EXPERIMENT 3 : HB 020 IMPACT OF JET

1.0 PREAMBLE

ABSTRACT
Water turbines are widely used throughout the world to generate power. By allowing fluid
under pressure to strike the vanes of turbine wheel,mechanical work can be produced.
Rotational motion is then produced by the force generated as jet strikes the vanes. One of
the common types of water turbines is Pelton wheel. In this type of water turbine,one or
more water jets aredirected tangentially onto a vanes or buckets that are fastened on the
rim of the turbine disc. The impact of the wateron the vanes generates a torque on the
wheel causing it to rotate and to develop power. To predict the output of a Pelton wheel and
to determine its maximum rotational speed, and the most important is to understand
howthe deflectionof the jet generates a force on the buckets and how the force is related to
the rate of momentumflow in jet are needed. Thie experiment will examined the different
forces exerted by the same water jet on variety of geometrical different plates. Under this
experiment, the force generated by a jet or water striking a deflector is measured.

1.1 OBJECTIVE
Impact of jet experiment aim to demonstrate and investigate the validity of theoretical
expressions for the calculation of the force exerted by a jet on objects of various shapes.

1.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENT AND APPARATUS

This equipment is designed to produce and measure forse due to impact of water jet on a
target. This is the basic principle of Pelton Turbine. Details of the equipments are as below.
1. Water from a Hydraulics Bench is connected to an inlet pipe at the bottom of a clear
acrylic tank diameter 200(mm) such that water jet and its impact or target plate can
be easily seen.
2. Water is discharged vertically through a nozzle diameter 7(mm).
3. Three target plates each diameter 36(mm) is provided :
(i) Plate
(ii) 120 degree cone
(iii) Hemisphere
4. The target place is connected to a vertical stem with spring near which a stem level
indicator is provided. This indicator is set when there is no jet and also weight on the
stem.
5. Selected weights are then placed on the stem and at the same time flow rate of
water jet is adjusted to hit the target plate raising it to its original level. Weights
provided are 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 (gram).
6. Flow rate of the water jet can be obtained from the Hydraulics Bench measuring
tank.

1.3 THEORY
When a water jet of velocity V hits a target plate, its velocity will change direction to V0 as in
Figure 4.2
Assume the jet flow rate is W kg/sec along the X (vertical axis) with V m/sec. After striking
the target the jet velocity becomes V0 m/sec and its direction deviate from the original
direction by angle .

Momentum of jet before hitting the target plate = WV kg-m/

Momentum of jet ater hitting the target plate = WV0 kg-m/

This impact force = change in momentum
= WV0 kg-m/

- WV kg-m/

= Newton
Reaction F by the target plate
F = WV0 Newton N = kg-m/

Reaction F for various target are
F on Flat target:
= 90 degree, = 0
FF = WV Newton
F on 120 cone target :
= 120 degree, = - 0.5



Assume very little energy loss between nozzle and target
V = V0
FC = WV [ ] = 1.5 WV0
F on hemisphere target :
= 180 degree, = -1
FH = WV [ ]
= 2 WV0 or 2 times that of flat target.

1.4 THEORY CALCULATION (sample)

Jet diameter = 7 (mm)

Jet cross-section Aa =

= 38.48

=38.84

S, height of target plate above nozzle = 30 mm

Mass flow rate, W = Mass of water/ time
= W Lt/sec = W kg/sec

Exit Velocity (V) =

,where ,density of water = 1000 kg/

Jet velocity as it is deflected by the vane, V0 :

VA0 =

V =

= 26 W m/sec

- 2gs ( V0 velocity when hitting target place )

- (2) (9.81) (0.030)

V0 = 0.5886

V0 =

m /sec

S is the distance between nozzle and target plate. This can be determined by pushing the target stem
downward to touch the nozzle. S is thedistances that stem travels.
2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Consider a jet of water striking a stationary plate as shown in the figure. The jet is deflected
with a resulting exchange in momentum. From Newtons Second Law of motion,the
momentum flux in the control volume equals the magnitude of the net reaction exerted by
the plate.

3.0 PROCEDURE
1. The equipment was adjusted to an approximate level so that the jet is vertical.

2. The required target was installed and the stem level indicator was adjusted to a fixed
point on the stem.


3. 200 gram weight was placed on the stem, the stem automatically lower itself.

4. Hydraulic Bench valve was opened to allow jet to hit the target and the flow was
adjusted until the stem rises to its original level.


5. The volume and time were recorded on measuring tank.

6. Step 3 to 6 were repeated with increased weights.


7. Step 6 was repeated for other types of target plates. The plate were designed such
that heights above nozzle were same for all targets.

8. Graph of Impact on vane, F (N) versus Rate of Delivery of Momentum, WV0 for
different types of target plates was plotted.






APPENDIX

Figure 1 (type of plates)

Figure 2 ( Jet Velocity)

Figure 3 (set up of apparatus)