Ashraf PBD Seminar

Nonlinear Analysis & Performance Based Design


CALCULATED vs MEASURED

ENERGY DISSIPATION




IMPLICIT NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR

STEEL STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS

INELASTIC WORK DONE!

CAPACITY DESIGN
STRONG COLUMNS & WEAK BEAMS IN FRAMES
REDUCED BEAM SECTIONS
LINK BEAMS IN ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAMES
BUCKLING RESISTANT BRACES AS FUSES
RUBBER-LEAD BASE ISOLATORS
HINGED BRIDGE COLUMNS
HINGES AT THE BASE LEVEL OF SHEAR WALLS
ROCKING FOUNDATIONS
OVERDESIGNED COUPLING BEAMS
OTHER SACRIFICIAL ELEMENTS


STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

MOMENT ROTATION RELATIONSHIP

IDEALIZED MOMENT ROTATION

PERFORMANCE LEVELS

IDEALIZED FORCE DEFORMATION CURVE

17
ASCE 41 BEAM MODEL

Linear Static Analysis
Linear Dynamic Analysis
(Response Spectrum or Time History Analysis)
Nonlinear Static Analysis
(Pushover Analysis)
Nonlinear Dynamic Time History Analysis
(NDI or FNA)
ASCE 41 ASSESSMENT OPTIONS

ELASTIC STRENGTH DESIGN - KEY STEPS

CHOSE DESIGN CODE AND EARTHQUAKE LOADS
DESIGN CHECK PARAMETERS STRESS/BEAM MOMENT
GET ALLOWABLE STRESSES/ULTIMATE PHI FACTORS
CALCULATE STRESSES LOAD FACTORS (ST RS TH)
CALCULATE STRESS RATIOS

INELASTIC DEFORMATION BASED DESIGN -- KEY STEPS

CHOSE PERFORMANCE LEVEL AND DESIGN LOADS ASCE 41
DEMAND CAPACITY MEASURES DRIFT/HINGE ROTATION/SHEAR
GET DEFORMATION AND FORCE CAPACITIES
CALCULATE DEFORMATION AND FORCE DEMANDS (RS OR TH)
CALCULATE D/C RATIOS LIMIT STATES

STRENGTH vs DEFORMATION

STRUCTURE and MEMBERS
For a structure, F = load, D = deflection.
For a component, F depends on the component type, D is the
corresponding deformation.
The component F-D relationships must be known.
The structure F-D relationship is obtained by structural analysis.

FRAME COMPONENTS
For each component type we need :
Reasonably accurate nonlinear F-D relationships.
Reasonable deformation and/or strength capacities.
We must choose realistic demand-capacity measures, and it must be
feasible to calculate the demand values.
The best model is the simplest model that will do the job.

Force (F)
Initially
linear
Strain
Hardening
Ultimate
strength
Strength loss
Residual strength
Complete failure
First yield
Ductile limit
Hysteresis loop
Stiffness, strength and ductile limit may
all degrade under cyclic deformation
Deformation (D)
F-D RELATIONSHIP

LATERAL
LOAD
Partially Ductile
Brittle
Ductile
DRIFT
DUCTILITY

ASCE 41 - DUCTILE AND BRITTLE

FORCE AND DEFORMATION CONTROL

F
Relationship allowing
for cyclic deformation
Monotonic F-D relationship
Hysteresis loops
from experiment.
D
BACKBONE CURVE

HYSTERESIS LOOP MODELS

STRENGTH DEGRADATION

ASCE 41 DEFORMATION CAPACITIES
This can be used for components of all types.
It can be used if experimental results are available.
ASCE 41 gives capacities for many different components.
For beams and columns, ASCE 41 gives capacities only for the chord
rotation model.

j
Current
Elastic
Plastic (hinge)
Total
rotation
Zero length hinges
Elastic beam
Plastic
rotation
Elastic
rotation
Similar at
this end
M
i
M
j
M or M
i j

M

i j
or
BEAM END ROTATION MODEL


PLASTIC HINGE MODEL
It is assumed that all inelastic deformation is concentrated in zero-
length plastic hinges.
The deformation measure for D/C is hinge rotation.

PLASTIC ZONE MODEL
The inelastic behavior occurs in finite length plastic zones.
Actual plastic zones usually change length, but models that have
variable lengths are too complex.
The deformation measure for D/C can be :
- Average curvature in plastic zone.
- Rotation over plastic zone ( = average curvature x plastic
zone length).

ASCE 41 CHORD ROTATION CAPACITIES
IO LS CP
Steel Beam
p
/
y
= 1
p
/
y
= 6
p
/
y
= 8
RC Beam
Low shear
High shear

p
= 0.01

p
= 0.005

p
= 0.02
p
= 0.01

p
= 0.025

p
= 0.02

COLUMN AXIAL-BENDING MODEL
M
i
P
P
P
P
or
V
V
M
j
M
M

STEEL COLUMN AXIAL-BENDING

CONCRETE COLUMN AXIAL-BENDING

Node
Zero-length
shear "hinge"
Elastic beam
SHEAR HINGE MODEL

PANEL ZONE ELEMENT
Deformation, D = spring rotation = shear strain in panel zone.
Force, F = moment in spring = moment transferred from beam to
column elements.
Also, F = (panel zone horizontal shear force) x (beam depth).

BUCKLING-RESTRAINED BRACE
The BRB element includes isotropic hardening.
The D-C measure is axial deformation.

BEAM/COLUMN FIBER MODEL
The cross section is represented by a number of uni-axial fibers.
The M-y relationship follows from the fiber properties, areas and locations.
Stress-strain relationships reflect the effects of confinement


Steel
fibers
Concrete
fibers
WALL FIBER MODEL

ALTERNATIVE MEASURE - STRAIN

u
u
1
2
iteration
NEWTON RAPHSON
ITERATION

u
u
1 2
iteration
CONSTANT STIFFNESS
ITERATION
3 4 5 6
NONLINEAR SOLUTION SCHEMES

Y
+Y
-Y
0
Radius, R

CIRCULAR FREQUENCY

u
.
t
u
t1
.
..
Slope = u
t1
..
t
1
u
t
1
t
Slope = u
t1
.
u
u
t1
..
t
1
t
THE D, V & A RELATIONSHIP

UNDAMPED FREE VIBRATION
) cos(
0
t u u t
w =
0

u k u m
& &
m
k
where
= w

RESPONSE MAXIMA
u t ) cos(
0
t u
w =
) cos(
0
2
t u
w w - =
u t
& &
) sin(
0
t u
w w - =
u t &
max
2
u
w - =
max u
& &

BASIC DYNAMICS WITH DAMPING
g
u u u u
& & & & &
- = w + w x +
2
2
g
u M Ku u C u M
Ku u C
t
u M
& & & & &
& & &
- = + +
= + +
0
g
u
& &
M
K
C

ug

..
2
u
g
2
..
u
g
1
..
1
t
1
t
2
Time t
& &
A B t u
g
= + = - & & &
u u u
+ +
2
2
x w w
RESPONSE FROM GROUND MOTION

{ [
&
] cos
[ (
&
)] sin }
e u
B
t
A u u
B
t
B
t
t d
d
t t d
&
u
t
= -
+ - - + +
-
xw
w
w
w
w xw
w
w
w
1
2
2
1 1
2 2
1
e
A B
t
u u
A B
t
A B Bt
t
t d
d
t t d
u
t
= - +
+ + - +
-
+ - +
-
xw
w
x
w
w
w
xw
x
w
x
w
w
w
x
w w
{ [u ] cos
[
&
( )
] sin }
[ ]
1
2 3
1 1
2
2
2 3 2
2
1 2 1
2
DAMPED RESPONSE

SDOF DAMPED RESPONSE

RESPONSE SPECTRUM GENERATION
-0.40
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
TIME, SECONDS
G
R
O
U
N
D

A
C
C
,

g

Earthquake Record
Displacement
Response Spectrum
5% damping
-4.00
-2.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
D
I
S
P
L
,

i
n
.

-8.00
-4.00
0.00
4.00
8.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
D
I
S
P
L
,

i
n
.

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 2 4 6 8 10
PERIOD, Seconds
D
I
S
P
L
A
C
E
M
E
N
T
,

i
n
c
h
e
s

T= 0.6 sec
T= 2.0 sec

0
4
8
12
16
0 2 4 6 8 10
PERIOD, sec
D
I
S
P
L
A
C
E
M
E
N
T
,

i
n
.

0
10
20
30
40
0 2 4 6 8 10
PERIOD, sec

V
E
L
O
C
I
T
Y
,

i
n
/
s
e
c

0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 2 4 6 8 10
PERIOD, sec

A
C
C
E
L
E
R
A
T
I
O
N
,

g

d
V
S PS
w =
v
a PS PS
w =
SPECTRAL PARAMETERS

THE ADRS SPECTRUM
ADRS Curve
Spectral Displacement, Sd
S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,

S
a

Period, T
S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,

S
a

RS Curve
0
.
5

S
e
c
o
n
d
s

1
.
0

S
e
c
o
n
d
s

2
.
0

S
e
c
o
n
d
s


THE ADRS SPECTRUM

ASCE 7 RESPONSE SPECTRUM

PUSHOVER

THE LINEAR PUSHOVER

EQUIVALENT LINEARIZATION
How far to push? The Target Point!

DISPLACEMENT MODIFICATION

Calculating the Target Displacement
DISPLACEMENT MODIFICATION
C
0
Relates spectral to roof displacement
C
1
Modifier for inelastic displacement
C
2
Modifier for hysteresis loop shape
d = C
0
C
1
C
2
S
a
T
e
2
/ (4p
2
)

LOAD CONTROL AND DISPLACEMENT CONTROL

P-DELTA ANALYSIS

P-DELTA DEGRADES STRENGTH

STRUCTURE
STRENGTH
The "over-ductility" is reduced,
and is more uncertain.
P- effects may reduce the drift at which the
"worst" component reaches its ductile limit.
P- effects will reduce the drift at

which the structure loses strength.
DRIFT
P-DELTA EFFECTS ON F-D CURVES

THE FAST NONLINEAR ANALYSIS METHOD (FNA)
NON LINEAR FRAME AND SHEAR WALL HINGES
BASE ISOLATORS (RUBBER & FRICTION)

STRUCTURAL DAMPERS
STRUCTURAL UPLIFT

STRUCTURAL POUNDING
BUCKLING RESTRAINED BRACES

RITZ VECTORS

FNA KEY POINT
The Ritz modes generated by the
nonlinear deformation loads are used
to modify the basic structural modes
whenever the nonlinear elements go
nonlinear.

CREATING HISTORIES TO MATCH A SPECTRUM

FREQUENCY CONTENTS OF EARTHQUAKES

FOURIER TRANSFORMS

ARTIFICIAL EARTHQUAKES

ARTIFICIAL EARTHQUAKES

71
MESH REFINEMENT

72
This is for a coupling beam. A slender pier is similar.
APPROXIMATING BENDING BEHAVIOR

73
ACCURACY OF MESH REFINEMENT

74
PIER / SPANDREL MODELS

75
STRAIN & ROTATION MEASURES

76
Compare calculated strains and rotations for the 3 cases.
STRAIN CONCENTRATION STUDY

77
The strain over the story height is insensitive to the number of elements.
Also, the rotation over the story height is insensitive to the number of elements.
Therefore these are good choices for D/C measures.
No. of
elems
Roof
drift
Strain in bottom
element
Strain over story
height
Rotation over
story height
1 2.32% 2.39% 2.39% 1.99%
2 2.32% 3.66% 2.36% 1.97%
3 2.32% 4.17% 2.35% 1.96%
STRAIN CONCENTRATION STUDY

DISCONTINUOUS SHEAR WALLS

79
PIER AND SPANDREL FIBER MODELS
Vertical and horizontal fiber models

80
RAYLEIGH DAMPING
The aM dampers connect the masses to the ground. They exert
external damping forces. Units of a are 1/T.
The bK dampers act in parallel with the elements. They exert internal
damping forces. Units of b are T.
The damping matrix is C = aM + bK.


81
For linear analysis, the coefficients a and b can be chosen to give essentially
constant damping over a range of mode periods, as shown.
A possible method is as follows :
Choose T
B
= 0.9 times the first mode period.
Choose T
A
= 0.2 times the first mode period.
Calculate a and b to give 5% damping at these two values.
The damping ratio is essentially constant in the first few modes.
The damping ratio is higher for the higher modes.
RAYLEIGH DAMPING

Ku u C
&
t
u M
& &
= + + 0
Ku u
& + +
=
0
( a M
+
b
K )
u
& &
+
C
M
u
&
M
u
+
K
=
0
2
u
u
&
=
w + w
x
+
2 0
w
x
2 M
= C
w
2
x
=
a
+
b w
2
w 2
x
=
C
M
2
=
C
M

M
K
=
2
C

M K
2

M K
a M
+
b
K
=
t
u M
& &
u
& &
;
2

M K
RAYLEIGH DAMPING

Higher Modes (high w) = b
Lower Modes (low w) = a
To get z from a & b for any
w

M
K
=
To get a & b from two values of z
1
& z
2
;
T
2p
w
=
z
1
=
a
2w
1
+
b w
1

2

z
2
=
a
2w
2
+
b w
2

2

Solve for a & b

RAYLEIGH DAMPING

DAMPING COEFFICIENT FROM HYSTERESIS

DAMPING COEFFICIENT FROM HYSTERESIS

A BIG THANK YOU!!!

Ashraf PBD Seminar

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Nonlinear Analysis & Performance Based Design

Nonlinear Analysis & Performance Based Design

BEAM END ROTATION MODEL

P- effects will reduce the drift at

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