!c t0o ra b+i rng vEng
cCm/ v8 ;I b6c =ng c3t khong W#Ym v6i GRmani v
c< W#Wm v6i =i5ic# :6i cc b6c =ng ;i hn
c
/ gi tr'
b_
c9a .% nh@ A (%Ct hin =2 hC- thI trong# :6i cc
b6c =ng ng3n thH gi tr' c9a rCt 56n wWS
a
cm
,W
x/ v
vH v"y vic -ht (0 ch9 y% b+i cc hC- thI gn b4
mgt/ ni th1i gian ti h!- rCt ng3n# vo / cc h0t
;Jn c thA ti h!- tr6c khi chhng b' t"- tr%ng t0i 56-
ti- gi- -,n#
]Hnh W#_S 5 gin Q iAn hHnh c9a hi% =%Ct
5!ng t> thRo b6c =ng c9a mt =O iOt .%ang tOc
cao# Ta thCy ryng/ trong vEng c2c t8m v vEng kh
kin/ cc iOt .%ang bn ;Jn kim 5o0i c hi% =%Ct 5,
!ng t> cao/ trong vEng c"n hQng ngo0i/ cc iOt .%ang
=i5ic wc -h9 56- chOng -hn (0x c thA 0t hi% =%Ct
t6i WSS t0i vEng b6c =ng S#Y,S#Zm# T0i vEng c b6c
=ng W#S,W#im/ cc iOt .%ang GRmani v iOt
.%ang nhm ,: w5o0i Gann=x cho hi% =%Ct cao# :6i
cc b6c =ng ;i hn/ cc iOt .%ang c thA !c 5m
50nh wkhong eeKx A tng hi% =%Ct .%ang t>#
Cnh 1.%W. Ci$ s:t ln! tB /h< th3c b_c sEn!
ca cc b3 th qan!
bb
vo c cC% t0o n gin/ nh0y cao v k8ch th,
6c nh@ n&n -hotoiOt !c ;Eng nhi4% trong my =inh
ho hin nay/ gc bit 5 cc my ()t nghim (ch
tay#
1.4.*.*. Mhototrankito
`hototranito cng 5 mt ;Ing cI .%ang bn
;Jn/ n 5 -hn t> nh0y .%ang c cC% trhc nh mt
tranito/ ho0t ng nh mt -hotoiOt nhng c kh
nng kh%ch 0i ;?ng .%ang in#
nh =ng c thA ri vo M/ $/ hogc c b mi4n
t%j v' tr8 c9a c>a =F .%ang# Tng t2 nh tranito/
-hototranito cng c hai 5o0i th%"n -,n,- v ng!c n,-,
n# $C% trhc v k8 hi% c9a -hototranito !c trHnh
by tr&n hHnh W#_W#
Cnh 1.%1. O: trXc v 61 hi$ ca
/hototrankito
bc
$ thA m3c -hototranito trong cc = Q o
.%ang nh cc tranito thng th1ng whHnh W#__ ;x
hogc c thA m3c tr+ ti v6i cc c2c M/ M$ hogc $
c?n A trOng mt chn w hHnh W#__# a/b/cx
Cnh 1.%%. P - mFc /hototrankito
] cc 1ng gc trng von,am-R c9a
-hototranito !c trHnh by tr&n hHnh W#_b#
ba

c
wmnx

b
Cnh 1.%*. ] (n! Ac tr n! von\am/f ca
/hototrankito

T
m ;?ng tOi khi c1ng nh =ng lS
Trong = Q ch%ng/
c
l#

T
m h =O kh%ch 0i ;?ng c9a -hototranito
:6i gc t8nh nh0y cao/ -hototranito gn nh
!c ;Eng trong tCt c cc my cn c % th%
.%ang/ v ;n thay th -hotoiOt#
2. T=nh n>ng )c 6ng c<a ,y -.) nghi/, &inh
h0
2.1. ?i@i )hi/u *+ -.) nghi/, &inh h0
T)t nghim =inh ho !c th2c hin t* rCt 5%
trong vic chn on 5m =ng# Myng vic ;2a tr&n
c =+ y =inh v4 cc chCt trong c thA con ng1i kt
h!- v6i vic nghi&n c7% cc -hn 7ng ho hc gc tr,
ng c9a cc chCt ny v6i mt =O chCt no / ng1i ta c
thA t8nh ton 'nh 5!ng c9a cc chCt cn nghi&n c7%
trong c thA con ng1i# Ugy nay/ ng1i ta ;Eng cc my
-hn t8ch =inh ho A c !c 'nh 5!ng cc chCt
cn -hn t8ch mt cch ch8nh (c v n gin# v2a
vo =2 (%Ct hin cc chCt ;' th1ng/ tng gim c9a cc
chCt thng th1ng c ng1i ta c thA chn on nhi4%
bnh 5i&n .%an n cc c .%an trong c thA con
ng1i#
bi
T)t nghim =inh ho !c th2c hin v6i nhi4% 5o0i
mJ% bnh -hm nh m%/ n6c tiA%/ -hn/ ;'ch no
t%{/ cc 5o0i ;'ch khc#
T)t nghim =inh ho m% 5 cc ()t nghim !c
;Eng -hF bin nhCt hin nay t0i cc bnh vin/ c =+
y t# $ho -h)- (c 'nh 'nh t8nh cc chCt ho hc
trong m%# :H m% !c ;Jn kh3- c thA/ c 5i&n
.%an m"t thit v6i tCt c cc c .%an trong c thA/
vH v"y cng ch'% nh h+ng c9a tCt c cc c .%an
ny# :4 -hng ;in v"t 5B/ m% 5 mt tF ch7c 5@ng
5% ng trong h t%n hon nhng 5%n c =2 trao
Fi m"t thit v6i cc chCt ;'ch gian bo/ 5m nhim
vI v"n ch%yAn cc ng%y&n 5i% ;inh ;<ng v cc =n
-hm ch%yAn ho cho cc tF ch7c/ c .%an trong
c thA# Ug1i ta -hn bit trong m% c _ thnh
-hnm Thnh -hn 5@ng gi 5 h%yt tng 5 mt 5o0i
;%ng ;'ch kRo bao gQm n6c/ cc m%Oi/ cc chCt
g5%(it/ -rotit/ vitamin/ v hooc mn thnh -hn
gc/ c?n gi 5 thnh -hn h% hHnh bao gQm cc
t bo m% nh hQng c%/ tiA% c% v b0ch c%# Khi
5y tm m%/ -hn t bo =} + ;6i cEng/ h%yt tng
chia 5m _ -hn/ -hn gc =nh m% vng v -hn
;%ng ;'ch trong -h8a tr&n cEng gi 5 h%yt thanh/
T)t nghim =inh ho m% =} (c 'nh nQng cc
chCt trong h%yt tng hogc h%yt thanh/ c?n vic
be
(c 'nh =O 5!ng/ chCt 5!ng/ k8ch th6c### c9a cc t
bo =} 5 -hn ()t nghim cng th7c m% !c 4
c"- + mt ti 5i% khc#
T)t nghim =inh ho n6c tiA% cng 5 mt ()t
nghim th1ng thCy trong cc bnh vin# T%y nhi&n/
ngy nay v6i tin b khoa hc kL th%"t/ ng1i ta
th2c hin -hng -h- =inh ho kh ;Eng .%R th> A
(c 'nh 'nh t8nh hogc bn 'nh 5!ng v6i cc my
()t nghim n6c tiA% hogc t2 =o =nh tr&n bng m%
ch%n cho kt .% nhanh/ c thA th2c hin t0i gia
Hnh ;u ;ng# `hn ny !c trHnh by chi tit
trong -hn ti 5i% my ()t nghim n6c tiA%/ cc b0n
.%an tm c thA c tham kho# :6i nhng chCt
m .%R th> khng gii .%yt !c thH cn -hi ;Eng
t6i ()t nghim =inh ho + -h?ng th8 nghim/ tCt
nhi&n n% khng c my ()t nghim n6c tiA% thH
b0n vJn c thA ;Eng my ()t nghim =inh ho A
(c 'nh cc chCt trong n6c tiA% mt cch 'nh 5,
!ng/ v i khi n% nghi ng1 kt .% c9a my n6c
tiA%/ b0n c thA kh~ng 'nh 50i nh1 ()t nghim
=inh ho t0i -h?ng th8 nghim#
T)t nghim =inh ho -hn c gi tr' chn on
cc bnh 1ng ti&% ho# Uhng hin nay ()t nghim
ny 8t !c ;Eng vH 5B ;o v =inh/ ng1i ta cht th2c
bY
hin v6i -hn n% ()t nghim v4 t bo/ vi kh%n
hogc kB =inh trEng#
v'ch no t%{ 5 56- ;'ch bao .%anh no v t%{
bo v cho h thn kinh tr%ng ng tr6c cc bin
Fi v4 - 52c v cc chCn ng# v'ch no t%{ !c
-hn cch v6i m% b+i mt mng ngn khng cho cc
t bo m% v -hn 56n -rotRin h%yt tng vo ;'ch
no t%{/ trong khi cc -hn t> nh@ tan trong n6c nh
g5%co thH thCm .%a mng# v'ch no t%{ ti- c"n
m"t thit v6i no v t%{ n&n nhng tFn thng c9a
hai c .%an ny 4% c nh h+ng t6i ;'ch# Ughi&n
c7% ;'ch no t%{ c thA chn on mt =O bnh
thn kinh v thRo ;i tin triAn c9a bnh#
$c 5o0i ;'ch khc nh ;'ch m"t/ ;'ch mng
-hFi/ ;'ch mng bIng### gih- chn on kh ch8nh
(c cc bnh 5i&n .%an tr2c ti- n cc c .%an
ny#
2.2. M1) &2 )hAng &2 )B0ng ,y -.) nghi/, &inh
h0
$c my ()t nghim =inh ho hin nay c thA
5m !c rCt nhi4% thng =O/ i4% ny -hI th%c vo
vic ng1i ta nghi&n c7% ra cc ho chCt tng 7ng cho
t*ng thng =O# Trong -h0m vi ti 5i%/ cht (in n&% ra
mt =O cc thng =O trong my ()t nghim =inh ho
m% th1ng gg- trong ()t nghim t0i cc bnh vin
bZ
v c B nghra trong chn on cc bnh -hF bin
hin nay# \A tHm hiA% chi tit cc thng =O =inh ho
m% khc/ b0n c tham kho thRo ti 5i% ch%y&n
ngnh y v4 ()t nghim# Khi 5m ()t nghim cn
chh cc kt .% ()t nghim cht 5 khch .%an/ cn
-hn t8ch bin ch7ng cc kt .%/ trnh { 50i vo
my/ nhHn kt .% -hin ;in m ;Jn n kt
5%"n khng ch8nh (c# Dki thng =O o !c -hn
nh nhi4% kt .% bnh 5B khc nha%/ cI thAm
2.2.1. CBGatinin SCTUV
$rRatinin 5 =n -hm ch%yAn ho c9a $rRatin,
-ho=-hat/ mt ;0ng ;2 tr nng 5!ng ;Eng cho vic
co c# $rRatinin khng !c c => ;Ing/ vo m% rQi
!c th"n o thi ra ngoi .%a n6c tiA%#
MHnh th1ng/ nQng crRatinin trong h%yt
thanh 5 cc,WSi %mo5X5 wS/a, W/_ mgX;5x
Tng trongm
, TFn thng hogc ;"- nt c ;in rng/ vi&m
c###
, $c bnh v4 th"nm vi&m th"n cC- v mn t8nh/
nhium c th%{ ngn/ b8 i ;o t3c 1ng tit
ni%/ =a% khi c3t b@ th"n#
Gim trongm
, d%y gan ;o gim tFng h!- crRatinin/ ng%y&n
5i% t0o n&n crRatin,-ho=-hat#
cS
$rRatinin 5 thnh -hn 0m Fn 'nh nhCt
trong m%/ khng -hI th%c vo ch n %Ong
hogc nhng thay Fi =inh 5B kh3c m cht -hI
th%c vo kh nng o thi c9a th"n n&n hin nay
!c => ;Ing nhi4% A thRo ;i ch7c nng th"n/
.%an trng hn %r&#
2.2.2. WBotGin to3n )h*n SWTXV
MHnh th1ng/ -rotRin ton -hn c trong WSSm5
h%yt thanh 5 e/W,Y/i g/ thRo hyng =O =inh hc c9a
ng1i :it Uam/ bao gQm c/a,a/ag a5b%min v _/a,
b/a g5ob%min#
Tng trong cc tr1ng h!- mCt n6c 5i&n tIc w nn/ ta
chyx/ khi =Ot k)o ;i/ a % t%{#
Gim ;om
, ]C- th% khng 9 -rotRinm thi% ;<ng/ cc
bnh 5m gy m?n c thA/ cc bnh c9a b my
ti&% ho#
, DCt a5b%min .% nhi4%m bnh h th"n
, Tng m7c h%{ ho0i -rotRinm bnh i tho ,
1ng thA ngng/ nhium c gi- ngng#
, Gim tFng h!- a5b%minm ( gan/ vi&m gan#
, Tng khOi 5!ng h%yt tng v khi m% b' -ha
5ong#
, Tng nh% c% -rotRinm khi c thai v cho con
bh#
cW
2.2.!. YB2
r& 5 =n -hm thoi ging .%an trng c9a
-rotRin/ !c tFng h!- + gan v !c o thi ch9
y% .%a th"n#
MHnh th1ng/ nQng %r& trong h%yt thanh 5
_/a,i/e mmo5X5 wWa, cS mgX;5x#
Tng ;om
, Tng c%ng cC-m ch n gi% 0m/ tng
ch%yAn ho 0m trong c thA w=Ot nhium kh%n###x
, Gim o thi
Tr6c th"nm i 8t w bnh tim/ ( ganx/ mCt n6c
w ta chy/ nn nhi4%x
T0i th"nm bnh c% th"n/ Ong th"n cC- v mn
t8nh
da% th"nm t3c 1ng ;Jn n6c tiA% nh trong %ng
th hogc % 5nh t%yn ti4n 5it/ =@i 1ng tit ni%#
Gim ;om
, $h n nghzo 0m
, d%y gan 5m gim tFng h!- %r&#
2.2.+. CholGstGBol SCRXV
MHnh th1ng/ nQng cho5R=tRro5 trong h%yt
thanh 5 b/Z,c/Z mmo5X5 wWaS,WZS mgX;5x
$ho5R=tRro5 tng =a% khi n nhi4% m</ khi c thai
t* thng th7 b n thng th7 c tr6c khi =inh#
:4 bnh 5Bm
c_
Tngm
, Mnh ( va ng m0ch
, Th"n h/ cho5R=tRro5 m% c thA tng WS mmo5X5
, d%y gi-
, :ng ;a ;o t3c m"t/ =@i m"t
, $h7ng bing n ;o thn kinh
, nh h+ng c9a mt =O 5o0i th%Oc#
Gimm
, ThiA% ;<ng/ rOi 5o0n hC- th% th7c n
, d%y gan
, $1ng gi-
, Mnh tng =inh t%{
, $c bnh nhium kh%n mn t8nhm ]:/ 5ao###
2.2.6. Dl.co SD$YV
MHnh th1ng/ nQng g5%co m% 5 c/c,i/W
mmo5X5 wYS,WWSmgX;5x# U% g5%co v!t .% ng<ng th"n
wY/Z,WS mmo5X5x =} (%Ct hin g5%co trong n6c tiA%#
Tng trongm
, Mnh i tho 1ng/ tng rCt cao trong hn
m& c9a bnh ny
, Tng nh trong cc bnh % no/ vi&m mng no/
chCn thng = no/ =%y gan#
Gim trong g3ng =7c c nng v k)o ;i/ i/ cn
hn m& vH thi% g5%co ;o ;Eng i=%5in/ % tIy/ =%y gan
ngng/ =%y t%yn y&n/ t%yn gi-/ t%yn th!ng th"n/
cb
mt =O bnh thn kinh nh vi&m mng no/ ng
kinh/ mCt tr8 =6m/ =a% khi c3t ;0 ;y/ nhium c
cQn Rthy5ic###
2.2.#. 7iliB.Pil
Mi5ir%bi5 5 =n -hm thoi ging c9a ch%yAn ho
h%yt =3c tO# $ hai 5o0i bi5ir%bi5m
, Mi5ir%bi5 gin ti- hHnh thnh trong h thOng vng
m/ 5 5o0i bi5ir%bi5 cha !c .%a gan A vo cc ,
1ng ;Jn m"t/ khng tan trong n6c n&n khng bi tit
.%a th"n# Mi5ir%bi5 ny c?n gi 5 thnh -hn ch9
y% c9a bi5ir%bi5 ton -hn/ nQng bHnh th1ng
trong h%yt thanh 5 W_ %mo5X5 wS/e mgX;5x#
, Mi5ir%bi5 tr2c ti- hHnh thnh trong gan t* bi5ir%bi5
gin ti-/ bHnh th1ng cht c rCt 8t/ a%mo5X5 wS/b
mgX;5x
$ hai 5o0i bi5ir%bi5 tr&n kt h!- thnh bi5ir%bi5
ton -hnm nQng tr%ng bHnh trong h%yt thanh
5 We %mo5X5 wWmgX;5x
Mi5ir%bi5 ton -hn tng trong cc tr1ng h!- c
tan m% w =Ot r)t/ =a% tr%y4n m%x/ khi hC- thI mt
F tI m% 56n/ tFn thng nh% m gan/ th%Oc gy
c cho t bo gan#
Mi5ir%bi5 tr2c ti- tng ;om
, vo 7 m"t trong ganm vi&m gan ;o vir%= hay ;o
nhium c/ ( gan m"t###
cc
, vo t3c 1ng ;Jn m"t ngoi ganm =@i m"t/ h0ch
to chzn )- 1ng ;Jn m"t#
2.2.0. ZmylasG
Ug%Qn gOc amy5a=R + tIy v t%yn n6c bt/
amy5a=R 5 mRn tham gia .% trHnh ch%yAn ho
cacbon hirat#
MHnh th1ng/ nQng amy5a=a trong h%yt
thanh 5 iS,WYS X5
Tng cao trong bnh vi&m tIy cC- t8nh/ nQng
trong m% c thA tng 5&n t6i i,e 5n trong nhng
ngy %/ tng v*a -hi trong vium tIy mn t8nh/
%ng th tIy/ 5o)t ;0 ;y t trng th9ng vo tIy/ vi&m
thi m"t/ .%ai b'/ vi&m t%yn n6c bt#
2.2.@. CBGatinin&inasG SCCV
$?n c t&n 5 crRatin -ho=-hokina=R w$`Kx# $K 5
mRn (hc tc -hn 7ngm
$rRatinnT` crRatin -ho=-hatnv`
$ b Qng mRnm $K,DD c + cc c/ $K,DM c ch9
y% + tim, 5o0i ny th1ng !c ;Eng hn c/ $K,MM c
ch9 y% + no# MHnh th1ng/ ho0t t8nh $K trong
h%yt tng ch9 y% 5 $K,DD# Tr' =O $K tr%ng bHnh
trong h%yt thanh 5 WZa X[/ tr' =O c9a $K,DM 5
_,b tr' =O $K#
ca
, $K tng khi 5ao ng g3ng =7c/ trong cc bnh v4
c nh vi&m c/ chCn thng c/ nhQi m% c tim
, $K,DM tng trong nhQi m% c tim#
2.2.4. $actat dGhydBogGnasG S $[RV
[v] 5 mRn cn thit cho =2 ch%yAn ho g5%co
(hc tc -hn 7ngm
[actat Unv -yryvat Unv]
_
Tr' =O tr%ng bHnh trong h%yt thanh 5 WSS,_aS X5
Thay Fi bnh 5B
, UhQi m% c timm nQng trong m% rCt cao/
gC- t* e,WS 5n tng t* _c n bi gi1 =a% khi kh+i
-ht bnh v tr+ 50i bHnh th1ng =a% WS,Wa ngy/
nQng tng =ong =ong v6i m7c tFn thng#
, $c bnh v4 ganm tng v*a trong vi&m gan ;o
vir%= cC- t8nh/ ( gan/ ;i cn %ng th + gan/ tng nh
trong cc bnh 1ng m"t#
2.2.1\. Whos)hatG
[ mRn A th9y -hn cc R=tR -hot-horic/ rCt
cn A ch%yAn ho -hot-ho/ trong 5m =ng th1ng
;Eng _ 5o0i ()t nghim -ho=-hatR a(it v -ho=-hatR
ki4mm
`hot-hat a(it w n$`x
ci
$ nhi4% trong cc tF ch7c/ c .%an nh t%yn ti4n
5it/ hQng c%/ tiA% c%/ 5ch/ (ng###Tr' =O tr%ng
bHnh trong h%yt thanh 5 a/a X5
n$` tng trong cc bnh %ng th t%yn ti4n 5it/
gc bit khi c ;i cn vo (ng#
`hot-hat ki4m w n[`x
]o0t ng trong mi tr1ng -] Z,WS/ ng%Qn gOc ch9
y% + (ng/ mt -hn + gan/ th"n/ 5ch/ ni&m m0c
r%t### Tr' =O bHnh th1ng trong h%yt thanh 5 bS,
W_S X5#
Thay Fi bnh 5Bm
, Tng trong bnh c?i (ng/ nh%yun (ng/ %ng
th (ng###
, Gim trong bnh 5ao -hFi/ ch7ng 5En t%yn
y&n/ thi% hIt vitamin $/ thi% m%###
2.2.11. TBanBamin
[ mRn gih- cho =2 v"n ch%yAn nhng nhm
amin/ t0o n&n mOi 5i&n h gia nhng =2 ch%yAn ho
-rotRin v g5%(it# $ _ 5o0i !c chh B trong 5m =ng
hin nay nhCt 5 m
G5%tamo,s(a5o Tranramin w GsT x/ c nhi4% +
tim/ gan rQi n cc c/ th"n/ -hFi# DRn ny c?n
!c gi 5 a=-artat amino tran=oRra=R/ trong 5m
=ng th1ng gi t3t 5 ndT#
ce
G5%tamo,`yr%vic Tranramin w G`Tx/ c nhi4%
trong gan# DRn ny c?n !c gi 5 a5anin amino
tran=oRra=R gi t3t 5 n[T
Trong h%yt thanh/ _ 5o0i mRn ny c th&m ch
d + % v vit t3t 5 dGsT v dG`T#
Tr' =O tr%ng bHnh trong h%yt thanh 5m
, dGsT ba X5
, dG`T ba X5
dGsT tng trong nhQi m% c tim cC- t8nh/
vi&m c tim/ vi&m mng ngoi tim/ =%y tim/ trong
nhQi m% c tim cC- t8nh dGsT tng rCt cao#
dG`T tng trong cc bnh v4 gan m"t nh vi&m
gan cC- t8nh v mn t8nh/ ( gan/ %ng th gan/ vi&m
1ng m"t### Trong vi&m gan ;o vir%= cC- t8nh/ dG`T
tng rCt cao/ c khi gC- WS,bS 5n hogc hn#
2.2.12. TBiglycGBidGs S WZWV
MHnh th1ng nQng trong h%yt thanh 5
_mmo5X5 w Wea mgX;5x
Tng trong bnh ( va ng m0ch/ c?n tng
trong bnh b)o -hH/ nghin r!%/ i tho 1ng/ =%y
gan/ vi&m tIy/ =%y th"n/ nhium kh%n##
2.2.1!. Zxit .Bic S ZYV
n(it %ric 5 =n -hm thoi ging c9a n%c5R-rotit#
MHnh th1ng nQng trong h%yt thanh 5 _SY,b_e
cY
%mo5X5 thRo hyng =O =inh hc ng1i :it Uam/ + n
thC- hn nam mt chht#
Tng trong bnh ght/ trong =Ot cao/ b@ng rng/
mt =O bng v4 th"n nh vi&m th"n,bA th"n/ th"n 7
n6c/ 5ao th"n###
Gim trong mt =O bnh c tFn thng t bo
gan/ mt =O tr1ng h!- tFn thng Ong th"n#
2.7. $% &' h0 &inh 6Cng )B0ng ,y &inh h0
Uh bit/ ()t nghim =inh ho => ;Ing -hng
-h- o m% .%ang in/ A o hC- thI c9a
cc chCt trong bnh -hm/ ng1i ta khng thA o
tr2c ti- cc chCt vH bn thn cc chCt
trong ;%ng ;'ch 5 trong =%Ot# Dgt khc/ trong cc
;%ng ;'ch ()t nghim c rCt nhi4% cc chCt khc
nha% n&n cng kh khn trong vic o 0c v t8nh
ton# :H v"y/ A 5m vic v6i mt 5o0i chCt cn
nghi&n c7% trong ;%ng ;'ch ()t nghim/ ng1i ta =>
;Ing -hng -h- nh ;C% m%# Myng cch => ;Ing
t8ch chCt ho hc c9a cc chCt cn nghi&n c7%/ ng1i
ta => ;Ing chCt cho tc ;Ing v6i mt chCt hay
mt =O chCt no / trong .% trHnh -hn 7ng/ chCt
=} t0o ra mt =n -hm hC- thI nh =ng + mt b,
6c =ng no 5 m0nh nhCt# d2 hC- thI m0nh hay
y% =} t{ 5 v6i nQng c9a chCt trong ;%ng
;'ch# T* ta c thA t8nh ton ;u ;ng A c !c
cZ
cc thng =O mong m%On# `hn ny =} trHnh by cc
ng%y&n t3c t0o cc =n -hm c t8nh chCt hC- thI
tr&n A o mt =O thng =O ()t nghim iAn
hHnh#
2.!.1. CBGatinin SCTUV
:ic t0o m% A o !c $rR thRo cc -hn 7ng =a%m
O H Rq e oantipyrin A TOOS O H
O H HCHO Glycine O ine Sa
Ure ine Sa O H Cretin
Cretin O H Creatinin
Peroxidase
inOxidase Sa
se Creatinina
se Creatinina
2 2 2
2 2
cos
2
2
2
4 min 4
cos
cos
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+
Trong Tssd 5 U,thy5,U,w_,]y;ro(y,b,
d%5oo-ro-y5xm,To5%i;inR
`. 5 chCt c m% @/ vH v"y khi o cn b6c =ng
aaanm
2.!.2. WBotGin to3n )h*n SWTXV
v%ng ;'ch $%

5 ;Eng ;'ch ki4m -hn 7ng v6i

ch%ki -R-ti;R c9a -rotRin t0o thnh -h7c -o5i-R-ti;R
c m% t8m# \o =2 hC- thI c9a ;%ng ;'ch ny + b6c
=ng acSnm =} cho ta nQng c9a -rotRin trong
;%ng ;'ch
`hng trHnh -hn 7ngm
n
OH
protein Cu otein Cu ] [ Pr +

+ +
2.!.!. YB2
nmoni v $s
_
!c t0o ra khi %r& b' th%{ -hn v6i
(hc tc 5 %rRa=R# on amoni t0o ra kt h!- v6i _,
s(og5%taratR v Unv] v6i (hc tc G5%tamatR ihy;ro
aS
w G[v]x t0o thnh G5%tamatR v Unv

/ -hn 7ng
Unv]XUnv t0o ra =2 thay Fi t%yn t8nh v4 =2 hC-
thI + b6c =ng bcSnm/ n t{ 5 v6i nQng %r& trong
;%ng ;'ch#
`hng trHnh -hn 7ngm
O H A! Gluta"ate L A!H te Oxo#lutara H
CO H O H Ure
GL!H
Urease
2
4
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
+ + + +
+ +
+
+
2.!.+. CholGstGBol SCRXV
`hn 7ng t0o m% c9a cho5R=tRro5 thRo cc -hn 7ng
=a%m
O H Rq e oantipyrin A Phenol O H
O H Cholesten O l Cholestero
Axit$eo l Cholestero O H leste Cholestero
Peroxidase
lOxidase Cholestero
lEsterase Cholesteri
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
4 min 4 2
1 3 4
+ + +
+ +
+ +
P. 5 ;%ng ;'ch @/ !c o + b6c =ng cZ_ n
aaSnm
2.!.6. Dl.cosG SD$YV
`hn 7ng t0o m% c9a g5%co=R nh =a%m
2 2 2 2
2 2
cos
2
4 min 4 2
cos
O H Rq e oantipyrin A Phenol O H
O H Gluconic Axit O e Glu
Peroxidase
eOxidase Glu
+ + +
+ +
P. 5 ;%ng ;'ch @/ !c o + b6c =ng cZ_ n
aaSnm/ tOt nhCt 5 + aSSnm#
2.!.#. 7iliB.Pil to3n )h*n
n(8t d%5oanic -hn 7ng v6i natri nitrit A t0o
a(8t ;iaotiR; =%5oani5ic# n(8t ny -hn 7ng v6i
bi5ir%bi5 ton -hn v6i chCt (hc tc ;imRthy5=%5oo(i;R
aW
t0o thnh aobi5ir%bi5/ ;%ng ;'ch ny o + b6c =ng
acS n aiS nm/ tOt nhCt + aaanm#
2.!.0. ZmylasG
Trong -hn 7ng/ amy5a=R ng vai tr? (hc tc#
TOc -hn 7ng -hI th%c vo nQng amy5a=R c
trong ;%ng ;'ch/ =n -hm t0o ra hC- thI m0nh + b6c
=ng cSS,c_Snm/ tOt nhCt t0i cSanm#
`hng trHnh -hn 7ngm
+ + + pP G G Ethylidene O H pP G Ethylidene
a"ylase
2 2 5 2 5 7 5
2
%Ethyli;fnf\l4m
%l*\/nMmEthyli;fnf\
l*ml4\/nM
G pP O H pP G pP G pP G
idase Glu
14 5 14 4 3 2 2 2
cos
2
+ + + +

Trong Gm g5%co=R
-U`m -,nitro-hRno5
2.!.@. CBGatinin&inasG SCCV
`hng trHnh -hn 7ng c9a $rRatinR -ho=-hatR
nh =a%m
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
H A!PH Phosphate Gluconate A!P P G
A!P Phosphate e Glu e Glu ! ATP
ATP Creatine A!P Phosphat Creatine
P!H G
HK
CK
6 6
6 cos cos
6
]Km hR(okina=R
nT`m n;Rno=inR tri,`ho=-hatR
G,i,`v]m G5%co=R,i,`ho=-hatR ;Rhy;rogRn=R
Un`vm Uicotinami;R a;RninR ;Rn%c5Roti;R -ho=-hatR
a_
`hn 7ng cho Unv`] v G,i,` c tOc tng =2 hC-
thI + ;i b6c =ng bcSnm wbbc,bianmx cho ta
ho0t ng c9a $K trong mJ%#
2.!.4. $actat dGhydBogGnasG S $[RV
\o =2 ho0t ng c9a [v] thRo -hn 7ng =a%m
+ +
+ + + H A!H Pyru%ate A! Lactate L
L!H
\o [v] ;2a vo tOc -hn 7ng tr&n/ [v] ng vai
tr? (hc tc/ -hn nh .%a =2 hC- thI + b6c =ng bbc,
bianm#
2.!.1\. Whos)hatG
n(8t -ho=-hatR wn$`xm
d2 c mgt c9a a(8t -ho=-hatR trong h%yt
thanh =} -hn h%{ ,na-hthy5 -ho=-hatR thnh ,
na-htho5 v -ho=-hatR v c# ,na-htho5 ti- tIc
-hn h%{ ;6i (hc tc a=t rR; TP cho ;%ng ;'ch m%
vng "m ;n 5&n# \o =2 thay Fi c9a ;%ng ;'ch
ny t0i b6c =ng cSanm cho ta ho0t t8nh c9a a(8t
ny#
`ho=-hatR ki4m w n[`xm
n[` c trong ;%ng ;'ch th%{ -hn -,
Uitro-hRny5-ho=-hatR w`U``x/ trong .% trHnh gii
-hng -,nitro-hRno5 v -ho=-hatR/ =2 tng hC- thI +
b6c =ng cSanm =} cho chhng ta bit ho0t ng c9a
n[` trong ;%ng ;'ch#
ab
`hng trHnh -hn 7ng th%{ -hn nh =a%m
P l itropheno p O H PPP
ALP
+ +
2
2.!.11. TBanBamin
ndT wGsTxm
`hng trHnh -hn 7ngm
A! &alate L A!H te Oxaloaceta
Gluta"ate L te Oxaloaceta ate Keto#lutar Aspartate L
&!H
AST
+ +
+ +
Dv] 5 Da5atR ;Rhyo/ ndT ng vai tr? (hc
tc -hn 7ng t0o o(a5oacRtatR/ -hn 7ng
o(a5oacRtatR t0o Unv hC- thI + b6c =ng bcS cho ta
=2 ho0t ng c9a ndT#
n[T wGsTxm
n[T ng vai tr? (hc tc cho -hn 7ng t0o
-yr%vatRm
Gluta"ate L Pyru%ate ate Keto#lutar Alanine L
ALT
+ +
`hn 7ng c9a -yr%vatR t0o Unv hC- thI + b6c =ng
bcSnm cho ta ho0t ng c9a n[T trong ;%ng ;'chm
A! Lactate L A!H Pyru%ate
L!H
+ +
[v]m [actatR ;Rhro#
2.!.12. TBiglycGBidGs S WZWV
Trig5ycRri;R= trong ;%ng ;'ch b' th%{ -hn ;6i
(hc tc 5i-o-rotRin 5i-a=R w[`[x thnh G5ycRro5 v a(it
b)o# G5ycRro5 tc ;Ing v6i nT` v6i (hc tc G5ycRro5
Kina=R wGKx t0o ra g5ycRro5,b,`ho=-hatR G,b,`/ G,b,`
ac
b' o(i ho/ ;%ng ;'ch c m% @ nh hC- thI tOt +
b6c =ng aSa wcZS,aaSnmx#
`hng trHnh -hn 7ngm
O H Rq ol Chlorophen p e oantipyrin A O H
O H phosphate ceton !ehydroxia O P G
A!P P G ATP Glycerol
Axit'eo Glycerol O H des Tri#lyceri
PO!
GPO
GK
LPL
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
4 min 4 2
3
3
+ + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
Trong m
G`sm G5ycRro5,b,`ho=-hatR o(i;a=R
`svm `Rro(i;a=R#
2.!.1!. Zxit YBic
rica=R ch%yAn a(it %ric c trong ;%ng ;'ch
thnh a55antoin/ carbon ;io(i;R $s
_
v hy;rogRn
-Rro(i;R ]
_
s
_
# v6i (hc tc c9a `sv/ `hRno5
;RrivativR/ b/a,vich5oro,_,]i;ro(y,bRnRnR=%5oonic
a(8t wv]Mdx v c,nminoanti-yrinR/ ]
_
s
_
cho mt
;%ng ;'ch m% @ nh c thA o + b6c =ng
a_Snm/ vic tng hC- thI tng 7ng v6i nQng %ric
c trong ;%ng ;'ch#
`hng trHnh -hn 7ngm
O H Rq !H$S e oantipyrin A O H
O H CO e Allantonin O O H Uric
PO!
Uricase
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
4 min 4 2
2
+ + +
+ + + +
7. My -.) nghi/, &inh h0
Ugy nay/ v6i =2 -ht triAn m0nh m} c9a khoa
hc kL th%"t tr&n tCt c cc 5rnh v2c/ trong cc
-h?ng ()t nghim/ con ng1i khng -hi t2 5m
aa
cc ()t nghim na m ;2a vo cc my ()t
nghim# $on ng1i cht -hi 5m mt =O cng vic
nh -ha/ 9 ho chCt nh trong cc my .%ang k/ hogc
cht -ha/ my =} t2 9 v t8nh ton kt .% trong cc
my =inh ho bn t2 ng/ hogc cht 5 thao tc v"n
hnh my c?n cc cng vic hht mJ%/ -ha mJ% v 9
mJ% v t8nh ton ;o my 5m hon ton trong cc
my =inh ho t2 ng# :H v"y/ my =inh ho tr+
thnh mt cng cI 3c 52c trong cc -h?ng ()t
nghim/ gih- cho cng vic ()t nghim tr+ n&n
n gin/ ng1i 5m ()t nghim khng c?n -hi nh6
t*ng ho chCt/ cch -ha ch### $ng vic cht n
gin 5 cho tCt c mJ% vo cc khay ch7a mJ%/ chn
5o0i ()t nghim v nhCn nht cho my t2 o 0c/
t8nh ton/ v hiAn th' kt .% c?n h c thA i 5m
cc cng vic khc nh 5Cy mJ% m%/ th2c hin cc
5o0i ()t nghim khc# :H v"y thay byng c -h?ng
()t nghim/ cht cn mt kL th%"t vi&n v6i cc my
()t nghim 5 9#
`hn ny (in gi6i thi% ng%y&n 5B cC% t0o c9a
mt my =inh ho# U3m !c ng%y&n 5B ny/ b0n c
thA hiA% !c ho0t ng c9a mt my =inh ho bCt
kj t* n gin n -h7c t0-/ t* ;u ;ng -hn
t8ch ho0t ng c9a chhng#
ai
7.1. D% E * nguy5n l( h0F) 1ng c<a ,y &inh
h0
$c my ()t nghim =inh ho t* n gin n
hin 0i 4% ;2a tr&n ng%y&n t3c 5 -hng -h-
o m%# v%ng ;'ch cn o !c a vo c%v)t# Dt
ng%Qn =ng c nh =ng tr3ng i .%a b 5c A th%
!c mt b6c =ng -hE h!- v6i ;%ng ;'ch cn o/ M
-ht hin .%ang th% c1ng nh =ng i .%a c%v)t
ch7a ;%ng ;'ch cn o ch%yAn thnh t8n hi%
in/ t* t8n hi% in ny my c thA t8nh ton v
hiAn th' kt .%#
d Q ng%y&n 5B c9a my =inh ho !c trHnh
by n gin nh =a%m
!.1.1. 1g.]n sng
Ug%Qn =ng c nhim vI -ht ra nh =ng tr3ng
c c1ng 9 m0nh# [B ;o ;Eng ng%Qn =ng tr3ng +
y nh -hn c =+ ho =inh ta bit/ ch8nh 5 ;o
mki mt ()t nghim khi -hn 7ng =} cho mt m%
ae
Ug%Qn
=ng
M chn
b 6c =ng
M -ht hin
.%ang
]iAn
th'
$%v)t
Cnh 1.%4. P - n!y.n l my
sinh ho
gc trng c9a ()t nghim / v n =} hC- thI
m0nh nhCt mt ;i b6c =ng tng 7ng/ vH v"y khi o
=2 hC- thI ta cht ;Eng mt b6c =ng c bn# :6i
nhi4% ()t nghim ta =} ;Eng nhi4% b6c =ng khc
nha% v ng%Qn =ng tr3ng =} cC- y 9 cc b6c
=ng ny cho tCt c cc ()t nghim#
Trong th2c t ng1i ta c thA ;u ;ng t0o ra
ng%Qn =ng tr3ng# ]Hnh W#_c minh ha % ra c9a
mt zn t%ng=tRn# $hhng ta thCy ryng nng 5!ng
gim v4 -h8a tia c2c t8m gn nhng n vJn 9 m0nh
A cC- nng 5!ng cho b -ht hin .%ang + b6c =ng
gn baSnm# \A tng c1ng nh =ng n ;i vEng
c2c t8m/ ng1i ta => ;Ing mt zn ha5ogRn t%ng=tRn#
\zn ny gQm mt ;y tc t%ng=tRn gt trong v@
th0ch anh ch7a ha5ogRn nh iOt ch~ng h0n#
aY
S
cSS aSS iSS eS
S
a
S

WSS
Cnh 1.%4. ]o ra ca m3t pn Tn!stfn
M 6c =ng wnmx
\%
ra

\zn th%{ ngn 5 mt v8 ;I iAn hHnh c9a zn
-hng in .%a 56- kh8/ n t0o ra =2 -ht (0 m0nh
trong .%ang -hF m% (anh v ;i c2c t8m#
Uh!c iAm ch8nh c9a zn th%{ ngn 5 n cht c
thA !c => ;Ing + cc b6c =ng gc trng# \A kh3c
-hIc nh!c iAm ny/ ng1i ta => ;Ing mt zn
tRri mgc ;E gi thnh cao v t%Fi th tng Oi
ng3n# \zn tRri -ht ra nh =ng c b6c =ng t6i
WZSnm/ ;i b6c =ng -hE h!- v6i h% ht ()t nghim
aZ
\% ra

Cnh 1.%5. ]o ra ca m3t pn the n!0n

M 6c =ng
wnmx
hin nay#
!.1.2. 7: lFc P^c s_ng
M 5c b6c =ng ;Eng A chn 5Cy mt b6c =ng
y&% c% cho t*ng ()t nghim# d+ ;r ng1i ta ;Eng
ng%Qn =ng tr3ng v cc b 5c m khng ;Eng cc
5inh kin -ht ra cc b6c =ng cO 'nh 5 ;o ;Eng b
5c c thA ;u ;ng th&m cc b 5c thRo y&% c% ()t
nghim t7c 5 c t8nh m+ Oi v6i ()t nghim hn 5
;Eng 5inh kin -ht ra b6c =ng cO 'nh# Trong cc
my ()t nghim =inh ho hin nay/ b 5c th1ng 5
mt bnh (R tr&n c g3n mt =O k8nh 5c / =O k8nh
5c tr&n bnh (R ny t%j th%c vo 5o0i my# $c b
5c ny 5 cc cch t>/ k8nh 5c/ 5ng k8nh kt h!- v6i
cc thC% k8nh A th% !c mt ;i rCt h- b6c =ngm
iS
\% ra

M 6c =ng
wnmx
Cnh 1.%9. ]o ra ca m3t
pn ]t.ri
kh%ch 0i

`h
7ng
t&
i
bcSnm/ cSanm/ aSanm/ acinm/ aeSnm/ iSSnm/
iaSnm/ eSSnm###
!.1.!. 7: )ht hin -.ang
M -ht hin .%ang c ch7c nng 5 bin Fi
t8n hi% .%ang th% !c khi nh =ng i .%a c%v)t
thnh t8n hi% in# M -ht hin .%ang 5 mt
trong cc 5inh kin .%ang, in ()t + -hn tr6c/
tr&n th2c t hin nay th1ng ;Eng 5 -hoto iOt hay
-hoto tranito ;o k8ch th6c nh@/ th8ch h!- cho cc
my (ch tay hogc nhng my c cC% trhc nh@# \Qng
th1i 50i c nh0y cao hn cc 5inh kin khc#
!.1.+. Ri`n thM
Kt .% o =} !c hiAn th' tr&n khOi hiAn th'#
T%j t*ng 5o0i my m c cc cch hiAn th' kt .%
khc nha%/ c thA cht n gin 5 hiAn th' ;6i ;0ng
=O tr&n 5R; e thanh/ hiAn th' tr&n mn hHnh $PT
hogc 5 hiAn th' tr&n mn hHnh tinh thA 5@ng w[$vx#
T* / kt .% hiAn th' c thA + m7c n gin 5
c1ng ;?ng in th% !c/ hogc !c t8nh ton
A hiAn th' chi tit n hC- thI/ nQng
chCt/ t&n bnh nhn/ =O th7 t2/ ngy thng ()t
nghim###
iW
7.2. $c ph%ng php 0 )B0ng -.) nghi/, &inh
h0.
!.2.1. Whng )h) Ai`m c.;i SUnd)ointV
`hng -h- ny cht o hC- thI c9a hkn h!-
-hn 7ng mt 5n/ 5 5hc -hn 7ng t0o m% =y
ra hon ton/ v nQng cc chCt trong ;%ng ;'ch
=a% -hn 7ng Fn 'nh# $ thA o hC- thI +
mt b6c =ng wmonochromaticx hogc hai b6c =ng
wbichromaticx# d> ;Ing ;%ng ;'ch ch%n wdtan;ar;x
A ;2ng 1ng ch%n hay h =O ci gt tr6c#
$hia thRo =O ;%ng ;'ch ch%n => ;Ing khi o ta
c b 5o0im
\ MhY/ o cha sB ;<n! m3t ;n! ;Zch chqnm
nQng c9a mJ% cng !c t8nh thRo cng th7cm
'lan( dard s
dard s $lan( Sa"ple
Sa"ple
A A
C A A
C

=
tan
tan
) (
\ MhY/ o sB ;<n! nhi ;n! ;Zch chqn
^mltistan;ar;`m nQng c9a mJ% !c (c 'nh t*
1ng cong ch%n# \1ng cong ny ;2ng !c t* cc
;%ng ;'ch ch%n bit tr6c nQng v hC- thI
o !cm
wn
=tan;ar;
, n
b5ank
x#TP
TP 5 chi4% c9a -hn 7ng m W n% chi4%
-hn 7ng tng
,W n% chi4% -hn 7ng
gim
i_
UQng c9a mJ% !c ni =%y t* 1ng cong ch%nm
wn
=am-5R
, n
b5ank
x#TP
\ MhY/ o sB ;<n! h$ s'r
Khi o khng => ;Ing cc ;%ng ;'ch ch%n m
=> ;Ing mt h =O cho tr6c A t8nh ra nQng c9a
;%ng ;'ch# UQng mJ% !c t8nh thRo cng th7cm
$
=am-5R
l wn
=am-5R
, n
b5ank
x#
:6i 5 h =O cho tr6c
$hia thRo =O b6c =ng => ;Ing khi o ta c _ 5o0im
\ MhY/ o m3t b_c sEn!m o hC- thI c9a
;%ng ;'ch Tr3ng/ $h%n v DJ% t0i mt b6c =ng#
\ MhY/ o hai b_c sEn!m o hC- thI c9a
Tr3ng wM5ankx/ $h%n v mJ% wdam-5Rx t0i hai b6c
=ng/ mt b6c =ng ch8nh v mt b6c =ng -hI/
hC- thI c9a cc ;%ng ;'ch !c t8nh thRo cng th7c
=a%m
n
=am-5R
/ n
=tan;ar;
/ n
b5ank
ln
main
, n
rRo
nm hC- thI

main
m M6c =ng ch8nh

rRo
m M6c =ng -hI
!.2.2. Whng )h) A:ng hFc SCinGticV
`hng -h- ng hc !c => ;Ing A o
ho0t ng c9a Rnym# \gc iAm c9a -hng -h-
ny 5 o ngay khi b3t % -hn 7ng/ =a% mt
ib
khong th1i gian tru wvR5ay timRx no / khng c
th1i gian !i -hn 7ng Fn 'nh#
\ Mhn! /h/ o 3n! h"c ^s`r
\ hC- thI c9a hkn h!- -hn 7ng !c o n 5n
trong th1i gian -hn 7ng t wPRaction timRx/ khong
cch gia n 5n o 5 tXn giy v t8nh gi tr' ch&nh
5ch c9a cc hC- thI gia -h)- o =a% v6i -h)-
o tr6c/ kt .% c%Oi cEng 5 t8nh !c gi tr' ch&nh
5ch tr%ng bHnhX-hht wvnXminx
\ ho0t ng c9a Rnym !c t8nh thRo cng
th7cm
]3 ho2t 3n! ca Enkym tD[jmin.s.
Trong / K 5 h =O th1ng !c cho tr6c v6i t*ng
5o0i ho chCt#
\n v' o ho0t ng Rnym 5 X[/ ngoi ra
c?n => ;Ing n v' m6i 5 kat wkata5x 5 5!ng mRn (hc
tc =2 bin Fi W mo5 c chCt trong W giy#
\ Mhn! /h/ o th(i !ian c' Znh ^uiVf; Timf`r
$ng tng t2 nh -h)- o ng hc/ nhng cht
khc 5 th1i gian gia cc 5n o hC- thI 5 cO
'nh#
[!ng gi kin th7c -hn W
LGa ch3n cHu IngJ&ai )B0ng cc cHu &auK
ic
W# nh =ng n =3c c mt b6c =ng (c 'nh
trong chn khng v c mt m% =3c ri&ng bit#
hng,=ai
_# nh =ng tr3ng 5 tFng h!- nhi4% nh =ng n
=3c c m% bin thi&n 5i&n tIc t* m% @ t6i m%
t8m# hng,=ai
b# f%ang -hF v0ch -ht (0 5 .%ang -hF gQm nhi4%
;i =ng/ m% =3c khc nha%/ nOi ti- nha% mt cch
5i&n tIc# hng,=ai
c# [ng k8nh v cch t> nhiu% (0 ho0t ng tr&n
ng%y&n t3c cho nh =ng tr3ng i vo/ nOi ra =} cho
mt nh =ng n =3c# hng,=ai
a# $c 56- k8nh trong k8nh 5c giao thoa gt cch
nha% mt khong cch X_ A 5c ra !c cc tia =ng
c b6c =ng # hng,=ai
$h3n cHu )B li Ing nhL) )B0ng cc cHu &auK
i# Dy ()t nghim =inh ho th1ng => ;Ing cc b6c
=ngm
n# T* b6c =ng m% @ n b6c =ng m% t8m
M# T* b6c =ng cSanm n eiS nm
$# T* bcSnm tr+ 5&n tr&n vEng c"n hQng ngo0i
v# $c b6c =ng bcSnm/ cSanm v aSanm#
e# Khi nh =ng i .%a ;%ng ;'ch =} b'm
n# ]C- thI hon ton
ia
M# ]C- thI mt -hn
$# Khng b' hC- thI
v# ]C- thI mt -hn/ mt -hn b' -hn (0 v
mt -hn i (%y&n .%a ;%ng ;'ch#
Y# \ hC- thI nh =ng c9a ;%ng ;'ch -hI th%c vom
n# M4 ;y 56- chCt 5@ng
M# UQng ;%ng ;'ch m nh =ng i .%a
$# Mn chCt c9a ;%ng ;'ch m nh =ng i .%a
v# $ ba B tr&n
Z# Trong my =inh ho/ gi tr' my o !c tr2c ti- 5m
n# ] =O -hI th%c bn chCt ;%ng ;'ch
M# $1ng nh =ng =a% khi i .%a ;%ng ;'ch
$# UQng c9a ;%ng ;'ch m nh =ng i .%a
v# \ hC- thI n c9a ;%ng ;'ch m nh =ng i
.%a#
WS# Tc ;Ing c9a cc 5inh kin .%ang , in 5m
n# Kh%ch 0i t8n hi% .%ang
M# Kh%ch 0i t8nh hi% in
$# $h%yAn Fi t8n hi% .%ang thnh t8n hi%
in
v# $h%yAn Fi t8nh hi% in thnh t8n hi%
.%ang#
WW# `ht iOt 5 5inh kin c tc ;Ingm
n# $h%yAn Fi .%ang in
M# $htnh 5% ;?ng in
ii
$# Fn 'nh in -
v# v6i tc ;Ing c9a nng 5!ng nh =ng/ hai %
bn ;Jn khi nOi ra m0ch ngoi =} c ;?ng ch0y .%a
gi 5 ;?ng .%ang in
# TCt c cc tc ;Ing tr&n#
W_# $c bnh -hm ;Eng trong my =inh ho 5m
n# D% ton -hn/ n6c tiA%/ ;'ch no t%{/ ;'ch v'/
-hn
M# ]%yt thanh/ h%yt tng/ n6c tiA%/ mt =O 5o0i
;'ch
$# $ht ;Eng h%yt thanh
v# $ht ;Eng h%yt tng#
Wb# Dy =inh ho ;Eng A om
n# $c 5o0i t bo trong m%
M# $c chCt h% c trong mJ% bnh -hm
$# $c chCt kh8 nh o(y/ cacbonic/ -]/ cc chCt v
c nh Ua

/ K

v# TCt c cc 5o0i chCt ch7a trong ;%ng ;'ch bnh

-hm#
Wc# :ic o cc chCt trong bnh -hm ;2a vo
ng%y&n t3cm
n# \o tr2c ti- ;%ng ;'ch bnh -hm
M# T0o cc -hn 7ng c =n -hm v6i m% gc tr,
ng
ie
$# T0o cc -hn 7ng c =n -hm hC- thI mt ;i
b6c =ng no m0nh nhCt
v# do =nh m% =3c c9a ;%ng ;'ch =a% cc -hn
7ng ho hc#
Wa# \gc iAm c9a -h)- o iAm c%Oi trong my
=inh ho 5m
n# $ht o hC- thI c9a ;%ng ;'ch mt 5n
vo 5hc b3t % -hn 7ng
M# \ hC- thI c9a ;%ng ;'ch nhi4% 5n A t8nh
ra nQng c9a ;%ng ;'ch
$# \o hC- thI mt 5n khi -hn 7ng t0o m%
=y ra hon ton/ nQng cc chCt =a% -hn 7ng
Fn 'nh
v# \o =2 =ai 5ch hC- thI gia cc 5n o#
Wi# $ thA t8nh ra nQng c9a chCt trong ;%ng ;'ch
mJ% khi ;Eng -hng -h- iAm c%Oi byng cch om
n# \ hC- thI c9a ;%ng ;'ch tr3ng/ ;%ng ;'ch
ch%n v ;%ng ;'ch mJ%
M# \ hC- thI c9a ;%ng ;'ch mJ%
$# \ hC- thI c9a ;%ng ;'ch tr3ng/ ;%ng ;'ch
mJ% v h =O cho tr6c
v# $ n v $
# $ n/ M v $#
We# `hng -h- ng hc t8nh ra ho0t ng c9a
nym byng cchm
iY
n# \o hC- thI mt 5n =a% khi -hn 7ng =y ra
hon ton/ 5Cy kt .% nhn v6i h =O K cho
tr6c
M# \o hC- thI mt 5n tr6c khi -hn 7ng =y ra
hon ton/ 5Cy kt .% nhn v6i h =O K cho
tr6c
$# \o hC- thI nhi4% 5n =a% khi -hn 7ng =y
ra hon ton/ 5Cy kt .% nhn v6i h =O K
cho tr6c
v# \o hC- thI nhi4% 5n trong khi -hn 7ng
ang =y ra/ 5Cy tr%ng bHnh hi% cc kt .%
5i&n ti-/ =a% nhn v6i h =O K cho tr6c#
$Hu hMi )G lNng gi
WY# TrHnh by khi nim v4 nh tr3ng/ nh =ng n
=3c#
WZ# TrHnh by cC% t0o v tc ;Ing c9a mt =O ;Ing cI
.%ang hc th1ng gg- trong my =inh ho#
_S# TrHnh by hai 'nh 5%"t .%ang in/ -hn t8ch
B nghra c9a hai 'nh 5%"t ny trong my ()t nghim
=inh ho
_W# TrHnh by 'nh 5%"t Mo%gRr, [ambRrt, MRRr B
nghra c9a hai 'nh 5%"t trong my =inh ho
__# TrHnh by mt =O chCt th1ng o trong my =inh
ho `hn t8ch cch th7c A o !c cc chCt ny
iZ
_b# TrHnh by = Q ng%y&n 5B my =inh ho `hn
t8ch ch7c nng cc khOi
_c# TrHnh by -hng -h- o iAm c%Oi v ng
hc ;Eng trong ()t nghim
eS
#hn 2
?i@i )hi/u ,y Ouang !" P22
1. Tng quan *+ ,y quang !" P22
1.1. Di^i thi. ch.ng
Dy .%ang k e__ 5 5o0i my 5m vic trong
vEng -hF c"n t> ngo0i,kh kin#
Dy c kh nng o !cm
, \ tr%y4n .%a T
, \ hC- thI n
, UQng $
Dy !c => ;Ing A o 0c 'nh 5!ng hogc
'nh t8nh v6i ;%ng ;'ch# $ cC% trhc n gin/ ;u
v"n hnh v bo ;<ng#
1.2. N>c tnh &a th.t
, `h0m vi -hF .%ang hcm b_SYSSnm
, \ ch8nh (c c9a b6c =ngm _nm
, T0- tn .%angm S/Y
, `h0m vi om Tm t* SZZ/Z
nm t* SZ ZZZ
$m SZ ZZZ
, dai =Om \ tr%y4n .%am S/a
eW
\ ch8nh (c ch%yAn Fi
TnmS/SS_n
, K8ch th6cm v(P($laa_(cSS(_bSmm
, Trng 5!ngm _Wkg
, $ng =%Ct cS
, \in -m __S: __:, aS]
1.!. CE. tBbc m>t my
1.!.1. ">t tB^c my -.ang &' 022
Wx \Qng hQ hin =O
_x Thang o T/ n/ $
bx $ng t3c ng%Qn
cx Uhm i4% chtnh b6c =ng
ax \Qng hQ kim cht b6c =ng hin t0i
ix ] =O kh%ch 0i
ex $hit - i4% chtnh S c9a Qng hQ
Yx $hit - i4% chtnh WSS c9a Qng hQ
Zx Thay Fi ;%ng ;'ch o
WSx $hCt chOng m
e_
Cnh %.1. KAt tr_c ca my
1.!.2. ">t sa. my
Wx $% chH W/an
_x F c3m ;y ng%Qn
bx \zn cng =%Ct
eb
Cnh %.%. KAt sa ca my
2. Nguy5n l( l, *i/c
2.1. K A] &h;i v3 ch(c nng cc &h;i.
ec
Ug%Q
n Fn
-
]
thOng
.%ang
M%Qng
o
K
$ht
th' kt
.%
n$
\zn
ha5ogRn
TMf\
Cnh %.*. P - 6h'i my qan! 67 8%%
2.2. 1g.y2n l l3m vic.
, \zn ]a5ogRnm c%ng cC- ;i b6c =ng b_SYSSnm cho
cc ()t nghim# Dy ;Eng 5o0i zn W_:,_S#
, ] thOng .%ang hcm
Cnh %.4. O: t2o h$ th'n! qan! h"c ca qan!
67 8%%.
W# Ug%Qn =ng _# ] thOng k8nh 5c b/i# Gng
c% 5m c/Y# KhR =ng a/e# Gng -h~ng Z# ThC%
k8nh hi tI WS# M%Qng o WW# Ong nhn .%ang
] thOng .%ang hc c ch7c nng ch8nh 5 t0o
ra chEm =ng n =3c cho t*ng ()t nghim byng
cch ;Eng b 5c w_x/ t"- tr%ng chEm =ng n =3c
vo hng v' tr8 trong b%Qng o#
] thOng chn b6c =ng 5 mt nhm (oay/ -h8a ;,
6i c g3n b%5i v bng chia b6c =ng tng 7ng/ b%5i
ny !c nOi v6i b 5c byng ;y k)o# Khi thay Fi v'
tr8 c9a nhm (oay/ b 5c b6c =ng cng (oay thRo t,
ng 7ng v6i b6c =ng tr&n bng chia#
ea
, M%Qng om trong gt mt gi < c%v)t gQm c v'
tr8 o/ cho -h)- o c mJ% 5i&n tIc# M%Qng o !c
bao k8n A trnh t0- nhiu% khi o/ -h8a tr&n c 53-
m+ A cho mJ% vo# Khi tin hnh o cn ng
k8n 53- ny 50i#
, T bo .%ang inm d> ;Ing 5o0i t bo nhn
.%ang in 5o0i GWSbS# $ ch7c nng ch%yAn Fi
t8n hi% .%ang khi .%a b%Qng o thnh t8n hi%
in A a n b kh%ch 0i
, M kh%ch 0im c ch7c nng kh%ch 0i t8n hi%
in th% !c t* t bo .%ang in rCt nh@ w c< m:x
thnh t8n hi% 9 56n w c< :x A t8nh ton v hiAn
th'#
, M hiAn th'm vEng zn 5R; e thanh A hiAn th' cc
kt .% o + ;0ng =O#
, Ug%Qn Fn -m c ch7c nng t0o ra in - mt
chi4% W_ : cC- cho ng%Qn =ng/ a : cC- cho m0ch
kh%ch 0i v hiAn th'#
7. Q:n hnh
!.1. Whac ho chEt v3 cch Ao md.
`ha/ 9 ho chCt 5 mt cng o0n .%an trng
trong vic ch%n b' tin hnh mt ()t nghim# U%
khng th2c hin tOt cng o0n ny c thA ;Jn n
=ai 5ch rCt 56n kt .% o# :H v"y/ khi tin hnh
ei
-ha/ 9 -hi th2c hin hng .%y trHnh/ hng 'nh
5!ng ho chCt -ha v hng th1i gian 9 cho t*ng 5o0i
()t nghim# : cng cn chh B n cch o vH
cch o v6i t*ng 5o0i ()t nghim 5 khng giOng
nha%/ mt =O ho chCt b3t b%c -hi o byng cc
-hng -h- ng hc/ mt =O ho chCt b3t b%c
-hi ;Eng cc -hng -h- iAm c%Oi#
$ rCt nhi4% 5o0i ho chCt tr&n th' tr1ng hin
nay/ -hn ny (in h6ng ;Jn cch -ha v 9 ho chCt
cng nh cch o c9a mt =O ()t nghim c9a hng
viagno=tic%m# $c 5o0i ho chCt khc cng tng t2/
t%y nhi&n mt =O thng =O c9a ho chCt =} khc# Khi
=> ;Ing cn thRo h6ng ;Jn c9a hng =n (%Ct ho
chCt#
!.1.1. CBGatinin SCTUV
g" th'c thB h1 !-mr
, $rRatina=R _SkX5
, darco=inR o(i;a=R i kX5
, n=corbatR o(i;a=R _ kX5
, $ata5a=R WSS kX5
, Tssd S/c mmo5X5
g" th'c thB h% !-mr
, c, nminoanti-yrinR _/a mmo5X5
, $rRatina=R _aS kX5
, `Rro(i;a=R aSkX5
ee
g" ;n! ;Zch chqnm $rRatininR
v$nh /hqmm ]%yt thanh/ n6c tiA%
`ha cc ;%ng ;'ch Tr3ng wb5ankx/ ch%n
wdtan;ar;x v mJ% o w=am-5Rx nh =a%m
M5ank dtan;ar; dam-5R
PW W m5 W m5 W m5
U6c cCt
Wa 5
, ,
$h%n $rR ,
Wa 5
,
Mnh -hm , ,
Wa 5
vC% V cht th' khng c#
Trn 4% cc ;%ng ;'ch v 9 mJ% o + nhit
be
o
$ trong a -hht/ =a% o m"t .%ang nW#
Ti- tIc trn bbS 5 P_ vo t*ng ;%ng ;'ch
tr3ng/ ch%n/ mJ% o + tr&n/ ti- tIc 9 a -hht +
nhit be
o
$/ =a% o m"t .%ang n_#
Khi nQng c9a crRatinin trong mJ% !c
(c 'nh byng cng th7cm
Sa"ple dard S
dard S
Sa"ple
C xC
A A
A A
=

tan
tan
) 1 2 (
) 1 2 (
!.1.2. WBotGin to3n )h*n
Th'c thB h1 !-mr
, `ota==i%m io;i;R bS mmo5X5
, `ota==i%m do;i%m tartratR WSS mmo5X5
, \Qng =%n-ht bS mmo5X5
, v%ng ;'ch hiro(it b/Y mo5X5
Th'c thB h%m ;%ng ;'ch ch%n wdtan;ar;x
eY
`ha M5ank/ dtan;ar; v dam-5R nh =a%m
M5ank dtan;ar; dam-5R
U6c cCt
WS 5
, ,
vv ch%n ,
WS 5
,
DJ% h%yt
thanh
, ,
WS 5
Th%Oc th> PW W m5 W m5 W m5

vEng -hng -h- o iAm c%Oi
Trn v 9 trong WS -hht + nhit _a/ bS hogc
be
o
$# da% o m"t .%ang v t8nh nQng
-rotRin ton -hn trong h%yt thanh thRo cng th7cm
Stadard
dard S
Sa"ple
Sa"ple
xC
A
A
C
tan
=
!.1.!. YB2
Th'c thB h1 r
v%ng ;'ch m w-]lYx
Th'c thB h% r
rRa=R WS SSSX5
G[v] Wi SSS X5
Unv] S/b mmo5X5
_,o(og5%taratR i mmo5X5
Th'c thB h* m v%ng ;'ch ch%n =tan;ar;
v$nh /hqm m ]%yt thanh/ h%yt tng/ n6c tiA%
Trn th%Oc th> 5m vic m trn PW vo P_/ bo
.%n + _,Y
o
$ !c trong c t%n/ + _S,_a
o
$ !c a ngy#
`ha cc ;%ng ;'ch cn o nh =a% m
eZ
M5ank dtan;ar; dam-5R
Th%Oc th>
5m vic
W m5 W m5 W m5
U6c cCt
WS 5
, ,
Pb ,
WS 5
,
Mnh -hm , ,
WS 5
Khi o ;Eng -hng -h- ng hc m
Khi -ha thH tin hnh o m"t .%ang wnx trong
khong bS= v ZS=
UQng %r& trong bnh -hm !c t8nh thRo cng
th7c m
$
=am-5R
ln
dam-5R
Xn
dtan;ar;
( $
dtan;ar;
!.1.+. CholGstGBol
Th'c thB h1 r
v%ng ;'ch m w-]li/Zx ZS mmo5X5
`hRno5 _i mmo5X5
Th'c thB h% r
$ho5R=tRro5 o(i;a=R bSS X5
`Rro(i;a=R W_aS X5
$ho5R=tRro5 R=tR bSS X5
c,aminoanti-yrinR S/c mmo5X5
Th'c thB h* r v%ng ;'ch ch%n
v$nh /hqm r h%yt thanh/ h%yt tng
YS
Trn th%Oc th> 5m vic m trn PW vo P_/ bo
.%n + _,Y
o
$ !c trong c thng/ + _S,_a
o
$ !c Wa
ngy#
`ha cc ;%ng ;'ch cn o nh =a% m
M5ank dtan;ar; dam-5R
Th%Oc th>
5m vic
W m5 W m5 W m5
U6c cCt
WS 5
, ,
Pb ,
WS 5
,
Mnh -hm , ,
WS 5

vEng -hng -h- o iAm c%Oi m
Trn cc ;%ng ;'ch cn o/ 9 + be
o
$ =a% a -hht
thH o hogc WS -hht + nhit Wa,_a
o
$# \o m"t
.%ang wnx v t8nh thRo cng th7c iAm c%Oi#
!.1.6. Dl.cosG
Th'c thB h1 m
v%ng ;'ch m `ho=-hatR w-]le/ax YS
mmo5X5
`hRno5 S/a mmo5X5
Th'c thB h% r
G5%co=R o(i;a=R WS SSSX5
`Rro(i;a=R WSSS
X5
c,aminoanti-yrinR _/a
mmo5X5
YW
Th'c thB h* r G5%co=R ch%n#
v$nh /hqm m h%yt thanh/ h%yt tng gan/ ;'ch
t%{#
Th%Oc th> 5m vic m trn PW vo P_/ + nhit
_,Y
o
$ bo .%n !c b thng/ + _S,_a
o
$ !c b t%n#
`ha cc ;%ng ;'ch cn o nh =a% m
M5ank dtan;ar; dam-5R
Th%Oc th>
5m vic
W m5 W m5 W m5
U6c cCt
WS 5
, ,
Pb ,
WS 5
,
Mnh -hm , ,
WS 5

9 + nhit be
o
$ trong a -hht rQi o m"t
.%ang wnx hogc WS -hht + nhit -h?ng/ t8nh nQng
thRo cng th7c o iAm c%Oi#
!.1.#. 7iliB.Pil to3n )h*n
Th'c thB h1 r
n(it d%5oani5ic b/_ mmo5X5
n(it ]$5 Wia mmo5X5
vimRthy5=%5oo(i;R e mo5X5
Th'c thB h% m $h%n Uatri nitrit Y/i mmo5X5
v$nh /hqm m h%yt thanh/ h%yt tng c chOng
ng#
$h%n b' th%Oc th> 5m vic m trn PW v6i P_ thRo
t{ 5 W_am5X_Sm5
Y_
`ha cc ;%ng ;'ch ;o m
dam-5R
b5ank
dam-5R dtan;ar;
b5ank
dtan;
ar;
Th%Oc th>
5m vic
, W m5 , W m5
PW W m5 , W m5 ,
Mnh -hm
ea 5 ea 5
, ,
$h%n , ,
ea 5 ea 5
9 b -hht + nhit be
o
$ rQi o m"t .%ang
c9a cc ;%ng ;'ch thRo -hng -h- iAm c%Oi#
UQng bi5ir%bi5 trong bnh -hm !c t8nh thRo
cng th7c m
dard S
dard'lan( S dard S
( Sa"ple'lan Sa"ple
Sa"ple
xC
A A
A A
C
tan
tan tan

=
!.1.0. ZmylasG
Th'c thB h1r
v%ng ;'ch m w-]le/Wax aS mmo5X5
Ua$5 eS mmo5X5
Dg$5
_
WS mmo5X5
,G5%co=i;a=R c kX5
Th'c thB h%r
c/i,thy5i;RnR,Ge,-U` b mmo5X5
v%ng ;'ch m w-]le/Wax aS mmo5X5
v$nh /hqmm h%yt thanh/ n6c tiA%/ h%yt tng
Yb
$h%n b' th%Oc th> 5m vicm trn PW v6i P_ thRo
t{ 5 amW/ ;%ng ;'ch ny Fn 'nh trong c t%n + _,
Y
o
$ v trong a ngy + _S,_a
o
$#
`ha ;%ng ;'ch ;o nh =a%m
Th%Oc th>
5m vic
iSS 5
Mnh -hm
Y 5
\o ;%ng ;'ch ny thRo -hng -h- ng hc/
t7c 5 o thay Fi m"t .%ang mki -hht
wnXminx/ ;o trong b -hht# Uhit khi o 5 be
S
$#
\ ho0t ng !c t8nh nh =a% m
\ ho0t ng wX5xl nXmin ( e_YS
!.1.@. CBGatinin&inasG SCCV
Th'c thB h1r
v%ng ;'ch m imi;ao5R w-]li/ix WSS
mmo5X5
Dagi& acRtat WS mmo5X5
Th'c thB h% r
U,acRty5cy=tRinR _S mmo5X5
nv` _ mmo5X5
nD` a ,
Unv` _ ,
v,G5%co=R _S ,
via;Rno=inR -Rnta-ho=-hatR WS mo5X5
vTn _ mmo5X5
Yc
]R(okina=R baSS X5
G,i,` ;Rhy;ro _SSS X5
$rRatinR -ho=-hatR bS mmo5X5
v$nh /hqm m h%yt thanh
$h%n b' th%Oc th> 5m vic m trn PW vo P_/
;%ng ;'ch th% !c Fn 'nh trong _ t%n + nhit
_,Y
o
$ v trong _ ngy + nhit _S,_a
o
$#
`ha ;%ng ;'ch o nh =a% m
Th%Oc th> 5m
vic
W m5
Mnh -hm
_S 5
\o thRo -hng -h- ng hc =a% _ -hht 9 + nhit
be
o
$/ tin hnh o trong b -hht# T8nh ton
ho0t ng c9a Rmym trong mJ% bnh -hm wX5x v6i
h =O m
KlYSZa w n% o + b6c =ng bcSnmx
KlY_a_ w n% o + b6c =ng bbcnmx
KlWcaeW w n% o + b6c =ng bianmx
!.1.4. $actat dGhydBogGnasG S $[RV
Th'c thB h1r
v%ng ;'ch m -]lZ
_,mRthy5,_,amino,W,-ro-ano5 iSS mmo5X5
[, [actat WSS ,
Ya
Th'c thB h%r
Unv i mmo5X5
v$nh /hqmm h%yt thanh
$h%n b' th%Oc th> 5m vicm ho P_ vo PW/
;%ng ;'ch Fn 'nh trong _ t%n + nhit _,Y
o
$/
trong _c gi1 + nhit _S,_a
o
$#
`ha ;%ng ;'ch ;o nh =a%m
Th%Oc th> 5m
vic
W m5
Mnh -hm
aS 5
\o thRo -hng -h- ng hc =a% b -hht 9 + nhit
be
o
$/ tin hnh o trong b -hht# T8nh ton
ho0t ng c9a Rmym trong mJ% bnh -hm wX5x v6i
h =O m
Klb bbb w n% o + b6c =ng bcSnmx
Klb bZY w n% o + b6c =ng bbcnmx
Kli Wei w n% o + b6c =ng bianmx
!.1.1\. Zxt )hos)hatG SZCWV
Th'c thB h1r
v%ng ;'ch m $itratR/ -] a/_ WaS
mmo5X5
Th'c thB h%r
,Ua-hthy5 -ho=-hatR WS mmo5X5
Yi
a=t PR; TP i ,
v$nh /hqmm h%yt thanh#
$h%n b' th%Oc th> 5m vicm trn P_ vo PW/
;Eng trong _ ngy n% nhit bo .%n t* _,Y
o
$
hogc trong i gi1 + nhit Wa,_a
o
$/ trnh nh =ng#
`ha ;%ng ;'ch o gQm W m5 th%Oc th> 5m vic
v WSS 5 bnh -hm#
Trn 4% v 9 trong a -hht + nhit bS hogc
be
o
$/ =a% o byng -hng -h- ng hc trong b
-hht# Kt .% nXmin nhn v6i h =O KleaS#
!.1.11. Ci/m )hos)hatG SZ$WV
Th'c thB h1 r
\m viRthano5aminR -] Z/Y W mmo5X5
Dg$5
_
S/i ,
Th'c thB h% r
-,Uitro-hRny5-ho=-hatR WS ,
v$nh /hqm m h%yt tng
$h%n b' th%Oc th> 5m vic m ho P_ vo PW/
;Eng trong _ t%n n% nhit bo .%n t* _,Y
o
$
hogc trong _ ngy + nhit _S,_a
o
$#
`ha ;%ng ;'ch om
Th%Oc th> 5m
vic
W m5
Mnh -hm
_S 5
Ye
9 bS giy rQi o byng -hng -h- ng hc
trong _ -hht# T8nh ton v6i h =O KlbSSS#
!.1.12. ZKT SDXTV
Th'c thB h1 r
\m Tri= -] e/a WWS mmo5X5
[,n5aninR iSS ,
[v] W aSS X5
Th'c thB h% r
,KRtog5%taratR Wi mmo5X5
Unv] S/_c ,
v$nh /hqm m h%yt thanh/ h%yt tng chOng
ng vTn
$h%n b' th%Oc th> 5m vic m ho P_ vo PW v6i
t{ 5 _ mW/ ;Eng trong c t%n n% nhit bo .%n
t* _,Y
o
$ hogc trong a ngy + nhit _S,_a
o
$#
`ha ;%ng ;'ch om
Th%Oc th> 5m
vic
W m5
Mnh -hm
WSS 5
9 _ -hht rQi o byng -hng -h- ng hc
trong _ -hht# T8nh ton v6i h =O m
KlWeaS + b6c =ng bcS/ bbc nm
Klb_cS + b6c =ng bia nm#
YY
!.1.1!. Z$T SDWTV
Th'c thB h1 r
\m Tri= -] e/Y YY mmo5X5
[,n=-artatR _iS ,
[v] W aSS X5
Dv] ZSS X5
Th'c thB h% r
,KRtog5%taratR W_ mmo5X5
Unv] S/_c ,
v$nh /hqm m h%yt thanh/ h%yt tng chOng
ng vTn
$h%n b' th%Oc th> 5m vic m ho P_ vo PW v6i
t{ 5 _ mW/ ;Eng trong c t%n n% nhit bo .%n
t* _,Y
o
$ hogc trong a ngy + nhit _S,_a
o
$#
`ha ;%ng ;'ch om
Th%Oc th> 5m
vic
W m5
Mnh -hm
WSS 5
9 W -hht rQi o byng -hng -h- ng hc
trong b -hht# T8nh ton v6i h =O m
KlW eci + b6c =ng bcS nm
KlW eYS + b6c =ng bbc nm
Klb _ba + b6c =ng bia nm#
YZ
!.1.1+. TBiglycGBidGs S WZWV
Th'c thB r
v%ng ;'ch m -] e/_ aS mmo5X5
c $h5oro-hRno5 c ,
Dg
_
Wa ,
nT` _ ,
GK S/ckX5
`Rro(i;a=R _ ,
[i-on-rotRin 5i-a=R _ ,
c,nminoanti-yrinR S/c mmo5X5
G`s W/akX5
v$nh /hqm m h%yt thanh/ h%yt tng
`ha cc ;%ng ;'ch o nh =a% m
dtan;ar; dam-5R
Th%Oc th> W m5 W m5
$h%n
WS 5
,
Mnh -hm ,
WS 5
\o cc ;%ng ;'ch byng -hng -h- iAm c%Oi
=a% a -hht 9 + nhit be
o
$#
!.1.16. Zxt YBic
Th'c thB h1 r
\m -ho=-hatR -] e/c aS mmo5X5
v]Md c ,
ZS
Th'c thB h% r
rica=R YS X5
`Rro(i;a=R iiS ,
c,nminoanti-yrinR W mmo5X5
Th'c thB h* r $h%n
v$nh /hqm r h%yt thanh/ h%yt tng/ n6c tiA%
-ha 5ong W mWS v6i n6c cCt#
$h%n b' th%Oc th> 5m vic m ho P_ vo PW/
;Eng trong c t%n c t%n n% nhit bo .%n t* _,
Y
o
$ hogc trong e ngy + nhit _S,_a
o
$#
`ha cc ;%ng ;'ch o m
M5ank dtan;ar; dam-5R
Th%Oc th> 5m
vic
W m5 W m5 W m5
U6c cCt
_S 5
, ,
$h%n ,
_S 5
,
Mnh -hm , ,
_S 5
\o cc ;%ng ;'ch =a% khi 9 a -hht + nhit
be
o
$/ t8nh ton nQng thRo -hng -h- iAm
c%Oi#
!.2. Thao tc vn h3nh my -.ang &' 022
$hh B ryng khi m6i b"t my cn !i 8t nhCt a -hht
A 5m Cm my/ nhym 5o0i b@ cc y% tO nh h+ng +
b&n ngoi nh nhit / m/ hi n6c###
f%y trHnh o trong .%ang k e__ nh =a% m
ZW
Wx $h%n b' my + i4% kin =n =ng 5m
vic/ cc ;%ng ;'ch o -ha v 9 hng kL th%"t
_x $hn b6c =ng ()t nghim byng cch .%ay
bnh (R/ .%an =t Qng hQ kim cht b6c =ng hin th1i
cho n khi kim cht #
bx \i4% chtnh nhm chn thang o v4 v' tr8 T
cx \i4% chtnh Qng hQ cht gi tr' S c9a thang
o T v4 v' tr8 SS#S#
ax \gt ;%ng ;'ch ch%n dtan;ar; cn o vo gi
< c%v)t/ thay Fi cho hng v' tr8 o byng nhm
chn v' tr8#
ix \i4% chtnh Qng hQ cht gi tr' WSS c9a thang
o T tng 7ng v6i gi tr' #SSS
ex Thay Fi ;%ng ;'ch =tan;ar; byng ;%ng ;'ch
dam-5R
Yx \c cc kt .% o T/ n/ $ tr&n Qng hQ hin
=O/ byng cch thay Fi thang o v4 cc v' tr8 T/ n/
$#
U% o ng hc thH ghi cc kt .% thRo th1i
gian .%y 'nh/
U% o iAm c%Oi ta c thA c ngay kt .%#
OhX m D%On kt .% ch8nh (c chhng ta n&n 5g- 50i
thao tc o nhi4% 5n/ kt .% c%Oi cEng =} 5Cy tr%ng
bHnh c9a cc kt .% o !c#
Z_
;. B0 6Rng
+.1. 78o d9ng th=ng x.y2n
v=o q=n my r
, \gt + nhng ni thong mt/ nhit t* a,
ba
S
$/ tOt nhCt 5 _a
o
$# \ m nh@ hn Ya#
, Trnh nhng ni c hi a(it/ ki4m/ nhit
cao/ bIi bn
, Khi ang ;Eng khng va ch0m m0nh/ khng ;i
ch%yAn my A trnh 7t ;y tc bng zn#
v=o ;>n! th(n! Vy.n r
Tr6c khi bo ;<ng cn t3t my v rht in ng%Qn#
Dki 5n o (ong/ c%v)t cn !c r>a =0ch A
trnh 5Jn mJ% ;Jn n =ai 5ch kt .%# :H v"y/ khi
o (ong mt mJ%/ cn r>a =0ch c%v)t trong n6c =0ch
v A kh trong khng kh8 hogc 5a% kh byng vi
m4m/ khng !c =Cy kh hogc -hi n3ng vH nhit
=} 5m h@ng c%v)t#
Khi 5m (ong mki ()t nghim cn 5a% =0ch ho
chCt/ mJ%### ri r6t tr&n my#
da% mki ngy 5m vic/ cn 5m =0ch cc cgn
53ng bm vo c%v)t thRo trHnh t2 =a% m
W# P>a v6i ;%ng ;'ch Uas] WD
_# P>a v6i n6c cCt
b# P>a v6i ;%ng ;'ch ]$5 S/aD
c# P>a 50i byng n6c cCt#
Zb
a# [a% kh#
[a% b4 mgt my byng vi m4m/ ng n3-
b%Qng o A trnh bIi bn#
+.2. 78o d9ng AMnh &e
Mo ;<ng 'nh kj !c th2c hin b thng mt 5n#
\A th2c hin vic bo ;<ng cn tho r1i -hn v@
my#
w v=o ;>n! l h$ th'n! qan! r
] thOng ny rCt u b' bIi bn/ mOc/ (6c#
Khi bo ;<ng c thA ;Eng bng cao =% A thFi
bIi tr&n b4 mgt c9a cc thC% k8nh/ Gng/ k8nh 5c/
bng zn/ t bo .%ang in#
$hh B m khng !c ;Eng tay cm tr2c ti- 5&n
bng zn/ khi cn tho bng A kiAm tra thH -hi
;Eng giCy kh/ =0ch A cm vo bng#
U% c nhng vt bn khng thFi =0ch !c thH
c thA ;Eng chFi ch%y&n ;Ing A .%)t# Trnh 5m (6c
cc b4 mgt .%ang hc# Khng ;Eng cc chCt ty m0nh
A r>a#
$ thA ;Eng cc ;%ng mi 5a% k8nh A 5m =0ch thC%
k8nh# Khi 5a% cn ;Eng vi m4m v 5a% thRo hHnh
(oy chn Oc t* trong tm ra ngoi m)-#
\Oi v6i cc gng/ khng !c ;Eng bCt c7 ;%ng mi
no A 5a%/ vH khi cm tay vo rCt ru 5m bong 56-
-hn (0 -h8a =a%#
Khi bo ;<ng -ht hin thCy c hin t!ng (6c/ O
mOc/ nhng vt bn khng thA 5m =0ch !c tr&n b4
mgt c9a gng/ thC% k8nh/ k8nh 5c thH 5&n thay th#
w v=o ;>n! h$ th'n! c 6h1
Zc
] thOng c kh8 c9a my .%ang k e__ kh
n gin bao gQm cc trit - i4% chtnh v h
thOng chn b6c =ng#
Khi => ;Ing 5% c thA 5m =2 ch%yAn ng c9a
cc b -h"n ny tr+ 5&n kh khn/ khi chhng cn
!c 5m =0ch#
\A bo ;<ng h thOng chn b6c =ng/ ta 5m thRo
trHnh t2 =a%
W, \nh ;C% v' tr8 c9a nhm (oay
_, U6i 5@ng v8t hm nhm (oay w nym b&n c0ch
nhmx, ;Eng t%Oc,n,v8t nh@ _ c0nh
b, K)o th~ng nhm (oay A tho ra kh@i trIc
c, ["t -hin chR h thOng chn b6c =ng
a, vEng cc ;%ng mi 5m =0ch cc -hn v bi
trn cho -hn ch%yAn ng#
i, [3- 50i cc thnh -hn thRo trHnh t2 ng!c 50i#
:6i cc trit - i4% chtnh/ ;o .% trHnh o(y ho
hogc bIi bn c thA 5m cho trit - i4% chtnh
khng !c ch8nh (c/ khi ta cng c thA tin
hnh bo ;<ng cho cc trit - ny#
f%y trHnh nh =a% m
W, \nh ;C% cc v' tr8 tr&n trit -
_, vEng t%Oc,n,v8t nh@ hai c0nh n6i 5@ng cc v8t
hm
b, Tho cc nhm ra
c, ["t -hn v@ my -h8a tr&n
a, vEng c5& A tho cc Oc hm + ;6i#
i, Tho cc trit - ra kh@i gi <
e, Tho v@ trit - v 5m =0ch b4 mgt ti- (hc
byng cc chCt r>a
Za
Y, \A kh v 53- 50i thRo trHnh t2 ng!c 50i khi tho#
S. M1) &2 h hMng )hng gTp * cch !hUc phc.
vo c cC% t0o n gin/ n&n .%ang k e__ ho0t
ng kh Fn 'nh/ v 8t (y ra 5ki# $c 5ki c9a my
.%ang k e__ th1ng gg- 5m
w s7t q= o 6h&n! ch1nh Vc r
:ic -ht hin kt .% o khng ch8nh (c c
thA (c 'nh byng cch o th> mJ% tr3ng/ n% cho
kt .% 56n hn =ai =O cho -h)- thH kt .% o mJ%
bHnh th1ng =} b' =ai 5ch#
[ki ny c thA ;o cc ng%y&n nhn m
W, f%y trHnh -ha 9 khng hng m kiAm tra 50i .%y
trHnh -ha/ 9#
_, ] thOng .%ang hc b' bIi bm bn/ cc thC%
k8nh v gng c thA b' O mOc/ h h@ng m kiAm tra 50i
h thOng .%ang hc/ n% cn thH bo ;<ng hogc
thay th
b, :' tr8 c9a cc c%v)t cha hng m i4% chtnh
v' tr8 ny cho th~ng hng v6i khR =ng v t bo
.%ang in#
w ]3 lA/ l2i th:/
Ug%y&n nhn gy ra hin t!ng ny th1ng 5 ;o
cc bt kh8 t0o ra trong .% trHnh hht mJ% vo c%v)t/
vH v"y khi a mJ% vo c%v)t cn A nghi&ng c%v)t
Zi
v a vo nh nhng A trnh (%Ct hin cc bt kh8
khi o#
w ]o cc 67t q= bbn! W
W, KiAm tra 50i bng zn/ t%Fi th c9a bng !c
khong _SSS gi1/ vH v"y n% bng chy cn !c thay
th/ hogc bng chy ;o cc y% tO v4 ng%Qn in#
$ch thay th nh =a% m
, Tho 53- v@ my -h8a tr&n b&n -hi my/ ta c
.%an =t ngay thCy bng nym -h8a =a% cc b 5c#
, Tho _ v8t hm chn bng/ v rht bng ra#
, M"t ng%Qn v ;Eng Qng hQ v0n nng thang o
: kiAm tra in - chn bng (Rm c hng W_ :
khng# U% hng ta tin hnh thay bng bHnh th,
1ng/ n% in - bCt th1ng cn kiAm tra 50i ng%Qn
cC- v tin hnh =>a cha n% cn#
, [3- bng m6i/ vgn _ v8t hm v*a tay thH ;*ng#
, [3- 50i v@ my#
OhX r khi thay bng m6i khng !c A tay ti- (hc
tr2c ti- v6i bng v chn bng/ c thA ;Eng giCy 5t
khi cm vo bng#
Thay bng hng thng =O kL th%"t#
_, KiAm tra 50i t bo .%ang in# U% h@ng thH
cn !c thay th# T bo !c rht chn khng/ c -
=%Ct 56n vH v"y rCt ;u b' n7t v<# Khi kiAm tra n%
thCy n7t v< thH t bo b' h@ng# Khi thay th cn
Ze
hn hng cc chn c9a t bo/ v nh tay khi ti-
(hc#
U% t bo c?n tOt thH cn kiAm tra 50i m0ch
kh%ch 0i# Tin hnh =>a cha m0ch n% cn#
ZY
[!ng gi kin th7c -hn _
8nh &2 )hV )G Ing ch0 cc quy )BWnh &auK
W# f%y trHnh v"n hnh my .%ang k e__m
## $h%n b' my + i4% kin =n =ng 5m vic/
cc ;%ng ;'ch o -ha v 9 hng kL th%"t
# \i4% chtnh nhm chn thang o v4 v' tr8 T
# \i4% chtnh Qng hQ cht gi tr' S c9a thang o
T v4 v' tr8 SS#S#
#\gt ;%ng ;'ch ch%n dtan;ar; cn o vo gi
< c%v)t/ thay Fi cho hng v' tr8 o byng nhm
chn v' tr8#
####\i4% chtnh Qng hQ cht gi tr' WSS c9a thang
o T tng 7ng v6i gi tr' #SSS
# \c cc kt .% o T/ n/ $ tr&n Qng hQ hin
=O/ byng cch thay Fi thang o v4 cc v' tr8 T/
n/ $#
# Thay Fi ;%ng ;'ch =tan;ar; byng ;%ng ;'ch
dam-5R
## $hn b6c =ng ()t nghim byng cch .%ay bnh
(R/ .%an =t Qng hQ kim cht b6c =ng hin th1i
cho n khi kim cht #
_# f%y trHnh r>a c%v)t =a% mki ngy 5m vic
#[a% kh#
#P>a v6i n6c cCt
#P>a v6i ;%ng ;'ch ]$5 S/aD
ZZ
# P>a v6i ;%ng ;'ch Uas] WD
#P>a 50i byng n6c cCt#
$h3n ,1) cHu )B li Ing nhL) ch0 cc cHu
&auK
b# M ch%yAn Fi .%ang in trong my .%ang k
e__ 5m
n# f%ang tr+
M# Ong nhn .%ang
$# `ht iOt
v# `ht Traito#
c# \gc iAm c9a cch -ha v 9 cc ho chCt trong
()t nghim =inh ho 5m
n# GiOng nha% Oi v6i mi ho chCt
M# GiOng nha% v4 cch -ha nhng nhit 9 khc
nha%
$# Khc nha% v4 cch -ha/ v4 thA t8ch khi -ha/ v4
nhit 9
v# ]o chCt c9a cc hng khc nha%/ v bn thn
cc ho chCt c9a cc thng =O c9a cEng mt hng
khc nha% v4 cch -ha/ thA t8ch -ha/ nhit 9
v th1i gian 9#
a# Khi o v6i mt ho chCt/ cn chh n cc thng =O
c9a ho chCtm
n# Uhit 9 c9a ho chCt/ th1i gian 9 cho mki ()t
nghim
WSS
M# \n v' o nQng c9a ho chCt
$# M6c =ng o c9a ho chCt
v# T{ 5 -ha 5ong c9a t*ng ho chCt
# TCt c cc B tr&n#
# $% n v c% $
i# Khi o cc thng =O => ;Ing -h)- o iAm c%Oi/
khi o cn -hi -ham
n# `hi 9 c b ;%ng ;'chm Tr3ng/ ch%n v mJ%
M# $ht -ha ;%ng ;'ch ch%n v ;Ing ;'ch mJ%
$# v%ng ;'ch mJ%/ c?n tr3ng v ch%n c thA
khng cn o
v# v%ng ;'ch mJ% v ;%ng ;'ch tr3ng#
e# Khi o cc thng =O => ;Ing -h)- o ng hc
cn chh B nm
n# Khng cn -ha ;%ng ;'ch tr3ng/ v ch%n#
M# v%ng ;'ch tr3ng => ;Ing 5 n6c cCt
$# `hi 9 cc ho chCt tr&n a -hht tr6c khi o
v# `ha ;%ng ;'ch mJ% v o ngay =a% mt th1i
gian tru y&% c%
# $% n v c% v
# $% M v c% v#
Y# $ thA bit !c mt =O h h@ng khi v"n hnh my
.%ang k e__ byng cchm
n# $c thng bo 5ki (%Ct hin tr&n mn hHnh
M# Ting c?i bo c 5ki
WSW
$# f%an =t byng m3t th1ng
v# Khng thA bit my c 5ki#
Z# Khi o byng my e__/ cc kt .% 4% byng S
thH c thA 5 ;o ng%y&n nhnm
n# Mng zn b' chy#
M# ]@ng Ong nhn .%ang
$# D0ch kh%ych 0i b' h@ng
v# $ thA ;o mt trong cc ng%y&n nhn tr&n#
WS# Mng zn ]a5ogRn chy c thA ;o ng%y&n nhnm
n# Mng ht t%Fi th/ ;o t%Fi th c9a bng khong
_SSS gi1
M# Ug%Qn n%i cho bng b' thC- in -
$# Ug%Qn n%i bng b' .% -
v# $% n v c% $
# $% M v c% $m
$Hu hMi )G lNng gi
WW# :} = Q khOi v -hn t8ch ho0t ng = Q
khOi my .%ang k e__
W_# TrHnh by .%y trHnh o cc ()t nghim byng
my .%ang k e__ => ;Ing ho chCt c9a hng
viagno=tic%m
Wb# TrHnh by cc .%i trHnh bo ;<ng my .%ang k
e__
WS_
Wc# TrHnh by mt =O 5ki th1ng gg- khi => ;Ing my
.%ang k e__ `hn t8ch ng%y&n nhn v cch
kh3c -hIc 5ki
8p n cHu hMi )BUc nghi/, phn lNng gi !i"n
)hVc
Wh*n 1
gQa ch"n c0 tr= l(i Xn! sai
$W# hng $_# hng $b# =ai $c#
=ai
$a# hng
Oh"n c0 tr= l(i Xn! nh:t tron! cc c0 sar
WSb
$i# $ $e# v $Y# v
$Z# v
$WS# $ $WW# n $W_# M $Wb# M
$Wc# $ $Wa# $ $Wi# v $We# v
Wh*n 2.
]nh s' thT tQ Xn! cho cc qy trnh sar
$W# W/ b/ c/ a/ i/ Y/ e/ _
$_# a/ _/ c/ W/ c
Oh"n c0 tr= l(i Xn! nh:t tron! cc c0 sar
$b# M $c# v $a#
$i# $
$e# $Y# $ $Z# v
$WS# v
WSc
Ti li$ tham 6h=o
W# Gd# Ug%yun Th Khnh
Gd# `h0m T> vng
xYt n!hi$m sB ;<n! tron! l0m sn!\nxv y C"c\
%WW*
_# `Gd# TdK] Ug%yun :n v'-
+n hnh b=o ;>n! thi7t bZ y t7\ nxv y C"c\
%WWW
b# Gd# TdK]# Ug%yun Kim Giao
O s 6z tht i$n tB { xnv ]Cil \1SSS
c# viagno=tic%m Pt, ]%ngary
Olinical Ohfmistry hfa!fnts
a# Dannhaim MoRhringRr
|nstrctions }or rf/air Mhotomftfr 4W1W
i# MiochRmica5 dy=tRm= ntRrnationa5
Prcrffn mastfr *WWW ~sfrs li;f
e# 5Rcta [ab
Kinigab clinical chfmistry analykfr ~sfr manal\
4j%WW1
WSa