Mba 1

st
executive communication
Sec b
11. Ex post facto design is a quasi-experimental study examining how an
independent variable, present prior to the study, affects a dependent variable.
So like we just said, there is something about the participant that we're going to
study that we don't have to alter in the participant. We will make this a little
clearer a little later with some examples and descriptions.
But first, quasi-experimental simply means participants are not randomly
assigned. In a true experiment, you have what is called random assignment,
which is where a participant has an equal chance of being in the experimental
or control group. Random assignment helps ensure that when you apply some
kind of condition to the experimental and control groups, there isn't some
predisposition in one group to respond differently than the other.
A true experiment and ex post facto both are attempting to say: this
independent variable is causing changes in a dependent variable. This is the
basis of any experiment - one variable is hypothesized to be influencing
another. This is done by having an experimental group and a control group. So
if you're testing a new type of medication, the experimental group gets the new
medication, while the control group gets the old medication. This allows you to
test the efficacy of the new medication.
Ex post facto designs are different from true experiments because ex post facto
designs do not use random assignment. True experiments have random
assignment because you're looking at something else. In ex post facto, you are
looking at a prior variable present in the participant.
Example
Riddle me this, listener: Which gender retains more information? In a true
experiment, you would assign a random group of participants to the
experimental group while assigning the other group of participants to the
control. But in an ex post facto experiment, we are trying to determine if there is
a difference between the two genders. We can't assign a person's gender, so
we're forced to work around this.
12.
Importance of body language in GD - by Rajmeet Ghai
One of the most important elements of communication is body language. Our gestures,
hand movements, facial expressions etc come under body language.
When we communicate, it is very essential for us to have the correct body language to
avoid offence to anyone.
In a group discussion, Positive body gestures are a sign of confidence and security.
They are a sign of active participation and leave a good impression.
Positive gestures include Walking upright, Shaking hands confidently etc.
Often body language conveys a lot of messages that words may not.
A positive body language increases an impact on others.
Body language helps to build a rapport with others.
Body language helps to understand what others may try to convey.
Body language helps to control aggression and conflicts.
Body language can show you are energetic in a group discussion.
When communicating, it is important for us to have positive body gestures. Direct and
steady eye contact is the most important of them.
13. 144 old
14. 17 old
15. 35-36 old
Sec c
18. 14 old
20. 48-50 old
22. 131-135 new
Sec a
1. 21 old
2. Mortality is incidence of death in a population. It is measured in various
ways, often by the probability that a randomly selected individual in a
population at some date and location would die in some period of time.
3. A rumor (or rumour) is "a tall tale of explanations of events
circulating from person to person and pertaining to an object, event,
or issue in public concern".
Rumors can be a terribly damaging form of communication. Rumors
spread throughout the workplace are no exception, damaging an
employees reputation and character and potentially affecting productivity.
The spreading of rumors is often identified as defamation of character,
although the two are not synonymous. Rumors in the workplace can lead
to an unhealthy work environment and defamation of character, so it is
critical to make sure neither occurs.
4. 208 new
5. 94-95 old
6. 208 new
7. 173 new
8. 104 old
9. 127-128 new
10.
A normal distribution is a theoretical idea that is based on theory rather
than real data. Normal distributions are typically the goal and the ideal in
research and data and something that every researcher strives for.
A normal distribution is a distribution that is bell-shaped and symmetrical. The
mean, median, and mode are all the same and coincide with the peak of the
curve. The frequencies then gradually decrease at both ends of the curve.
The normal distribution is also often called the bell-shaped curve because of
its shape.