2011ANSYS,Inc. March20,2012 1 Release14.

0
14.0Release
ANSYSFLUENT
AdvancedRotatingMachinery
Lecture6
SlidingMeshModel(SMM)
2011ANSYS,Inc. March20,2012 2 Release14.0
Outline
IntroductiontoSlidingMeshModeling
TheNavierStokesEquations:MovingMeshForm
SlidingMeshSetup
GridInterfaces
MeshPreview
ChoosingaTimeStep
TroubleshootingSlidingMeshProblems
AcceleratingandEmbeddedReferenceFrames
Summary
Appendix
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Therelativemotionofstationaryandrotatingcomponents
inarotatingmachinewillgiverisetounsteady
interactions.Theseinteractionsaregenerallyclassifiedas
follows:
Potentialinteractions flowunsteadinessduetopressure
waveswhichpropagatebothupstreamanddownstream
Wakeinteractions flowunsteadinessduetowakesfrom
upstreambladerowsadvectingdownstream
Shockinteractions fortransonic/supersonicflows,
unsteadinessduetoshockswavesstrikingdownstream
bladerow
BoththeMRFandMixingPlanemodelsneglectunsteady
interactionentirelyandthusarelimitedtoflowswhere
theseeffectsareweak
Ifunsteadyinteractionscannotbeneglected,wecan
employtheslidingmeshmodeltoaccountfortherelative
motionsofthestationaryandrotatingcomponents
Introduction
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IllustrationofUnsteadyInteractions
wakeinteraction
shockinteraction
potentialinteraction
stator rotor
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LiketheMRFmodel,wedividethedomaininto
rotatingandnonrotatingzones
Theinterfacesmustbenonconformal,andmust
adheretothesamerestrictionsaswiththeMRF
model
interfacesmustbesurfacesofrevolutionaboutthe
axisofrotation
interfacescanberotationallyperiodic,butadjacent
zonesmusthaveequalperiodicangles
UnliketheMRFmodel,thezonesmoverelativeto
oneanother,andthustheproblemisinherently
unsteady
Foreachtimestep,themeshesaremovedandthe
fluxesattheslidinginterfacesarerecomputed
WhatistheSlidingMeshModel?
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TheslidingmeshinFLUENTusesthegeneralmoving
meshformulation
Themotionsofmovingzonesaretrackedrelativetothe
stationaryframe
MeshesdoNOTdeform,butremainrigidthroughoutrange
ofmeshmotion
Fluxtransferoccursacrossslidingmeshinterfaces
NOTE:Nomovingreferenceframesareattachedtothe
computationaldomain
Themotionofanypointinthedomainisgivenbya
timerateofchangeofthepositionvector()
isalsoknownasthegridspeed
Notethatforrigidbodyrotationofthemeshatconstant
speed
NavierStokesEquations:MovingMesh
Formulation
r

U r r

= =e
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MovingMeshIllustration
x
y
z
stationary
frame
axisof
rotation
t) (t r +

MovingCFDdomain
) (t r

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( ) | |
( ) ( )
g b
Q
0 ) (

+ =
+ V V = V +
+ V + V = V +
= V +
V F
V V p T k e U V
dt
e d
F p V U V
dt
V d
U V
dt
d
t
t
b
t

(Continuity)
(Momentum)
(Energy)
SlidingMeshEquations(1)
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Thetimederivative(d/dt)representsdifferentiation
withrespecttotimefollowingthemovingcontrol
volume.
Allspatialderivativescomputedrelativetothe
stationaryframe.
Gridrelatedvariablesarenowfunctionsoftime
sincethemeshismoving.
SameequationsareusedfortheMoving/Deforming
Mesh(MDM)modelinFluent,exceptthatwith
MDM,themeshpointshavetheadditionalfreedom
tomoverelativetoeachother.
Hence,theSlidingMeshmodelisasubsettothemore
generalMDMmodel.
Notethatthemeshmotioncanbeconstantspeedor
accelerating theequationsaccommodateboth
situations.
SlidingMeshEquations(2)
2011ANSYS,Inc. March20,2012 10 Release14.0
ProsandConsoftheSlidingMeshModel
Advantages
Providesthemostaccuratedescriptionoftheflowfieldforsituations
whereunsteadyinteractionsarepresent
Canhandlemultiplerotatingdomains,eachwiththeirownunique
rotationalaxesandspeeds
UsesFluentsnonconformalmeshinterfacecapability,thusenabling
youtoeasilyswitchbetweenMRFandslidingmesh
Disadvantages
Solutionisalwaysunsteady(evenifsteadysolutionexistsinrotating
frame)
UnsteadysolutionsrequiremoreCPUanddiskspacethansteadystate
solutions
Interpretingunsteadysolutionscanbeawkwardifonlythetime
averagedsteadyflowfieldisdesired
ThisisaddressedwithFluentstimeaveragingoptionforunsteady
calculations
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SlidingInterfaces
Slidinginterfacesaresimplynonconformalinterfaceswhichare
updatedasthemeshesmove
TheymustthereforefollowthesamerulesasMRFproblemswithnon
conformalinterfaces:
Theinterfacebetweenarotatingzoneandtheadjacentstationary/rotating
zonemustbeasurfaceofrevolution withrespecttotheaxisofrotationofthe
rotatingzone
Canemployrotationallyperiodicboundaries,buttheperiodicanglesofall
zonesmustbeequal
Manyfailuresofslidingmeshmodelscanbetracedtointerface
geometrieswhicharenotsurfacesofrevolution!
warpedinterfacesaligned
atinitialtimelevel...
becomemisalignedata
subsequenttimelevel!
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Activatetheunsteady(transient)
solver
Foreachinterfacezonepair,createa
nonconformalinterface(seeMRF
notesfordetails)
SelecttheMeshMotionoptionin
theCellZoneConditionspanelfor
eachmovingzone.
Enterrotationalspeed,axis,etc.inthesame
mannerasSRF,MRF
Boundaryconditionsandphysical
modelsarethesameasSRF,MRF
models
Solverdiscretizations
Firstorsecondordertimediscretization
Secondorderspatialdiscretizations
SeeSRFnotesforadditionalsolverdiscretization
recommendations
SlidingMeshSetup[1]
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Solutioncontrols
Usedefaultsolutioncontrolsfor
unsteadyproblemsandsolver(PB
orDB).
Monitors
Makemonitorsfunctionoftime
step.
Usetransientmonitorstopost
processsolutionhistory(canuse
FFT).
Choosetimestepandmax
subiterations.
ExtrapolateVariablesoptioncan
beenabledtoreducenumberof
subiterationspertimestep.
SlidingMeshSetup[2]
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Fluentprovidesaslidingmesh
previewoptionforcheckingsliding
meshmotion before beginningthe
calculation
Tousethisfacility:
Specifythetimestepandnumber
oftimesteps
ClickonPreview
Youcandisplaythegridmotion
andoptionallysavehardcopy
imagesofthegridmotionforlater
animation
NOTE:Saveyourinitialcaseand
datafilespriortorunningMesh
Previewsoyoucanstartfromyour
originalmeshpositions
SlidingMeshPreview
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ChooseappropriatetimestepandMax
IterationsPerTimesteptoensuregood
convergencewitheachtimestep
Advancethesolutionuntiltheflow
becomestimeperiodic (pressures,
velocitiesetc.oscillatewitharepeating
timevariation)
Usuallyrequiresseveralrevolutionsofthe
gridforrotatingmachinerycases
Goodinitialconditionscanreducethe
numberoftimestepsneededto
achievetimeperiodicity
YoucanuseeitheranMRFormixingplane
solutionasaninitialcondition
DataSamplingforTimeStatisticscan
beenabledtohaveFluentsavetime
averagedflowfieldvariables.
SolvingSMMProblems
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SamplingInterval
Howoftenthedataaresampled
(intimesteps)
SamplingVariables
Shear,HeatFlux,WallStatistics
CustomFieldFunctions(NEWin
R14)
Note:Previousversionof
FLUENTautomaticallysampled
velocity,pressure,temperature.
Youmustnowdefineall
sampledscalarsusingCFFs.
TimeSampled=flowtime
overwhichsampleisaveraged
ResetsamplingintheTUI
solve/initialize/init-
flow-statistics
DataSamplingOptions
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TimePeriodicFlow
Flowunsteadinessbecomes
periodicafterinitialtransient
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ChoosingaTimeStepfortheSMM
Recommendedtimestepsizeisbasedontheprincipalthatthe
timestepshouldbenolargerthanthetimeittakesfora
movingcelltoadvancepastastationarypoint
Anestimateforthetimestepcanthusbecalculatedas:
moving
V
s
t
A
~ A
As =meshspacingatslidinginterface
V
moving
=velocityofthemovingzone(=eR for
rotatingzones,whereR=meanradius
ofinterfacezone
cellsattimet
cellsattimet+Dt
movingmeshzone
As
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TroubleshootingSlidingMeshProblems
Ifproblemsareencounteredattheslidinginterfaces
Makesurethemeshqualityisasgoodaspossibleatthe
interfaces
Breakupcomplicatedinterfacesintoaseriesofsmallerones
Someotherthingstoconsiderfortroublesomecases
Makesurethezonemeshqualityisgood(maxcellskewness<0.9
0.95)
Ifhighaspectratioorskewedcellsexistinyourmodel,youmaywant
torunthecaseusingdoubleprecision
UseanMRFsolutiontostartyourcalculation
Reduceunderrelaxationfactorsand/orCourantnumbers
Reducethetimestepand/orincreasethenumberof
subiterationspertimestep
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Translationaland/or
Rotationalspeedsare
functionsoftime.
FLUENTprovidesfortime
dependentinputsforall
movingmeshparameters.
Rotationalaxes,velocity
Translationalvelocity
Inputscanbespecifiedby
usingaprofilefileorUDF.
TheZoneMotionFunctioncan
beemployedtopermitall
inputstobedefinedinasingle
UDFfunction.
AcceleratingSlidingMeshCases
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Example:FlappingAirfoil
Oscillating inner zone
Stationary outer zone
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UDFusestheTRANSIENT
_PROFILEmacroto
prescribethesinusoidal
oscillationofthedomain.
FlappingAirfoilUDF
/**********************************************/
/* flap.c */
/* UDF for specifying a time-varying omega */
/* */
/* Simulates +/- 8 deg flapping with cycle of */
/* of 1 sec. */
/* */
/* Version 13.0 */
/* */
/**********************************************/
#include "udf.h"
#define PI 3.141592654
DEFINE_TRANSIENT_PROFILE(speed, time)
{
real ampl = 2.0*PI/15.0;
real freq = 2.*PI;
real omega;
omega = 2.0*PI*ampl*cos(freq*time);
return omega;
}
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FlappingAirfoilAnimation
Velocity magnitude contours
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NewfeatureinFLUENT13/14
Permitstheuseoflocalzonereference
framesthatcanbereferredtootherzone
referenceframes
Thecombinedeffectsofthemultipleframemotions
areimposedonthefluidintheembeddedframe
zone
CanbeappliedtoMRF(steadystate)orslidingmesh
(unsteady)models
FramemotionscanbecontrolledthroughUDFs
EmbeddedReferenceFrames(ERF)
2011ANSYS,Inc. March20,2012 25 Release14.0
EmbeddedReferenceFramesExample
fluidouter
fluidcircle
fluidrotor
meshinterfaces
e
2
e
1
+
x
2
x
1
y
1
y
2
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ANSYSFLUENTInterfaceforERF
fluid-circle fluid-rotor
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MRFComparisonwithERF
e
1
= 0 e
1
= 1 rad/s
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OscillatingFanExample
Interfaces Fan Geometry
Rotation
occurs about
two axes
This example uses the sliding mesh model
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VelocityField(t=0.3367sec)
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Summary
Theslidingmeshmodelprovidesthemostaccuratedescription
offlowsinvolvingbothstationaryandrotatingzones
Unsteadyinteractionincapturedwithnoapproximationsat
theinterfaces
ThecostfordoingthisistheincreasedCPUtimerequiredfor
theunsteadysolution
Slidingmeshisrelativelyeasytosetup,especiallyifyoustart
withanexistingMRFcase
YoucanusetheMRFsolutionasaninitialconditionforthe
slidingmeshcalculation
Themeshpreviewoptionallowsyouthecheckthemesh
motionpriortorunthecalculation
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AppendixA:SlidingMeshExamples
2Dturbinestage
2Dblower
1.5stageresearchturbine(ERCOFTACU1)
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2DTurbineStage
2Dsubsonicturbinestagetestcase
Planargeometrysimulatesmidspanstreamsurface
Equalbladecountsforstatorandrotor
Motionofrotormodeledusinglinearyvelocity(29.445
m/s)
Boundaryconditions
StageInlet
Ptotal=1atm,Ttotal=300K,TU=5%
StageExit
Pstatic=0.963atm
2011ANSYS,Inc. March20,2012 33 Release14.0
2DTurbineStage(2)
Numericalmodel
Coupledimplicitsolver,steadystate,compressibleflow(air)
mesh(total):7917tricells
Realizablekc turbulencemodel
Twocasesexamined
Mixingplanemodel(withmassconservingmixingplane)
Slidingmeshmodel
MPMresultsusedasinitialconditionforSMM
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2DTurbineStage:Mesh
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PressureContours MixingPlaneSolution
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MachNo.Contours MixingPlane
Solution
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StatorPressureDistributionComparison
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RotorPressureDistributionComparison
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2DBlower
Simple2Dmodelofasquirrelcageblower(44blades)
Pressureboundaries(inlettotalpressure=200Pa),2500
rpm
NumericalModel
Segregatedsolver,incompressibleflow(air)
Standardkc turbulencemodel(TU=5%atinlet)
MRFsolutioncomputedfirst usedasinitialconditionforSMM
timestep=0.0001333sec(correspondsto2degrotationofthe
wheel)
Calculationcarriedoutfor10revolutions
Timeaveragedsolutioncomputedforonerevolution
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2DBlower:Grid
interfaces
inlet
outlet
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2DBlower:UnsteadyTotalPressure
time-periodic solution achieved
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2DBlower StaticPressure
MRF Solution SMM Solution
(time-averaged)
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2DBlowerResults
MRFresultsshowreasonableagreementwithSMMforthisoperating
condition
Otheroperatingconditionsmayshowlargerdiscrepancies e.g.lower
flowrates,whereunsteadinessduetoseparation/stallbecomemore
significant
Total Pressure
Rise (Pa)
Outlet Normal
Velocity (m/s)
MRF 532.0 23.8
SMM* 491.3 24.6
Error (%) 8.3 3.3
* time-averaged results
2011ANSYS,Inc. March20,2012 44 Release14.0
1.5StageResearchTurbine(1)
Threebladerow(statorrotorstator)turbinestage
36statorblades,41rotorblades
Rotorgeometrymodifiedto40bladestopermitperiodic
boundaries(9statorblades,10rotorblades)
Designconditions:speed=3500rpm,flowrate =8.0
kg/s
Numericalmodel
Coupledsolver,compressibleflow(air),SMM
50subiterations pertimestep,4.3timestepsper
passingperiod
tet mesh 882,000cells
SpalartAllmaras turbulencemodel
2011ANSYS,Inc. March20,2012 45 Release14.0
1.5StageResearchTurbine(2)
Results
Unsteadydatatimeaveragedforcomparisonwith
experiments
Computedflowrate =8.04kg/s agreesverywellwith
data
Pitchaveragedprofilesextractedfromtimeaveraged
flowfield at
8.8mmdownstreamoftrailingedgeoffirststatorbladerow
(plane1)
8.8mmdownstreamoftrailingedgeofrotorbladerow(plane
2)
8.8mmdownstreamoftrailingedgeofsecondstatorblade
row(plane3)
Profilesshowgoodoverallagreementwithdata
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1.5StageTurbine:Geometry
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SurfacePressureCoefficientContours
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PitchAveragedYawAngles(1)
Yaw angle at plane 1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.3
Radial position (m)
Y
a
n
g
l
e
Experiment
CFD
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PitchAveragedYawAngles(2)
Yaw angle comparisons at plane 2
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.3
Radial position (m)
Y
a
w

a
n
g
l
e
CFD
Experiment
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PitchAveragedYawAngles(2)
Yaw angle at plane 3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.3
Radial position (m)
Y
a
w

a
n
g
l
e
CFD
Experiment
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PitchAveragedMachNumberProfiles(1)
Mach number comparison at plane 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.3
Radial posit ion (m)
M
a
c
h

n
u
m
b
e
r
CFD
Experiment
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PitchAveragedMachNumberProfiles(2)
Mach number comparison at plane 2
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.3
Radial position (m)
M
a
c
h

n
u
m
b
e
r
CFD
Experiment
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PitchAveragedMachNumberProfiles(2)
Mach number comparison at plane 3
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.3
Radial position (m)
M
a
c
h

n
u
m
b
e
r
CFD
Experiment