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INTRODUCTION
terahertz (THz) frequencies, but relatively short for radio waves. Microwaves have
(300 GHz). This range of wavelengths has led many to question the naming convention
used for microwaves as the name suggests a micrometer wavelength. However, the
boundaries between far infrared light, terahertz radiation, microwaves, and ultra-high-
frequency radio waves are fairly arbitrary and are used variously between different fields
of study. The term microwave generally refers to "alternating current signals with
frequencies between 300 MHz (3×108 Hz) and 300 GHz (3×1011 Hz).
frequency spectrum, was predicted by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864 from his Maxwell's
equations. In 1888, Heinrich Hertz was the first to demonstrate the existence of
in the UHF region. The design necessarily used horse-and-buggy materials, including a
horse trough, a wrought iron point spark, Leyden jars, and a length of zinc gutter whose
Point-to-point microwave radio links have many uses. They can be used as
studio-to-transmitter (STL) links for radio and television broadcasting stations, and they
can also link the head-ends (antenna sites) of many cable television installations to their
5
Some microwave systems use only one link or hop, while others are multi-hop
systems that use repeaters to extend the system beyond the line-of-sight range of a single
link.
frequencies that range from approximately 500 MHz to 300 GHz or more.
6
7
TRANSMISSION CALCULATION: LINK 1
(KIDAPAWAN NORTH COTABATO TO MT. TALOMO)
SITE INFORMATION
Geographical Location
Bearing
Site A: 54 ° Southeast
Site B: 22 ° Southeast
Antenna Height
Site A: 20m
Site B: 20m
DESIGN PARAMETERS
Reliability Requirement: 99.9999%
Configuration: Non-protected (1+0)
Traffic Capacity: 4 x E1 main plus 4 x E1 spare (8 x E1)
Path Length: 28Km
8
CHANNEL PLANS
FREQUENCY PLAN
* Divide the smaller bandwidth between the high band and low band with
the channel bandwidth.
Transmit Frequency
* Select 7 channel spacing above the high band and low band edge.
14 MHz x 7 = 98 MHz
EQUIPMENT INFORMATION
9
Waveguide Length
Site A:
Rigid Waveguide Length = 17m + 8.5m + 1.2m
=26.7 m
Site B:
Rigid Waveguide Length = 17m + 8.5m + 1.2m
= 26.7 m
Note: Use WR 75
Site A:
Rigid: 0.049 dB/ft = 0.1607 dB/m
Flexible: 0.15dB/ft = 0.492 dB/m
Site B:
Rigid: 0.049 dB/ft = 0.1607 dB/m
Flexible: 0.15 dB/ft = 0.492 dB/m
10
Site B: RWL = (2.3m)(0.492dB/m)
= 1.1316 dB
Antenna Polarization
Vertical Polarization
PATH LOSSES
11
Oxygen Absorption Loss (Ao)
6.09 4.81
A o = 7.9x10-3 + 2 + ( 1x10-3 ) ( 132 ) ( 28 )
( 13 - 57 ) +1.5
2
13 + 0.227
A o = 0.219421637 dB
3 9 4.3 -4 2
A H2 O = 0.067 + + + 10 fαD
( f - 22.3) + 7.3 ( f -183.3) + 6 ( f - 323.3) +10
2 2 2
Where f = frequency used in GHz
α = water vapor density in gm/m3 = 12gm/m3
D = total distance or path length in kilometers (km)
3 9 4 .3
A H2 O = 0 .0 6 7 + 2 + + -4 2 2
(1 0 )(1 3 ) (1 2 ) ( 2 8 )
( 1 3 - 2 2) .3 + 7( .3 1 )3 - 1 8 3( .3 + 6)
2
1 3 - 3 2 3 .3 + 10
A H2 O = 0.564099437dB
12
13
SYSTEM GAIN CALCULATIONS
14
Total Fixed Losses
Total Fixed Losses = ( waveguide loss + connector loss ) SiteA + ( waveguide loss + connector loss )SiteB
Total Fixed Losses = ( 5.42229 + 0.75 ) + ( 5.42229 + 0.75 )
Total Fixed Losses = 12.34458dB
= 83.07431595 dB
15
At
8 log -1
3x10 10
d=
πf η
41.53715798
8 log -1
3x10 10
d=
π(13GHz) 0.55
d = 1.18m
Tower Height
HT = HA + 1/ 2 (d)
Site B: HT = 20 + 1/ 2 (1.18m)
= 20.59m
2
πfd
A t = 10logη
c
Site A:
2
πfd
A t = 10logη
c
π ( 13x109 ) ( 1.18 )
2
A t = 10log0.55
3x108
A t = 41.52070645dB
16
Site B:
π ( 13x109 ) ( 1.18 )
2
A r = 10log0.64
3x108
A r = 42.17887929 dB
G s = Fm + TL - At - Ar
G s = 37.28418718 +155.8666077 - 41.52070645 - 42.17887929
G s = 109.4512091 dB
Antenna Diameter
Site A:
2
πfd
A G = 10logη
c
π ( 12.848x109 ) ( 1.18 )
2
A G = 10log0.55
3x108
A G = 41.41854996dB
Site B:
17
2
πfd
A G = 10logη
c
π ( 12.848x109 ) ( 1.18 )
2
A G = 10log0.64
3x108
A G = 42.0767228dB
High Band Frequency
Site A:
2
πfd
A G = 10logη
c
π ( 13.112x109 ) ( 1.18 )
2
A G = 10log0.55
3x108
A G = 41.59521821dB
Site B:
2
πfd
A G = 10logη
c
π ( 13.112x109 ) ( 1.18 )
2
A G = 10log0.64
3x108
A G = 42.25339106dB
PATH LOSSES
18
AFSL = 143.7365394 dB
6.09 4.81
A o = 7.9x10-3 + + ( 1x10-3 ) ( 12.8482 ) ( 28 )
12.848 + 0.227 ( 12.848 - 57 ) +1.5
2 2
A o = 0.218195213 dB
6.09 4.81
A o = 7.9x10-3 + + ( 1x10-3 ) ( 13.1122 ) ( 28 )
13.112 + 0.227 ( 13.112 - 57 ) +1.5
2 2
A o = 0.22033675 dB
(
Water Vapor Loss A H2O )
For frequencies below 350GHz
3 9 4.3 -4 2
A H2 O = 0.067 + + + 10 fαD
( f - 22.3) + 7.3 ( f -183.3) + 6 ( f - 323.3) +10
2 2 2
19
3 9 4 .3
A H2 O = 0 .0 6 7 + + + -4 2
(1 0 )(1 2 .
( 1 2 .8 4 8 - 2) 2 .3 +( 7 .3 1 2 .8) 4 8 - 1( 8 3 .3 + 63)
2 2 2
+1120.8 4 8 - 3 2 3 .
A H2 O = 0.545749513dB
3 9 4.3
A H2 O = 0.067 + + + -4
(102 )(13.112) (12)(28)
( 13.112 - 22.3) + 7.3( ) (+ 6 3) - 323.
2 2 2
13.112 -183.3 13.112 + 10
A H2 O = 0.578035188 dB
TSLoss = RWL (Tx and Rx) + FWL (Tx and Rx) + Total Connector Loss
(Tx and Rx) + AFSL + A H2 O + AO + AMLoss (TX and RX)
20
High Band Frequency
TGS = 25dB + ( 41.74120299 dB+ 42.25339106 dB)
TGS = 108.9945941 dB
21
Antenna Gain Added 41.59521821 dB
Antenna Misalignment Loss Subtracted 0.25 dB
Environmental Losses
Free Space Loss Subtracted 143.7365394 dB
Oxygen Absorption Subtracted 0.22033675 dB
Water Vapor Absorption Subtracted 0.578035188 dB
Site B: Receiver
Antenna Misalignment Loss Subtracted 0.25 dB
Antenna Gain Added 42.25339106 dB
Waveguide Losses Subtracted 5.42229 dB
Connector Losses Subtracted 0.75 dB
Power Input to Receiver (RSL) Computed -48.53088207 dB
RSL=TPO-TL+AT – PL+ AR - RL
22
Antenna Gain at the receiver side (AR)
Receiver Losses (RL) = antenna misalignment + waveguide losses + connector
losses
23
24
FADE MARGINS
25
= 37.82687683 dB
Since the dispersive fade margin is not given in the product specification,
it is assumed that the 4xE1 to 8xE1 = 70 to 80 dB dispersive fade margin and has
a dispersive factor of 3 for average propagation conditions.
FM DISP = 70dB
FMDIFF = FMTHERMAL
-37.82687683 -37.82687683
FM FLAT = -10log 10 10
+10 10
FM FLAT = 34.8165687 dB
26
High Band Frequency
-37.96911793 -37.96911793
FM FLAT = -10log 10 10
+10 10
FM FLAT = 34.95881797dB
RAIN LOSSES
Interpolation Formula:
27
Mx = ( log f1 - log fx ) / (log f1 - log f2 )
kx = antilog [ log k1 - Mx ( log k1 - log k2 ) ]
α x = α 1 - Mx (α 1 -α 2)
Do = 35e−0.015R0.001%
DE = D/[1 + (D/ Do )]
γ = k x ×(R 0.001%) eα x
ARain = γDE
Interpolation Factors
Do = 35 e -0.015R0.001%
= 35e-0.015(180)
= 2.352192946
DE = D/[1 + (D/Do)]
DE = 28/[1+ (28/2.352192946) ]
DE = 2.169905898
28
γ = k x (R0.001%)α x
γ = 0.020750462 (180) 1.19772211
γ =10.43197121
A RAIN = γ DE
A RAIN = 10.43197121(2.169905898)
A RAIN = 22.63639585
Interpolation Factors
-0.015R0.001%
Do = 35 e
-0.015(180)
= 35 e
= 2.352192946
DE = D/[1 + (D/Do)]
29
ARAIN = γDE
ARAIN = 10.77923049 (2.169905898)
= 23.38991582
Rain Fade Margin (FMRAIN)
RELIABILTY CALCULATIONS
R = ( 1- U ) 100%
K - Q
-FM EFF
U = 1.3 10 10 ( f b ) ( d c )
S
Using:
K-Q value of 1.9 x 10-9
b = 1.2
c = 3.5
d = 28 km
30
fH = 12.848 GHz
fH = 13.112GHz
1x10-9 -34.81525234
( 12.848 ) ( 28 )
1.2 3.5
U LBF = 1.3
10 10
469.07
U LBF = 2.763895087x10-10
( U 100%
R = 1- )
-FM RAIN 2
K-Q
U = 1.3 10 10
f (d b ) ( c
)
S
FM RAIN 2= FM EFF-A RAIN
Using:
31
K-Q value of 1 x 10-9
b = 1.2
c = 3.5
d =28km
fH = 12.848 GHz
fH = 13.112GHz
1x10-9 - 12.17885649
( 12.848 ) ( 28 )
1.2 3.5
U LBF = 1.3
10 10
469.07
U LBF = 5.07178855x10-08
1x10-9 -11.56754196
( 13.112 ) ( 28 )
1.2 3.5
U HBF = 1.3
10 10
469.07
U HBF = 5.982637475x10-08
LINK 1 RELIABILITY
32
R = 99.99999402%
Use parabolic antenna with a diameter higher than the computed value which is
readily available and with a better rain reliability.
33
Use parabolic antenna with a diameter of 1.2 m (4ft) readily available in the
market and with a better rain reliability.
Tower Height
HT = HA + 1/ 2 (d)
System Gain
2
πfd
A t = 10logη
c
Site A:
2
πfd
A t = 10logη
c
π ( 13x109 ) ( 1.2 )
2
A t = 10log0.55
3x108
A t = 41.66669122dB
Site B:
π ( 13x109 ) ( 1.2 )
2
A r = 10log0.64
3x108
A r = 42.32486407 dB
G s = Fm + TL - At - Ar
G s = 37.28418718 +155.8666077 - 41.66669122 - 42.32486407
G s = 109.1592396 dB
Antenna Diameter
34
Site A: Market Value: 1.2m (4’)
Site A:
2
πfd
A G = 10logη
c
π ( 12.848x109 ) ( 1.2 )
2
A G = 10log0.55
3x108
A G = 41.56453473dB
Site B:
2
πfd
A G = 10logη
c
π ( 12.848x109 ) ( 1.2 )
2
A G = 10log0.64
3x108
A G = 42.22270758dB
High Band Frequency
Site A:
35
2
πfd
A G = 10logη
c
π ( 13.112x109 ) ( 1.2 )
2
A G = 10log0.55
3x108
A G = 41.74120299dB
Site B:
2
πfd
A G = 10logη
c
π ( 13.112x109 ) ( 1.2 )
2
A G = 10log0.64
3x108
A G = 42.39937583dB
Site A: 0.25dB
Site B: 0.25dB
Antenna Polarization
Vertical Polarization
PATH LOSSES
36
For frequencies below 57GHz:
6.09 4.81
A o = 7.9x10-3 + 2 + ( 1x10-3 ) f 2 D
f + 0.227 ( f - 57 ) +1.5
2
6.09 4.81
A o = 7.9x10-3 + + ( 1x10-3 ) ( 12.8482 ) ( 28 )
12.848 + 0.227 ( 12.848 - 57 ) +1.5
2 2
A o = 0.218195213 dB
6.09 4.81
A o = 7.9x10-3 + + ( 1x10-3 ) ( 13.1122 ) ( 28 )
( 13.112 - 57 ) +1.5
2 2
13.112 + 0.227
A o = 0.22033675 dB
3 9 4 .3
A H2 O = 0 .0 6 7 + + + -4 2
(1 0 )(1 3
( 1 3 .1 1 2 - 2) 2 .3 +( 7 .3 1 3 .1) 1 2 - 1( 8 3 .3 + 63)
2 2 2
+1130.1 1 2 - 3 2 3 .
37
AH2O=0.545749352dB
3 9 4.3
A H2 O = 0.067 + + + -4
(102 )(13.112) (12)(28)
( 13.112 - 22.3) + 7.3( ) (+ 6 3) - 323.
2 2 2
13.112 -183.3 13.112 + 10
AH2O = 0.578035188 dB
TSLoss = RWL (Tx and Rx) + FWL (Tx and Rx) + Total Connector Loss
(Tx and Rx) + AFSL + AH2o + AO + AMLoss (TX and RX)
38
RSL = Total System Gain (TSG) – Total System Loss (TSLoss)
39
Connector Losses Subtracted 0.75 dB
Waveguide Losses Subtracted 5.42229 dB
Antenna Gain Added 41.74120299 dB
Antenna Misalignment Loss Subtracted 0.25 dB
Environmental Losses
Free Space Loss Subtracted 143.7365394 dB
Oxygen Absorption Subtracted 0.22033675 dB
Water Vapor Absorption Subtracted 0.578035188 dB
Site B: Receiver
Antenna Misalignment Loss Subtracted 0.25 dB
Antenna Gain Added 42.39937583 dB
Waveguide Losses Subtracted 5.42229 dB
Connector Losses Subtracted 0.75 dB
Power Input to Receiver (RSL) Computed -48.23891252 dB
RSL=TPO-TL+AT – PL+ AR - RL
40
Path Losses (PL) = free space loss + oxygen absorption + water vapor absorption
Antenna Gain at the receiver side (AR)
Receiver Losses (RL) = antenna misalignment + waveguide losses + connector
losses
RSL=TPO-TL+AT – PL+ AR - RL
41
42
FADE MARGINS
43
= -48.38115346 – (-86.5dB)
= 38.12884654 dB
Since the dispersive fade margin is not given in the product specification,
it is assumed that the 4xE1 to 8xE1 = 70 to 80 dB dispersive fade margin and has
a dispersive factor of 3 for average propagation conditions.
FM DISP = 70dB
FMDIFF = FMTHERMAL
FMDIFF = 38.12884654 dB
FMDIFF =38.2610848 dB
44
High Band Frequency
-38.2610848 -38.2610848
FM FLAT = -10log 10 10 +10 10
FM FLAT = 35.25078484dB
-35.25078484 -70
FM EFF = -10log 10 10
+10 10
FM EFF = 35.24933008 dB
RAIN LOSSES
Interpolation Formula:
45
M x = ( log f1 - log fx ) / (log f1 - log f2 )
k x = antilog [ log k1 - Mx ( log k1 - log k2 ) ]
α x = α 1 - Mx (α 1 -α 2 )
D = 35e−0.015R0.001%
o
γ = kx × (R0.001%)eα x
ARain = γDE
Interpolation Factors
Do = 35 e -0.015R0.001%
= 35e-0.015(180)
= 2.352192946
DE = D/[1 + (D/Do)]
DE = 28/[1+ (28/2.352192946) ]
= 2.169905898
γ =kx(R0.001%)α x
γ =0.020750462 (180) 1.197722118
γ = 10.43197121
46
A RAIN = γ DE
A RAIN = 10.43197121(2.169905898)
A RAIN = 22.63639585
Interpolation Factors
Do = 35 e -0.015R0.001%
Do = 35 e-0.015(180)
Do = 2.352192946
DE = D/[1 + (D/Do)]
γ =k x (R0.001%)α x
γ = 0.022097792 (180) 1.191979626
γ = 10.77923049
47
A RAIN = γ DE
A RAIN = 10.77923049 (2.169905898)
A RAIN = 23.38991582
RELIABILTY CALCULATIONS
R = ( 1- U ) 100%
K - Q
-FM EFF
( fb ) ( d )
c
U = 1.3 10 10
S
Using:
K-Q value of 1.9 x 10-9
b = 1.2
c = 3.5
d = 28 km
48
fH = 12.848 GHz
fH = 13.112GHz
1x10-9 -35.11713545
( 12.848 ) ( 28 )
1.2 3.5
U LBF = 1.3
10 10
469.07
U LBF = 2.578298779x10-10
1x10-9 -35.24933008
( 13.112 ) ( 28 )
1.2 3.5
U HBF = 1.3
10 10
469.07
U HBF = 2.562795041x10-10
( U 100%
R = 1- )
-FM RAIN 2
K-Q
U = 1.3 10
10
f (d b ) ( c
)
S
FM RAIN 2= FM EFF-A RAIN
49
Using:
K-Q value of 1 x 10-9
b = 1.2
c = 3.5
d =28km
fH = 12.848 GHz
fH = 13.112GHz
LINK 1 RELIABILITY
50
R = 99.99999441%
51