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C.
The inocula of N. amarae and P. aeruginosa used for the
kinetics studies were derived fromthe agar slants and maintained
at 30
C. The char-
acteristics of the inuent of system are shown in Table 2. Prior
to the experiment, the inuent was supplemented with nutrients
(N: urea and P: phosphoric acid) to maintain a BOD:N:P ratio
of 100: 5:1.
Y.F. Tsang et al. / Biochemical Engineering Journal 32 (2006) 127134 129
Table 1
Operational conditions in the conventional operation and FFO programmes
System condition Conventional operation during start-up FFO 1 FFO 2 FFO 3
Feasting Fasting Feasting Fasting Feasting Fasting
Effective volume (l) 6 3 3 3 3 3 3
Inuent ow rate (l h
1
) 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.35 0.25 0.3 0.3
HRT (h) 10.0 7.5 15.0 8.6 12.0 10.0 10.0
pH 67 67 67 67 67 67 67
Dissolved oxygen (mg l
1
) 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
Inuent BOD (mg l
1
) 500 500 500 500 500 500 500
Sludge wastage (l day
1
) 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
SRT (d) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
MLSS (mg l
1
) 3200 2100 4200 1800 4500 1500 4800
F/M (mgBODmgMLSS
1
day
1
) 0.38 0.76 0.19 0.78 0.22 0.80 0.25
FFLR N.A. 4.0 3.5 3.2
Table 2
Characteristics of the inuent of the activated sludge simulator
Parameter Concentration
Dissolved COD (mg l
1
) 905 52.3
BOD (mg l
1
) 496 15.4
Suspended solid (mg l
1
) 30.2 3.2
pH 6.5 0.32
2.5. Analytical methods
All parameters of mixed liquor and wastewater quality were
determined according to standard methods [16]. Biomass was
quantied in terms of MLSS because MLVSS/MLSS was often
close to 1.0 in this system, which had very low mineral content.
A foam measurement method was applied to assess the
effectiveness of the foam control strategy. A 500 ml sample of
mixed liquor was placed in a 11 graduated cylinder and aer-
ated, from the bottom, at an air ow rate of 21 min
1
through a
sintered-sand diffuser for 60 s. The mixture was then left under
quiescent conditions for another 60 s. The instantaneous foam
height, as indicated by an inverted conical polyethylene marker,
was recorded at 15-s intervals throughout the 120-s period.
The degree of foaming was measured by the maximum vol-
ume of foam produced in the aeration period, where 6080 and
020 ml of foam were typical values for severely foaming and
healthysludge, respectively. The degree of foamingcouldalsobe
expressed by dividing the maximum volume of foam produced
by the sample volume. These results could then be used to fore-
cast the actual depth of the foam or scum layer in the treatment
plant. The foam stability was quantied by dividing the mini-
mum volume of foam in the quiescent period by the maximum
volume of foam in the aeration period, where 0 and 1 are the
normalized minimum and maximum, respectively, of foam sta-
bility. This procedure was rst developed and successfully used,
both in the laboratory and sewage treatment plants, for a wide
range of activated sludge samples with different grease, pro-
tein and lamentous bacterial contents producing reliable and
reproducible results [17].
3. Results and discussion
3.1. The predominant lamentous bacteria
The micrograph of the sludge sample of bulk oe from
paper mill efuent treatment system is illustrated in Fig. 2,
which shows an overgrowth of lamentous bacteria with
right-angled branching, and the lament dimensions were
0.51.0 m80160 m. The colonies on plate cultures
demonstrated aerial hyphae that gave a supercially matte and
chalky appearance. The generation time of the isolated bacteria
in shake ask cultures at 28