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0.0030 for mild steels in members where the characteristic compressive

strength of the concrete 5 ~ fractile) is between 5800 and 7250 psi. In
members where the concrete has a characteristic compressive strength
between 3600 and 5000 psi the minimum percentage of web reinforcement
must be equal to 0.0011 for web reinforcement made out of high strength
steel or 0.0024 for mild steels. The maximum stirrup spacing is 0.5*d
if Vu ~ (2/3) Vn or 0.3*d if Vu ~ (2/3) V
n
The transverse spacing of
legs in each stirrup group under no circumstance should be greater than
"d" or 800 mm <32 in.) whichever is the smaller.
In the case of members subjected to torsion, the minimum
percentage of web reinforcement is the same as in the case of shear.
The minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement must be 0.0015 btd for
high strength steels and 0.0025 btd for mild steel where bt is the width
of the member in the tension zone. However, the total tension area
should not exceed 0.04*A
g
, where Ag is the cross-sectional area of the
member. The stirrup spacing shall not exceed the value of u/8. The
longitudinal bars can be uniformly distributed around the interior
perimeter formed by the stirrups, but spacing shall not exceed 350 mm
(14 in.), and at least one bar must be placed at each corner.
2.2.2 Swiss Code. The design procedure in the case of
reinforced and prestressed concrete members in the Swiss Code,
Structural Design Code SIA 162 (10), is based on the truss model with
variable angle of inclination of the diagonal compression struts.
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In the Swiss Code (10) the actions not considered directly in
the truss model are introduced in a manner similar to the one followed
in the CEB-Refined method:
a. In the geometry of the truss model: The angle of inclination of
the diagonal strut is allowed to vary between the limits
suggested in Eq. 2.1.
b. In an allowance for an additional diminishing concrete
contribution to the shear and torsion carrying capacity of the
member. The concrete contribution approaches zero as the
nominal shear stress due to shear and/or torsion increases.
In the case of shear, the design procedure followed in the Swiss
Code speci fies that the shear force at calculated ultimate load minus
the vertical component of the prestressing force under service load
conditions when inclined tendons are utilized, must be equal or less
that the sum of the nominal resistance Vs carried by the truss action,
and the resistance Vc attributed to the concrete in the transition
state. The shear carried by the truss is computed using Eq. 2.15.
Vs = [AvfyZcot O']/s
(2.15)
where fy is the yield stress of the stirrup reinforcement 2 ~ permanent
strain), "z" is the distance between the centroids of the top and bottom
longitudinal reinforcement enclosed by the stirrups andQ' is the angle
of inclination of the compression diagonal. Under the Swiss Code 3/5 <
tan 0' < 5/3.
Due to the inclination of the concrete compression field in the
truss model an area of longitudinal steel in addition to that required
for flexure must be provided. The horizontal component of this diagonal
compression field is assumed to act at the web center (z/2). If the
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resultant from the combined action of bending and shear is compressive
in the chord of the truss model where the applied moment induces
compression, then the following additional reinforcement should only be
placed on the truss chord where the applied moment induces tension.
(2.16)
where fy is the yield stress of the longitudinal reinforcement 2 ~
perm anent strain).
The concrete contribution Vc in the transition range between the
uncracked shear resistance of the member and its shear resistance with
the fully developed truss action is assumed to vary linearly as the
nominal shear stress increases. The Swiss Code proposed values for this
concrete contribution are shown in Fig. 2.6. The nominal shear stress
" "is taken to be
Vu
or
Vu = V
u
/[bw*O.8*H]
(2.17)
(2.18)
where b
w
is the minimum web thickness, z is the distance between centers
of the top and bottom longitudinal reinforcement enclosed by the stirrup
reinforcement, and H is the member depth.
The proposed values for the concrete contribution shown in
Fig. 2.6 are based on the limits originally suggested by Thl.irlimann for
the different stages in the behavior of a beam subjected to shear, i ~ .
1/6 vmax for the uncracked range and 1/2 v
max
for the limit between the
transition and the full truss action stages. In determining the values
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Vcu
concrete contri bution
uncracked ..
Transition state
~
Full truss
I
Action
Vcu ~ Vc= 1(3Vcu-vu) >0
----+--.1 I
I "-', I
I
.........
I ,
,
...
Vcu 3Vcu 6Vcu
~ ~ o x ) ( ~ Vmax)
(V.mox)
Vcu: Shear Stress Centri bution by the Concrete
Fig. 2.6 Concrete contribution in the case of reinforced
concrete members
of the shear stress that the concrete can carry in the transition state
of the member, the following values of the uncracked shear stress
carrying capacity of the section are recommended.
If f ~ = 1400 psi then vcu = 112 psi
- f ~ = 2100 psi then vcu = 140 psi
f ~ = 3000 psi then vcu = 168 psi
fb > 3500 psi then vcu = 196 psi
If the preceding values for vcu are put in a k.['fj form, k
would be found to vary between 3.0 and 3.3, which is in the higher range