Dewan V.S.

Institute of Engineering & Technology,

Meerut





DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG


INTEGRATED CIRCUIT LAB

EEC-551

(B.Tech V Semester)




LAB TECHNICIAN Manual prepared by

Mr. Veer Pal Mr. SANDEEP KUMAR

Assistant professor
Department of ECE










Dewan V.S. Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi & Affiliated to U.P.T.U.,Lucknow)
Meerut By Pass Road, Partapur Meerut-250103,U.P.

Experiment No-01



Objective: Analog to Digital Converter.

Equipment Needed:
1. ST-2601 Kit
2. Digital Multi-meter
3. 2M.M Patch Cords

Theory
The analog /digital conversion is a logical process that requires conceptually twosteps:
the quantizing and the coding. Quantization is the process that performs the
transformation of a continuous analog signal in a set of discrete levels. Soon afterwards
we combine through the coding each discrete levels with a digital words.
Counter or servo A/D converter:
The A/D converters use very different techniques to perform the A/D conversion. The
conversion speed and the resolution are the two guiding criteria in choosing an A/D
converter. One of the more simple A/D converters is the converter see in fig .this circuit
use a digital counter to control the input of a D/A converter .The clock pulse are applied
to a counter and the D/A converter output is increased a steps at a time of amplitude
corresponding to that of the less significant bit .A comp rater compare the D/A converter
output with the analog input and stop the clock pulse when the output of the D/A
converter goes over the input signal. The counter output is there for the converted to
digital world.


















Fig. A/D Converter


Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply to the trainer.
2. Connect the DC supply to the Vi of the converter
3. Keep the DC pot in counter clock wise poison
4. Place the Reset /Count Switch in Reset poison
5. Switch on the power supply
6. Keep the DC pot at the mid poison
7. To start the conversion; place the switch in count position.

The LEDs lit according to binary sequence. When the signal from the D/A goes over the
input signal, the counter stops and the LEDs show the binary conversion

Result:

Precaution:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2 After completion of connection on kit switch on the power supply
3. Taken the result carefully











Dewan V.S. Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi & Affiliated to U.P.T.U.,Lucknow)
Meerut By Pass Road, Partapur Meerut-250103,U.P.

Experiment No-02
Objective:
Functional verification of weighted resistor D/A converter

Equipment Needed:
1. ST-2602 Kit
2. Digital Multi-meter
3. 2M.M Patch Cords
Theory
The simplest D/A converter is obtained by means of a summing circuit with input
resistance whose values depends on the bit weight that are associated to. We obtain in
this way the weighted resistor converter whose diagram is shown in fig.4 bit case, where
the switches S3-S0 are driven from the digital information so that every resistance is
connected to the reference voltage Vref or to ground in accordance with the fact that the
corresponding bit is at logical level 1 or 0.
Lets consider now the possibility where only the most significant bit (MSB) S3 is level 1:
In the R resistance the current I3 =Vref/R will flow and therefore at the operational
amplifier output we will have voltage
V3 = -I3(R/2) = -Vref/2


Fig: Weighted Resistor D/A Converter:






Procedure:
1. Connect the power supply to the board
2. Connect the D0-D3 of the logic switch to corresponding jacks B0-B3 of the converter
3. Set the switch S0-S3 to logic level 0
4. Connect the Vref socket to +5V.
5. Connect a multi-meter as voltmeter for DC, to the output V0 of the converter
6. Switch the logic switches in binary progression & measure & record the output voltage
in correspondence of every combination of the input code.
7. With input code S3S2S1S0 = 0000 the output voltage Vo has to be null:

Result:










Precaution:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2. After completion of connection on kit switch on the power supply
3. Taken the result carefully























Dewan V.S. Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi & Affiliated to U.P.T.U.,Lucknow)
Meerut By Pass Road, Partapur Meerut-250103,U.P.

Experiment No-03
Objective:
Wien bridge oscillator using operational amplifier
Equipment Needed:
1. Experiment Board ,ST2323
2. CRO
3. Multi-meter
4. Frequency counter
5. 2mmpatch cords
Theory
The Wien bridge is one of the simplest and best known oscillators and is used extensively
in circuits for audio applications. Show the basic Wien bridge circuit configuration .on
the positive side, this circuit has only a few component and good frequency stability.
Because of its simplicity and stability, it us the most commonly use audio frequency
oscillator in the Wien bridge circuit is connected between amplifier input terminals and
the output terminal The bridge has a series RC network in one arm and a parallel RC
network in adjoining arm. In the remaining two arms of the bridge, resistorR1 and Rf are
connected.
The phase angle criterion for oscillation is that the total phase shift around the circuit
must be 0 .This condition occurs only when the bridge is balanced, that is at resonance.
The frequency of oscillation F0 is exactly the resonant frequency of the balanced Wien
Bridge and is given by
Here F0 is the frequency generated by Wien oscillator,
F0 =1/2 RC
=0.159/RC (1)
Assuming that the resistors area equal in the value, and the capacitors are equal in the
value in the reactive leg of the Wien bridge. At this frequency the gain required for
sustained oscillation is given by
Av = 1/B = 3 (2)
That is, 1 + Rf/R1 = 3
Or Rf = 2R1 (3)


















Wien Bridge circuit Schematic
Procedure:
1. Calculate the value of R to generate the 1 KHz frequency by The eq1.

2. Connect the probes of multi-meter at7 and tp8 and rotate the dual potentiometer P2 till
the value of potentiometer is equal to the calculated R,
3. Connect the socket b1to socket b2to complete the bridge.
4. Connect the CRO probe at tp6 and ground Ground.
5. If the signal is little bit distorted very the potentiometer P1 a little till the perfect sine
wave come.
6. Note the output amplitude by CRO and frequency by using frequency counter, match it
with measured frequency.
7. Disconnect the patch cord between b1and b2and measured the value of
potentiometer P2, between tp5and socketb1
8. The value of P1 should be twice of the resistance R7.
9. Verfy the P1 value by using eq3.
10. Calculate the gain of oscillator and verify it by using eq2.
Result:
Precaution:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2After completion of connection on kit switch on the power supply
3. Taken the result carefully





Dewan V.S. Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi & Affiliated to U.P.T.U.,Lucknow)
Meerut By Pass Road, Partapur Meerut-250103,U.P.

Experiment No-04
Objective:
Function generator using operational amplifier (sine, triangular &square wave)
Equipment Needed:
1. Experiment Board, ST2323
2. CRO
3. Multi-meter
4. Frequency counter
5.2mmpatch cords
Theory
Square wave generator: A square wave is a basic kind of non sinusoidal waveform
encountered in electronics and signal processing. An ideal square wave alternates
regularly and instantaneously between two levels, which may or may not include zero
.the circuit at fig uses a comparator with both positive and negative feedback to control
its output voltage. Because the negative feedback path uses a capacitor while the positive
feedback path does not, haw ever, there is a time delay before the comparator is triggered
to change the state.

Square Wave generator

Triangular wave generator :An oscillator which generator a triangular wave is known as
triangular wave generator .A triangle wave a basic kind of non-sinusoidal waveform named for its
triangular shape.






Like a square wave , the triangle wave contains only odd harmonics .However the higher
harmonics roll of much faster than in a square wave and so its sound is smoother than a square
wave and is nearer to that of a sine wave .The simple tri wave generator bas become an often used
analog circuit.





Square & Triangular wave generator
Procedure:
1. Rotate the frequency adj. potentiometer P5 (for coarse freq.) to initial position and do
same with potentiometer P6 (for fine freq-)
2. Connect the CRO CH2 at tp13 and ground.
3. Observe and note the amplitude wave shape and frequency of output signal.
4. Vary the amplitude potentiometer P7, to max and see the maximum output.
5. Rotate the frequency potentiometer and note the variation in the freq-.
6. Disconnect the CRO probe and connect it to tp 14.and ground (for tri-wave)
7. Rotate the frequency adj. potentiometer P5 (for coarse freq.) to initial position and do
same with potentiometer P6(for fine freq-)
8. Repeat the above steps from3to5.
Result:
Precaution:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2After completion of connection on kit switch on the power supply
3. Taken the result carefully






Dewan V.S. Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi & Affiliated to U.P.T.U.,Lucknow)
Meerut By Pass Road, Partapur Meerut-250103,U.P.

Experiment No-05

Objective: To observe the op-amp working as Log & Antilog amplifier.

Equipment Needed:
1. Experiment Board, ST2323
2. CRO
3. 2mmpatch cords
Theory
Log Amplifier: A log amplifier simply gives the logarithmic output of signal at its input i.e.
reducing a signal logarithmically. Using simple circuitry and a high performance OP-
Amp it is possible to produce logarithmic and anti-logarithmic or exponential amplifiers
having good linearity. Such amplifiers use the nonlinear volt-ampere relationship of the
p-n junction itself of a forward active biased bipolar transistor,


Basic Log Amplifier
Antilog Amplifier: An antilog amplifier gives the exponential output of signal at its input
i.e. amplifying a signal exponentially. The basic log amp- can be rearranged to form
antilog amp- in fig.










The negative part of sinusoidal input forward bias the BE junction of transistor. A diode
across the input (between emitter and ground with anode connected to emitter) may be
connected to protect the BE junction from a possible excessive reverse voltage.


Basic Antilog amplifier

Procedure: For log amp:

1. Connect the on board function generator probe at socket IN3
2. Set the 3V, 1 KHz input sinusoidal signal of function generator and observe the input
at CRO CHII.
3. Observe the output waveform between socket2and ground, on CRO CHI.

For Antilog amp:
1. Make connections according to the producer of experiment of log amp.
2. Connect socket 2 of logarithmic amp o/p to IN4 of anti log amp.
3. Observe the output waveform between sockets3and ground, on CRO CHI.

Result:
Precaution:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2After completion of connection on kit switch on the power supply
3. Taken the result carefully






Dewan V.S. Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi & Affiliated to U.P.T.U.,Lucknow)
Meerut By Pass Road, Partapur Meerut-250103,U.P.
Experiment No-06
Objective: To study and observe op-amp as voltage comparator and zero crossing
detector.
Equipment Needed:
1. Experiment Board, ST2323
2. CRO
3.2mmpatch cords
Theory
Comparator (voltage level detector)
An op-amp comparator is a circuit which compares an arbitrary input signal against a
fixed reference voltage. The output of the comparator circuit switches between the two
saturation voltage depending on the value of arbitrary input signal with respect to the
reference voltage (if the input amplitude is less than the reference voltage, output is at
one saturation level and vice-versa).
Zero crossing detector (sine wave to square wave converter)
As the name indicates the zero crossing detectors is a device for detecting the point where
the voltage crosses zero in either direction .what happens to an op-amp of the negative
feedback is removed. With no feedback and very high gain, obviously the output voltage
wi-l goes to one extreme limit or the other. Typically this is limited to just outside the
+10 volt limit used in analog computers, and is inherently current-limited to avoid any
possible damage .But is there really any use for such a circuit .This circuit operates as a
zero crossing detector.

Comparator Zero Crossing Detector






Procedure: For Non-inverting Comparator:
1. Connect the socket IN1to 0-5 VDC supply as the reference voltage supply.
2. Connect the on board function generator probe at socket IN2
3. Set the 2 V, 1 KHz input sinusoidal signal of function generator and observed the input
at CRO CHII.
4. Observe the output waveform between socket O/P and GND, on the CRO CHI.
5. Note the amplitude, wave shape and duty cycle of the output waveform.
Zero crossing detector:
1. Connect the board function generator probe at socket IN2
2. Set the 1 V 1 KHz input signal of function generator and observe the input at CROII.
3. Observe the output waveform between socket O/P & GND on CRO CHI.
4. Note the amplitude of the output waveform.

Result:


Precaution:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2 After completion of connection on kit switch on the power supply
3. Taken the result carefully
4. Check the wave shape of CRO carefully




























Dewan V.S. Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi & Affiliated to U.P.T.U.,Lucknow)
Meerut By Pass Road, Partapur Meerut-250103,U.P.

Experiment No-07


Objective: - Study of IC 555 as a Monostable and an Astable Mlutivirater
Equipment Needed:-
1. Experiment Board, ST2323
2. CRO
3. 2 m.m.patch cords
Theory:-
The device IC 555 is a monolithic timing circuit that can produce accurate and
highly stable time delays or oscillations. The 555 timer is reliable, easy to use and
economical IC 555 has been used in number of application such as Monostable & Astable
multi-vibrators. DC-DC converter, digital logic probes, waveform generator, analog
frequency meter and tachometers temperature measurement and control. Infrared
transmitter, burglar and toxic gas alarms, voltage regulators etc.



IC 555 Pin Out








555 IC





Functional Diagram 555 IC

External connection Diagram for Monostable Multivibrator




555 IC





Monostable Multivibrator with Timing Pulse


External connection Diagram for Astable Multivibrator








555 IC







Astable Multivibrator with Timing Sequence Waveforms

Procedure:

As Mono-stable Multi-vibrator

1. Connect +5VDC supply to point i and Gnd to point j.
2. Connect point A to point b.
3. Connect point c to point d/e.
4. Keep the pot (R2 1M) to fully anticlockwise direction.
5. Apply trigger input at pin 2 of IC 555 by connecting point h to f.
6. Now switch on the power switch of the trainer.
7. Observe the output signal at pin 3 of IC 555 using CRO.
8. Vary the potentiometer and observe the variation of output pulse on time with the
change in resistance R (where, R=R1+R2)
9. Calculate the same by following equation for theoretically calculating the output pulse
On time.
Tp=1.1*R1*C1













As A-stable Multi-vibrator

1. Connect +5VDC supply to point i and Gnd to point j.
2. Connect point A to point b/c.
3. Connect point d to point f/g.
4. Keep the pot (R2 1M) to fully anticlockwise direction.
5. Now switch on the power switch of the trainer.
6. Observe the output signal at pin 3 of IC 555 using CRO.
7. Vary the potentiometer and observe the variation of output pulse on time with the
change in resistance R (where, R=R1+R2)


8. To verify the above calculate the frequency of output signal using following equation.
1.45
Fout = -------------
(R+2R3)C1

Result:









Precaution:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2 After completion of connection on kit switch on the power supply
3. Taken the result carefully
4. Check the wave shape of CRO carefully
















Dewan V.S. Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi & Affiliated to U.P.T.U.,Lucknow)
Meerut By Pass Road, Partapur Meerut-250103,U.P.

Experiment No-08

Objective: - Study of the operation of Phase Locked Loop.
Equipment Needed:-
1. Experiment Board, AB25.
2. DC power supplies +12V and -12V from external source.
3. CRO
4. Function Generator.
5. Voltmeter.
6. 2 m.m.patch cords

Theory
The phase-locked loop, or PLL, is one of the most useful blocks in modern electronics
circuits. It is used for many different applications, ranging from communications, control
system, as well as application such as pulse recovery and frequency multiplication.
A PLL is a closed-loop system, whose purpose is to lock an oscillator onto a provided
input frequency (sometimes called the reference frequency) by closed-loop, we mean
that there is feedback from output to input. In a PLL, the feedback is negative, meaning
that the system is self-correcting.

Basic Phase Locked Loop






Procedure:
1. Connect +12V and -12V DC power supplies at their indicated position on AB25
board.
2. Connect a 2mm patch cord between VCO output and phase comparator input(2).
3. Connect TP1 to CRO CH II and set VCO free-running frequency to 50 KHz.
4. Apply a sine wave signal (5KHz freq.and 2Vpp amplitude) from function
generator at input (1)of phase comparator and observe the same signal on CRO
CHI(put CRO in duel mode)
5. Slowly increase the input frequency and observe VCO frequency variation w.r.t.
the input signal frequency variation.
6. Keep on increasing input signal frequency up to the point when VCO frequency
starts following the input frequency. Note down the frequency at which the
process starts. This frequency is the lower capture frequency of the PLL.
7. Keep increasing the signal frequency further. A frequency is obtained when the
VCO frequency stops following the input signal frequency. This frequency is the
upper lock-in frequency .observe that above the upper lock-in frequency the VCO
signal will not at all follow the input frequency variation.
8. Now start reducing the input frequency slowly up to the value when again the
VCO frequency starts following the input frequency. This frequency is upper
capture frequency.
9. Keep reducing the signal frequency further to the value when VCO frequency
stops following the input signal frequency and will not follow further. This value
of the frequency is lower lock-in frequency.
10. Connect Digital voltmeter at loop filter output i.e. at the output point named AM
O/P and observe the variations of voltage for lock range. This also explains the
operation of VCO.
11. Phase comparator generates the error voltage (which can be observed on
voltmeter).this voltage is fed to VCO which adjusts its output frequency
according to the DC voltage at input.

Result:



Precaution:
1. All the connection should be tight.
2 After completion of connection on kit switch on the power supply
3. Taken the result carefully
4. Check the wave shape of CRO carefully
5. Check the lock & capture frequency carefully.









Dewan V.S. Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi & Affiliated to U.P.T.U.,Lucknow)
Meerut By Pass Road, Partapur Meerut-250103,U.P.


EXPERIMENT NO.9

Object: - Second order filters using operational amplifier for
a. Low pass filter of cutoff frequency 1 KHz.
b. High pass filter of frequency 12 KHz.
c. Band pass filter with unit gain of pass band from 1KHz to
12KHz

Apparatus required:-
1. Experiment board ST2323.
2. oscilloscope
3. multi-meter
4. 2mm patch cords.

Theory: Low Pass Filter:
This filter passes low frequency but attenuates (or reduces) frequencies
higher then the cut-off frequency. The actual amount of attenuation for each
frequency varies from filter to filter an ideal low-pass filter completely
elements all frequency above the cut-off frequency while passing those
below unchanged.
A second order low pass filter consists of two RC combinations with an Op-
Amps Non- inverting configuration.

Gain =

Low pass filter:












Observation Table:
S.No. Input
frequency(Hz)
V
OUT

1
2
3
4
5



High pass filter: - it is a filter that passes high frequency well, but
attenuates frequency lower than the cutoff frequency. The actual amount of
attenuation for each frequency varies from filter to filter. And is used in
audio frequency it is useful as a filter a complex signal while passing the
higher frequency .it is chosen by the filter designer.


Gain=


High pass filter:

Observation Table:
S.No. Input
frequency(Hz)
V
OUT

1
2
3
4
5


Band pass filter: - Band pass filter are designed mathematically to respond
to design frequencies while rejecting all other out of band frequencies. A
band pass filter can be designed to filter to filter a particular band, or spread,
or frequency by comparing the properties of low pass and high pass filter.







Gain=
Band pass filter:





Observation Table:
S.No. Input
frequency(Hz)
V
OUT

1
2
3
4
5


Result: - Hence we have successfully obtained and observed Op-amp as
active element second order high pass filter low pass and band pass filter.

Precautions: -
1. Taking reading carefully
2. All connections should be tight.