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Roentgenium (Rg) is an artificial element, and thus a standard atomic mass cannot be given. Like all artificial
elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was
272
Rg in 1994, which is also the only
directly synthesized isotope, all others are decay products of ununtrium, ununpentium, and ununseptium. There
are 7 known radioisotopes from
272
Rg to
282
Rg. The longest-lived isotope is
281
Rg with a half-life of 26
seconds.
1 Table
1.1 Notes
2 Isotopes and nuclear properties
2.1 Nucleosynthesis
2.1.1 Cold fusion
2.1.2 As decay product
2.2 Nuclear isomerism
2.3 Chemical yields of isotopes
2.3.1 Cold fusion
3 References
nuclide
symbol
Z(p) N(n)

isotopic mass (u)

half-life
decay
mode(s)
[n 1]
daughter
isotope(s)
nuclear
spin
272
Rg
111 161 272.15327(25)#
2.0(8) ms
[3.8(+14-8) ms]

268
Mt
5+#,6+#
274
Rg
[n 2]
111 163 274.15525(19)# 6.4(+307-29) ms
270
Mt
278
Rg
[n 3]
111 167 278.16149(38)# 4.2(+75-17) ms
274
Mt
279
Rg
[n 4]
111 168 279.16272(51)# 0.17(+81-8) s
275
Mt
280
Rg
[n 5]
111 169 280.16514(61)# 3.6(+43-13) s
276
Mt
281
Rg
[n 6]
111 170 281.16636(89)#
26 s
[1]
SF (90%) (various)
(10%)
277
Mt
[2]
282
Rg
[n 7]
111 171 282.16912(72)#
0.5 s
[1]

278
Mt
^ Abbreviations:
SF: Spontaneous fission
1.
^ Not directly synthesized, occurs as a decay product of
278
Uut 2.
^ Not directly synthesized, occurs as a decay product of
282
Uut 3.
^ Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of
287
Uup 4.
Isotopes of roentgenium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_roentgenium
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^ Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of
288
Uup 5.
^ Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of
293
Uus 6.
^ Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of
294
Uus 7.
Notes
Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends.
Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty
values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC
which use expanded uncertainties.
Nucleosynthesis
Super-heavy elements such as roentgenium are produced by bombarding lighter elements in particle accelerators
that induce fusion reactions. Whereas the lightest isotope of roentgenium, roentgenium-272, can be synthesized
directly this way, all the heavier roentgenium isotopes have only been observed as decay products of elements
with higher atomic numbers.
[3]
Depending on the energies involved, fusion reactions can be categorized as "hot" or "cold". In hot fusion
reactions, very light, high-energy projectiles are accelerated toward very heavy targets (actinides), giving rise to
compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~4050 MeV) that may either fission or evaporate several (3 to 5)
neutrons.
[4]
In cold fusion reactions, the produced fused nuclei have a relatively low excitation energy (~1020
MeV), which decreases the probability that these products will undergo fission reactions. As the fused nuclei
cool to the ground state, they require emission of only one or two neutrons, and thus, allows for the generation
of more neutron-rich products.
[3]
The latter is a distinct concept from that of where nuclear fusion claimed to be
achieved at room temperature conditions (see cold fusion).
[5]
Cold fusion
Before the first successful synthesis of roentgenium in 1994 by the GSI team, a team at the Joint Institute for
Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, also tried to synthesize roentgenium by bombarding bismuth-209 with
nickel-64 in 1986. No roentgenium atoms were identified. After an upgrade of their facilities, the team at GSI
successfully detected 3 atoms of
272
Rg in their discovery experiment.
[6]
A further 3 atoms were synthesized in
2002.
[7]
The discovery of roentgenium was confirmed in 2003 when a team at RIKEN measured the decays of
14 atoms of
272
Rg.
[8]
The same roentgenium isotope was also observed by an American team at the Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory (LBNL) from the reaction:
208
82
Pb +
65
29
Cu
272
111
Rg + n
This reaction was conducted as part of their study of projectiles with odd atomic number in cold fusion
reactions.
[9]
Isotopes of roentgenium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_roentgenium
2 of 5 1.3.2014 21:32
List of roentgenium isotopes observed by decay
Evaporation residue Observed roentgenium isotope
294
Uus,
290
Uup,
286
Uut
282
Rg
[1]
293
Uus,
289
Uup,
285
Uut
281
Rg
[1]
288
Uup,
284
Uut
280
Rg
[10]
287
Uup,
283
Uut
279
Rg
[10]
282
Uut
278
Rg
[10]
278
Uut
274
Rg
[11]
As decay product
All the isotopes of roentgenium except roentgenium-272 have
been detected only in the decay chains of elements with a higher
atomic number, such as ununtrium. Ununtrium currently has six
known isotopes; all of them undergo alpha decays to become
roentgenium nuclei, with mass numbers between 274 and 282.
Parent ununtrium nuclei can be themselves decay products of
ununpentium or ununseptium. To date, no other elements have
been known to decay to roentgenium.
[12]
For example, in
January 2010, the Dubna team (JINR) identified
roentgenium-281 as a final product in the decay of ununseptium
via an alpha decay sequence:
[1]
293
117
Uus
289
115
Uup +
4
2
He
289
115
Uup
285
113
Uut +
4
2
He
285
113
Uut
281
111
Rg +
4
2
He
Nuclear isomerism
274
Rg
Two atoms of
274
Rg have been observed in the decay chain of
278
Uut. They decay by alpha emission, emitting
alpha particles with different energies, and have different lifetimes. In addition, the two entire decay chains
appear to be different. This suggests the presence of two nuclear isomers but further research is required.
[11]
272
Rg
Four alpha particles emitted from
272
Rg with energies of 11.37, 11.03, 10.82, and 10.40 MeV have been
detected. The GSI measured
272
Rg to have a half-life of 1.6 ms whilst recent data from RIKEN have given a
half-life of 3.8 ms. The conflicting data may be due to nuclear isomers but the current data are insufficient to
come to any firm assignments.
[6][8]
Chemical yields of isotopes
Cold fusion
The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for cold fusion reactions producing roentgenium
isotopes directly. Data in bold represent maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents
an observed exit channel.
Projectile Target CN 1n 2n 3n
64
Ni
209
Bi
273
Rg
3.5 pb, 12.5 MeV
65
Cu
208
Pb
273
Rg
1.7 pb, 13.2 MeV
Isotopes of roentgenium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_roentgenium
3 of 5 1.3.2014 21:32
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Isotopes of darmstadtium Isotopes of roentgenium Isotopes of copernicium
Table of nuclides
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