Interview Question Bank

Technical Questions and Answer

1. What is HAT?
Height Above Touchdown. The height of the Decision height or Minimum Descent Altitude above
the highest runway elevation in the touchdown zone of the runway. HAT is ublished on
instrument aroach charts in con!unction with all straight"in minimums. #A$M%
&. What is MDA?
Minimum Descent Altitude. The lowest altitude' e(ressed in feet above mean sea level' to which
descent is authorized on final aroach or during circle"to"land maneuvering in e(ecution of a
standard instrument aroach rocedure where no electronic glide sloe is rovided. #non"
recision aroaches% #A$M%
). What is M*A?
Minimum *ectoring Altitude. The lowest M+, altitude at which an $-. aircraft will be vectored by a
radar controller' e(cet as otherwise authorized for radar aroaches' deartures and missed
aroaches. This altitude meets $-. obstacle clearance criteria. $t may be lower than the M/A'
and the charts are normally only available to controllers. #A$M%
0. What is .1,M?
.unway 1enterline Mar2ing #-A.%
3. What does 456T mean?
$t means no rocedure turn authorized. #-A.%
7. What is .oute M5.A?
.oute Minimum 5ff .oute Altitude. This is an altitude derived by 8eesen. The .oute M5.A
altitude rovides reference oint clearance within 19nm of the route centerline and end fi(es.
.oute M5.A values clear all reference oints by 1999: in areas where the highest reference
oints are 3'999: M+, or lower. .oute M5.A values clear all reference oints by &'999: in areas
where the highest reference oints are 3'991: M+, or higher. #A$M%
;. What is <rid M5.A?
<rid Minimum 5ff .oute Altitude. An altitude derived by 8eesen or rovided by +tate
Authorities. The <rid M5.A altitude rovides terrain and manmade structure clearance within the
section outlined by the latitude and longitude lines. M5.A does not rovide for 4A*A$D signal
coverage or communications coverage. <rid M5.A values 10'999: M+, and below are green.
*alues greater than 10'999: are maroon.
o 8eesen values clear all terrain and manmade structures by 1'999: in areas where the
highest elevations are 3'999: M+, or lower. M5.A values clear all terrain and manmade
structures by &'999: in areas where the highest elevations are 3'991: M+, or higher.
o +tate rovided values rovide 1'999: obstacle clearance in non"mountainous terrain' and
&'999: obstacle clearance in mountainous terrain. #A$M%
=. What is MAA?
Ma(imum Authorized Altitude. A ublished altitude reresenting the ma(imum usable altitude or
flight level for an airsace structure or route segment. #A$M%
>. What is M+A?
Minimum +afe Altitude. Altitude deicted on an instrument aroach chart and identified as the
minimum safe altitude that rovides a 1999: obstacle clearance within a &3nm radius from the
navigational facility uon which the M+A is redicated. $f the radius limit is other than &3nm' it is
stated. This altitude is for emergency use only and does not necessarily guarantee 4A*A$D
recetion. When the M+A is divided into sectors' with each sector a different altitude' the altitudes
in these sectors are referred to as ?minimum sector altitudes?. #A$M%
19. What is M51A?
Minimum 5bstruction 1learance Altitude. The lowest ublished altitude in effect between radio
fi(es on *5. airways' off"airway routes' or route segments which meets obstacle clearance
re@uirements for the entire route segment and in the A+A assures accetable navigational signal
coverage only within &&nm or &3sm of a *5.. #A$M%
11. What is M.A?
Minimum .ecetion Altitude. The lowest altitude at which an intersection can be determined.
#A$M%
1&. 5n an $-. flight lan' if the flight time to the destination is 03 min and destination to alternate is )9
min. What is the minimum fuel re@uired in minutes?
03B)9B03min after alternate C &B99
1). 5n the ta2eoff minimums you seeD +TD E Ade@uate *is .ef E 1, or .1,M' any .*. out' other two
re@. What do they mean?
+TDD +tandard ta2eoff minimums #39.*. " 1sm or &0.*. " Fsm%'
Ade@uate vis refD shown as a reminder that at least one of the following visual aids must be
availableD
" 5erative High $ntensity .unway ,ights #H$.,%
" 5erative 1enterline ,ights #1,%
" .unway 1enterline Mar2ings #.1,M%
" $n circumstances when none of the
above visual aids are available' visibility
or .** 1E0sm may still be used
rovided other mar2ings or runway
lighting rovide ilots with ade@uate
visual reference to identify the ta2eoff
surface and maintain directional control
throughout the ta2e"off run.
1, or .1,M' any .*. out' other two re@D 5erative Touchdown Gone and .ollout .*. reorting
systems serving the runway to be used' both of which are controlling' or three .*. reorting
systems serving the runway to be used' all of which are controlling. However' if one of the three
.*. reorting systems has failed' a ta2e"off is authorized roviding two .*. values are at or
above the aroriate ta2e"off minimums. #8eesen%
10. What are the standard ta2eoff minimums #6art >1%?
*isibility .*.39 or 1sm #& engine aircraft%H *isibility .*.&0 or Fsm #) or more engine aircraft%. #-A.%
13. When do we need a ta2eoff alternate?
When the ta2eoff weather is below landing minimums rescribed for the certificate holder. #-A.%
16. How far away can a ta2eoff alternate be?
& I /ngine aircraftD not more than one hour from the dearture airort at normal cruising seed in
still air with one engine inoerative.
) I /ngine aircraftD not more than two hours from the dearture airort at normal cruising seed
in still air with one engine inoerative. #-A.%
1;. What are the filing weather minimums for an alternate airort?
$f there is an aroach established under art >;' then the alternate minimums associated with
that aroach' if none are established' then =99E& #non"recision%' 799E& #recision% #6art >1%' if
there is no art >; aroach' then weather allowing descent from the M/A and aroach and
landing under basic *-.. #-A.%
1=. What constitutes a ceiling?
Any bro2en' overcast or obscuration not classified as thin or artial.
1>. $f the current altimeter setting is &=.09' what is the lowest usable flight level?
-,&99
&9. What seed restriction is there below 1lass J airsace?
4o erson may oerate an aircraft underlying a 1lass J airsace area designated for an airort
or in a *-. corridor designated through such an area at an indicated airseed of more than
&992ts. #-A.%
&1. What is the number in arenthesis ne(t to the MDA on an aroach late?
HAA #circling aroaches% or HAT #straight"in aroaches%. #8eesen%
&&. What is a M/A and what does it loo2 li2e? #find one on a chart%
M/A #Minimum /nroute Altitude%. ,owest ublished altitude between radio fi(es' which assures
accetable navigational signal coverage and meets obstacle clearance re@uirements between
those fi(es. $t rovides for 1'999: of obstruction clearance in non"mountainous terrain and &'999:
of obstruction clearance in mountainous terrain within 0nm either side of an airway. #A$M%
&). How can you tell what the M+A is based or centered on?
$t will say so ne(t to the M+A circle on the aroach late. #8eesen%
&0. What class of airsace are the !et routes in?
1lass A. #A$M%
&3. Where are changeover oints located?
The changeover oint is located midway between two navigation facilities or as secified by the
change over oint symbol. #A$M%
&7. What is the difference between a solid blac2 triangle and an unfilled triangle?
The solid triangle reresents a comulsory reorting oint in a non"radar environment and the
other is not comulsory. #8eesen%
&;. How can you tell if there is a M/A change at a fi(?
"""l fi( l""" #8eesen%
&=. What is 10'099T along a route?
The ?T? at end signifies that the altitude is a Minimum 5bstruction 1learance Altitude #M51A%. $t
meets obstacle clearance re@uirements #1'999: non"mountainous E &'999: mountainous% for the
entire route segment and in the A+A assures accetable navigational signal coverage only within
&&nm of a *5.. #8eesen%
&>. What does the ?a? mean on an altitude along an airway?
The ?a? at the end of the altitude denotes a .oute M5.A. #8eesen%
)9. What would indicate the highest altitude allowed on a route segment?
MAA #A$M%
)1. What direction are standard turns in holding?
.ight turns are standard and ,eft turns are non"standard in holding. #A$M%
)&. At what oint during an $,+ aroach are you on final?
At the ublished glidesloe intercet or when AT1 directs a lower than ublished glidesloe
intercet altitude' it is the resultant actual oint of glidesloe intercet. #A$M%
)). Where is the -A- for a ,51 aroach?
The -A- is a Maltese cross symbol on the aroach late. #8eesen%
)0. What are the three tyes of Hydrolaning?
Dynamic I > ( s@uare root of tire ressure
.everted .ubber I +2idding on steam oc2et
*iscous I +2idding on ainted or sliery surface
)3. 6rior to the -A-' you are informed that the weather has gone below minimums. What do you do?
1ontinue the aroach ground trac2 at or above the MDA and e(ecute a missed aroach at the
missed aroach oint. #A$M%
)7. After interceting glidesloe on an $,+ you are told the weather is below minimums. What do you
do?
1ontinue the aroach to DH and if the runway environment is in sight and the aircraft is in a
osition to land using normal rocedures' land. #-A.%
);. 1alculate a *D6 for an aroach with a HAT of 039: and -A- to MA6 is 1B03?
Timing methodD HAT ( 19K C seconds to be subtracted from timing of -A- to MA6. 039 ( 19K C
03sec. 1B03 I 03sec. C 1min. /(ecute missed aroach 1 minute after assing the -A-.
)=. <oing )>92tas with a )92t tailwind' how far will you go in 09 minutes?
)>9 B )9 C 0&92gs or ;nmEmin. ;nmEmin ( 09min C &=9nm
)>. 4o erson may attemt to act as a crewmember of a civil aircraft within how many hours after
consumtion of alchohol?
= hours #-A.%
09. What is the Mode 1 *eil?
The airsace within )9nm of generally rimary airorts within 1lass J airsace areas' from the
surface uward to 19'999:msl. Anless otherwise authorized by air traffic control' aircraft oerating
within this airsace must be e@uied with automatic ressure altitude reorting e@uiment
having Mode 1 caability. #A$M%
01. What is 1lass 1 airsace?
<enerally that airsace surface to 0'999: above airort elevation charted in msl surrounding those
airorts that have an oerational control tower' are serviced by a radar aroach control' and that
have a certain number of $-. oerations or assenger enlanements. #A$M%
0&. -or oerations off established routes from 1='999:msl to -,039' you should not use #H% 4A*A$Ds
more than how many miles aart?
&79nm #A$M%
0). When may controllers authorize a contact aroach?
Must be re@uested by the ilot.
.eorted ground visibility at the destination airort is at least 1sm.
Aroach will be made to an airort having a standard or secial instrument aroach rocedure.
Aroved searation is alied between these' $-. and secial *-. aircraft. #A$M%
00. $n 1lass J and 1 airsace' can an AT1 controller re@uest airseeds greater than &392ias below
19'999:msl.
Les #A$M%
03. What is a microburst?
+mall"scale intense downdrafts' which on reaching the surface' sread outward in all directions
from the center. This causes the resence of both vertical and horizontal wind shears that can be
e(tremely hazardous to all tyes and categories of aircraft. Due to their small size' short duration'
and the fact that they can occur over areas without surface reciitation' microbursts are not
easily detectable with weather radar or ,,WA+. #A$M%
07. With a dum rate of &399MEmin.' how long will it ta2e to dum )9'999MNs?
#&.3OEmin C 32 every &min%' )9E3C7' 7 ( &min C 1&min
0;. How far will you travel in a descent from -,))9 at )992ts to 1;'999: at &392ts?
#) to 1 rule% )) I 1; C 17'999: ( ) C 0=nm B 3nm to slow 392ts C 3)nm
0=. What is ?M1A *1>9 1)9994/? ne(t to a fi(?
Minimum crossing altitude at fi( of 1)999: traveling northeast along * 1>9. A climb must be
e(ecuted to cross the fi( at or above this altitude when traveling in that direction. #8eesen%
0>. When do you switch 4A*A$Ds on an airway?
At the designated change over oint or halfway if none is deicted. #8eesen%
39. 1an you shoot the .WL && $,+ DM/ with DM/ inoerative?
4o' with DM/ in aroach name' it is re@uired. #8eesen%
31. What would be a 6D6 for a )79 HAT with both the *5.EDM/ and MA6 at the threshold?
)79E)99 for ) degree sloe C1.& DM/
3&. $f you lose communications what route will you fly?
Jy the route assigned in the last AT1 clearance receivedH
$f vectored' from the oint of failure direct to fi(' route or airway secified in the vector clearanceH
$n absence of a route' by the route that AT1 has advised may be e(ected in a further clearanceH
$f none of the above' then by the route filed in flight lan. #A$M%
3). What does a flashing white Air Traffic 1ontrol Tower ,ight <un +ignal mean?
When on the ground' return to starting oint on the airort.
When inflight' it is not alicable. #A$M%
30. $f you lose communications #$M1%' what altitude will you fly?
The highest of the following altitudes for the routeEsegment being flownD that assigned by AT1'
the M/A' or that advised may be e(ected in a further clearance. #A$M%
33. What are your rocedures if you lose communications in holding?
When the clearance limit is a fi( from which an aroach begins' commence descent or descent
and aroach as close as ossible to the /-1 time if one has been received' or if one has not
been received' as close as ossible to the /TA as calculated from the filed or amended #with
AT1% /T/.
$f the clearance limit is not a fi( from which an aroach begins' leave the clearance limit at the
/-1 time if one has been received' or if none has been received' uon arrival over the clearance
limit' and roceed to a fi( from which an aroach begins and commence descent or descent and
aroach as close as ossible to the /TA as calculated from the filed or amended #with AT1%
/T/. #A$M%
37. How can we find out if a runway is grooved?
,oo2 on the bac2 of the 8eesen airfield diagram' at the additional runway information section.
3;. What does *A+$ stand for?
*isual Aroach +loe $ndicator. #A$M%
3=. Describe the indications of a three"bar *A+$.
The to two rows of lights are for high coc2it aircraft' and the lower two rows are for everyone
else.
.ed over red C below glidesloe
.ed over white C on glidesloe
White over white C above glidesloe. #A$M%
3>. What does 6A6$ stand for?
6recision Aroach 6ath $ndicator. #A$M%
79. What is the 6A6$ on glidesloe indication?
The right two lights are red and the left two lights are white. #A$M%
71. What does *A+$". indicate?
*A+$ is located on the right side of the runway. #A$M%
7&. Where is the $,+ MA6?
Decision Height. #A$M%
7). Describe runway lighting.
.unway edge lights are white' e(cet on instrument runways amber relaces white on the last
&'999: or F the runway' whichever is less. The dearture end lights are red. The aroach end
lights are green. 1enterline lights are white until )'999: remaining' then they alternate red and
white for &'999: and are then red for the last 1'999:. #A$M%
70. Describe ta(iway lighting.
Ta(iway edge lights are blue
Ta(iway centerlines will be green if installed. #A$M%
73. What does 5DA,+ stand for?
5mni"Directional Aroach ,ight +ystem. #A$M%
77. What are ./$,?
.unway /nd $dentifier ,ights' commonly referred to as threshold strobes. #A$M%
7;. What is a M/A ga' and what does it loo2 li2e on a chart?
A M/A ga is established when a ga e(ists in guaranteed 4A*A$D signal coverage. $t loo2s li2e
a solid rectangle that is torn in half. #A$ME8eesen%
7=. With good communications' and uon arrival at your clearance limit you still have received no
further clearance' what do you do?
$f there is no ublished holding attern' enter a standard holding attern at the clearance limit.
Aircraft altitude determines the length of the legs and holding airseed. #A$M%
7>. What is 1lass A airsace?
<enerally that airsace from 1='999:msl u to and including -,799. #A$M%
;9. What are the re@uirements for a visual aroach?
An aroach conducted on an $-. flight lan' clear of clouds' and the ilot must' at all times'
have either the airort or the receding aircraft in sight. The aroach must be authorized and
under AT1 control. The reorted weather at airort must be at least 1'999: and )nm visibility.
#A$M%
;1. What is 1lass J airsace?
<enerally' that airsace from the surface to 19'999:msl surrounding the nation:s busiest airorts.
The configuration of each 1lass J airsace area is individually tailored and consist of a surface
area and two or more layers #can resemble an uside down wedding ca2e%' and is designed to
contain all ublished instrument aroach rocedures. AT1 clearance' two"way radio
communications' a transonder with Mode 1 caability and a rivate ilot:s license are all
re@uired to fly in 1lass J airsace' and for $-. flight' a *5. or TA1A4 is also re@uired. #A$M%
;&. When are you e(ected to begin slowing rior to a clearance limit if further clearance has not been
received?
When an aircraft is ) minutes or less from a clearance limit and clearance beyond the fi( has not
been received' the ilot is e(ected to start a seed reduction so that the aircraft will cross the fi('
initially' at or below the ma(imum holding seed. #A$M%
;). What are the critical hases of flight?
Ta(i' ta2eoff' landing and all other flight oerations other than cruise flight conducted below
19'999:. #-A.%
;0. What would the -irst 5fficer have to do if the 1atain had to leave the flight dec2 and use the
restroom while the aircraft is cruising at -,
&79?
$f one ilot leaves the flight dec2 when oerating at altitudes above &3'999:msl' the remaining
ilot at the controls shall ut on and use an aroved o(ygen mas2 until the other ilot returns.
#-A.%
;3. When cleared for an aroach and not established on that aroach rocedure' when can you
descend?
Maintain the last assigned altitude unless a different altitude is assigned by AT1' or until the
aircraft is established on a segment of a ublished route or instrument aroach rocedure.
#-A.%
;7. What signifies the highest oint on the aroach late chart?
The elevation with a large arrow ointing to it. #8eesen%
;;. What calls are re@uired entering and e(iting holding?
.eort the time and altitude uon entering holding
.eort leaving holding. #A$M%
;=. +tate the ma(imum holding airseeds?
&992tsD MHA I 7999:msl
&)92tsD 7'991:msl"10'999:msl
&732tsD P10'991:msl #A$M%
;>. How do you determine holding leg lengths?
Q10'999:msl' 1 min inbound to the fi(
P10'991:msl' 1 F min inbound to the fi(. #A$M%
=9. $f DM/ is out on a ,51 aroach' how might you determine the MA6?
Timing from the -A-. #8eesen%
=1. Are stoways included in runway length for 8eesen runway descritions?
4o. +toways and overruns are not included in runway length. #8eesen%
=&. $f ground control clears you to ta(i to the active runway' can you cross that runway to get to the hold
short?
4o. #A$M%
=). 5n ta2eoff what will the runway centerline lighting system loo2 li2e aroaching the dearture end of
runway?
.unway centerline lights are white until )999: remainingH alternating red and white until 1999:
remainingH then all red. #A$M%
=0. What denotes an $,+ critical area?
Lellow ladder li2e symbol on the ta(iway. #A$M%
=3. When is an $,+ critical area in effect?
When the weather is less than =99E&. #A$M%
=7. What does .AJ9; mean in a M/TA.?
.ain began time 9; ast the hour. #A$M%
=;. What does A5& mean in the remar2s section of a M/TA.?
The tye of automated station' in this case' automated station with reciitation discriminator.
#A$M%
==. When will bra2ing action advisories be laced in effect?
When tower controllers have received runway bra2ing action reorts which include the terms oor
or nil' or whenever weather conditions are conducive to deteriorating or raidly changing runway
bra2ing conditions. #A$M%
=>. What are the recommended thunderstorm avoidance criteria?
Avoid thunderstorms in altitude by 1'999: for every 192ts of wind at altitude
Avoid by at least &9nm on the uwind side. #A$M%
>9. At what altitude are you re@uired to have oerable DM/?
Lou must have DM/ to oerate P-,&09. #-A.%
>1. What are the aroach categories?
1at AD less than >12ts
1at JD >12ts"1&92ts
1at 1D 1&12ts"1092ts
1at DD 1012ts"1732ts
1at /D 1772ts and greater. #A$M%
>&. How is an aircraft:s category determined?
1.) times stall seed in the landing configuration at ma(imum gross landing weight. #A$M%
>). How do you determine what the aroach light configuration is for an airort?
,oo2 on the bac2 of the airfield diagram to determine aroach lighting configuration for each
runway.
>0. What does the designation #H% ne(t to the *5. indicate?
High altitude designated *5. service volume. 1='999: through 03'999: C 1)9nm #A$M%
>3. How can you determine ressure altitude inflight?
+et &>.>&inHg in the altimeter
>7. What is density altitude?
$t is ressure altitude corrected for deviations from standard day temerature
>;. What is the service volume for a #T% designated *5.?
1'999: I 1&'999: C &3nm #A$M%
>=. What is a dislaced threshold?
A dislaced threshold is a threshold located at a oint on the runway other than the designated
beginning of the runway. $t reduces the length of the runway available for landings. The ortion of
the runway behind a dislaced threshold is available for ta2eoffs in either direction and landings
from the oosite direction. #A$M%
>>. What is H$WA+?
H$WA+ #Hazardous $nflight Weather Advisory +ervice% broadcasts +$<M/T+' A$.M/T+' and
6$./6+ continuously over *5. fre@uencies. #A$M%
199. How far will you travel in 19min at )&92tas with a 392t headwind?
)&9 I 39 C &;92gs or 0.3nmEmin ( 19min C 03nm
191. 1onvert >
5
1 to -.
#1 ( &% I 19K B )& C -
> ( & C 1=' #1= I & C 17%' 17 B )& C 0=
5
-
19&. When turning from a tailwind to a headwind' what will haen to your $A+?
4othing' only the groundseed changes.
19). What is significant about a letter in a *5. aroach designation' ie. *5."A?
The use of an alhabetical designation indicates the rocedure does not meet the criteria for
straight"in landing minimums #will be circling%. #8eesen%
190. $f airfield tem is 79
5
-' what is the robable freezing level?
R#- I )&% B 19KS E& C 1 then I &
5
E1999N
79 I )& C &= B ) C )1 E & C 13.3
5
1 C ;';39:
193. Doing )192tas with a 392t tailwind' how long will it ta2e to go ;3 miles?
)19 B 39 C )79 C 7nmEmin ;3nm E 7nmEmin C 1&min )9sec
197. $f you arc from the 9>& radial northwest on the 1& DM/ arc to intercet the ))& radial. How many
miles will you travel on the arc?
At 1& DM/ C 3 radialsEnm for 1&9 radials' 1&9 E 3 C &0nm.
19;. Lou weigh 1=&'999lbs and need to dum to 133'999lbs. With a dum rate of )999lbsEminute how
long will this ta2e?
1=&'999lbs I 133'999lbs C &;'999lbs. &;'999lbs E )'999lbEmin C >min.
19=. How long will it ta2e to dum 79'999lbs of fuel at a rate of &'399lbsEmin?
&'399 ( & C 3'999 ' 79'999 E 3'999 C 1& ( & C &0min or
&'399 ( 0 C 19'999' 79'999 E 19'999 C 7 ( 0 C &0min
19>. Lou need to descend to cross a fi( at 3'999: from -,&39' doing )992gs. At 0'999:Emin .5D' how
far out must you start the descent to cross the fi( at 3'999:?
&3'999: I 3'999: C &9'999:. &9'999: E 0'999:Emin C 3 min. )992gs C 3nmEmin. 3min ( 3nmEmin C
&3nm from fi(.
119. Lou need to loose &9'999: in 3min. What rate of descent is re@uired?
0'999:Emin.
111. Lou are going )792tas with a 792ts headwind. How long will it ta2e you to go ;3nm?
13min
11&. Lou traveled )13 miles in 03 minutes. What is you seed in nmEmin?
)13 E ) C 193' )13 B 193 C 0&92ts C ;nmEmin.
11). Lou are going 1392tas with no wind' how long does it ta2e to travel 19nm?
0min
110. What:s the recirocal &79?
9=9
113. What is the recirocal of 19&?
&=&
117. What is the recirocal of 91&?
1>&
11;. What are the three classes of aircraft?
Heavy #P&&3'999lbs%' ,arge #P01'999lbs I &&3'999%' +mall #01'999lbs and less% #A$M%
11=. Aroach states the altimeter is &>.>3' but you accidentally set &=.>3. What does the altimeter
read at landing' and will you touchdown before or after you thin2 you should?
$f your altimeter is set below the local setting' then you will read lower than the actual altitude and
in this case by 1'999:' and will land after you thin2 you should.
11>. Lou are at -,039 and need to descend to -,&39' with &'999:Emin .5D' how far will you travel in
the descent at 0=92ts?
032 I &32 C &92' &9 E & C 19min. #0=9 C =nmEmin% 19min ( =nmEmin C =9nm.
1&9. Traveling at =.3nmEmin' how far will you go in )9min?
=.3 C 3192ts. 319 E & C &33nm in )9min.
1&1. Descend from -,)39 to -,1>9 with a &999:Emin rate of descent' how long will it ta2e?
)32 I 1>2 C 172. 17 E & C =min.
1&&. At &092tas with no wind' how long will it ta2e to travel )>9nm?
&092ts C 0nmEmin' )>9nm E 0nmEmin C >;min )9sec.
1&). Lou need to descend from -,&>9 to 10'999: at &'399:Emin. How long will it ta2e?
13'999: E &'399:Emin C 7min #&.3 ( & C 3' 13 E 3 C )' ) ( & C 7min%
1&0. $f you need to dum &9'999lbs of fuel at 7'999lbEmin' how long will it ta2e?
&9 E 7 C ) B &9.
1&3. .ecirocal of 1)>?
)1>
1&7. Lou need to dum )3'999lbs of fuel at a rate of &399lbsEmin. How long will it ta2e?
10min #&.3 ( & C 3' )3 E 3 C ;' ; ( & C 10% or #)3 E &.3 C 10%
1&;. <oing )&92tas with a 392t headwind' how long will it ta2e to go >9nm?
&9min
1&=. Lou are traveling at )792tas with a 792t tailwind. How long will it ta2e to travel 033 miles?
)79 B 79 C 0&92gs C ;nmEmin. 033 E ; C 73min
1&>. $f you burn >'999lbEhr' how much fuel will you burn in a 1 B &9 flight?
#6roortions% )2 er &9min' >'999lbs B )'999lbs C 1&'999lbs
1)9. $f you go );3nm in 03min' what is your ground seed?
);3 E ) C 1&3' );3 B 1&3 C 3992gs
1)1. <oing 3=92tas with a 092t headwind' how long will it ta2e to go )79nm?
3=9 I 09 C 3092gs C >nmEmin' )79 E > C 09 minutes.
1)&. 5n a standard day what altitude would we encounter the freezing level?
#I &
5
1 E1'999:% 13
5
1 to 9
5
1 C 13' 13 E & C ;.3 ( 1'999: C ;'399:
1)). Assume you are burning ='999lbsEhr. 5n an $-. flight' what is the fuel re@uired for a 1B)9 tri' with
an alternate being 9B)9 minutes away?
='999lbEhr ( 1.3hr C 1&'999lbsH B 0'999lbs #to fly to the alternate%H B 7'999lbs #03 minutes of flying
time%. 1&'999 B 0'999 B 7'999 C &&'999lbs.
1)0. <oing )992ts' you need to descend from ))O to 19O and slow to &392ts. How far out do we need
to start our descent?
)) I 19 C &) ( ) C 7>' B 1nm E 192ts of decel C 7> B 3 C ;0nm.
1)3. Lou traveled )79nm in 03 minutes. What is your <+?
#6roortions% )79 E ) C 1&9. 1&9 ( 0 C 0=92ts.
1)7. -lying at 0092ts' how far do you fly in 03 min?
#6roortions% 009 E 0 C 119' 119 ( ) C ))9nm
1);. 1onvert 1&
5
1 to -.
30
1)=. What is a 1+D #1onstant +eed Drive%?
1omonent that converts the variable .6M roduced by the engine to a constant .6M for the
generator.
1)>. What is a TE.?
Transformer E .ectifier
109. What does the Transformer E .ectifier do?
Transforms 113v to &=v and .ectifies A1 to D1 ower.
101. Why do aircraft use A1 ower?
Allows smaller motors and wires thereby reducing weight due to the higher voltage and low
current of the A1 system.
10&. What is a battery for on an aircraft?
AE1 bac2u in the event of generator failure of when the generators are inoerative.
10). What is the urose of a slat?
High"energy air flows from under the wing to energize the boundary layer which then delays a
stall to a higher angle of attac2 than would normal.
100. Why do some aircraft have two sets of ailerons?
-or increased maneuverability during slow seed flight.
103. When are outboard ailerons designed to wor2?
5utboard ailerons are designed to wor2 at slower seeds for increased controllability and
maneuverability' but the mechanization on latforms may differ.
107. What is the function of a fuse lug?
6revent tire blowout.
10;. What is a cabin outflow valve?
The valve that allows internal ressure to escae' thereby controlling aircraft ressurization. The
valve is oen on the ground gradually closes on a schedule as the aircraft climbs.
10=. What does T mean in a M/TA.?
Maintenance needed on the system.
10>. What is an A1M?
Air 1ycle Machine #A1M%
139. How does an Air 1ycle Machine wor2?
An air cycle machine mi(es both hot and cold air to regulate the temerature of the cabin. Jefore
the air is cooled' it is routed through the rimary heat e(changer to be cooled by outside air. The
air then flows to the air cycle machine comressor. The comressor increases both air ressure
and temerature. The air then goes to secondary heat e(changer and is cooled again. The air is
then directed to the A1M turbine resulting in even more heat loss as it hels to ower the turbine
and in doing so it e(ands losing more heat. ,astly' the now cold air is routed to a water
searator that removes moisture rior to the air entering the cabin. $t is at this oint that the air
mi( valve regulates the flow of both hot and cold air to maintain the desired temerature.
131. What are the uroses of a hydraulic accumulator?
+tore hydraulic ressure
6rotect system against ressure surges
13&. What has occurred if the accumulator ressure gauge reads U9: ressure?
The accumulator has lost it:s recharge.
13). 5n climbout there is a windshear that results in a tailwind decreasing to calm wind. What are the
indications?
+ame as an increase in headwind. Altitude' itch' and indicated airseed increase. #A$M%
130. What is the e@uation for Mach?
M C TA+ E +eed of +ound
133. $f you conduct a constant Mach climb' what will haen to TA+?
TA+ will decrease #as temerature decreases' so must the TA+ to maintain Mach%
137. What is *-/?
Ma(imum fla e(tended seed. #A$M%
13;. What if */-?
+eed at which the critical engine is assumed to fail. #A$M%
13=. What is *1?
$t is the ma(imum seed in the ta2eoff at which the ilot must ta2e the first action to sto the
airlane within the accelerate"sto distance. $t also is the minimum seed in the ta2eoff' following
a failure of the critical engine at */-' at which the ilot can continue the ta2eoff and achieve the
re@uired height above the ta2eoff surface within the ta2eoff distance. #sometimes Ta2eoff
Decision +eed% #A$M%
13>. What is *&?
Ta2eoff +afety +eed. A referenced airseed obtained after lift"off at which the re@uired one"
engine inoerative climb erformance can be achieved. #A$M%
179. What is *A?
Design maneuvering seed #A$M%
171. What is *4/?
4ever"e(ceed seed #A$M%
17&. What is *M5?
Ma(imum oerating limit seed #A$M%
17). What is wind shear?
Wind shear is a change in wind seed andEor direction over a short distance' either horizontally or
vertically. #A$M%
170. What causes wind shear' and how is it reorted?
Windshear is normally associated with strong temerature inversions' surface obstructions'
thunderstorms or frontal activity.
6$./6+' ,,WA+' +$<M/T+. #A$M%
173. What are the fuel re@uirements for flight in $-. conditions?
1omlete the flight to the first airort of intended landingH fly from that airort to the alternate
airort #if re@uired%' and fly after that for 03min at normal cruising seed. #-A.%
177. What is V-/?
Height above airort based on local station ressure. #A$M%
17;. What concerns you about light winds and a )
5
dewoint sread?
High otential for fog.
17=. What is V4/?
The barometric ressure used for the standard altimeter settingD &>.>&inHg or 191).& millibars
#A$M%
17>. What tyes of fog are there?
Advection I warm air assing over cool ground
.adiation I cooling ground cools the air over it
Asloe I warm moist air cools moving usloe
1;9. What is V4H?
Altitude based on local station ressure. #A$M%
1;1. What is needed for frost to form?
+ublimation. The temerature of the collecting surface is at or below the dewoint of the
surrounding air and the dewoint is below freezing.
1;&. What is re@uired for thunderstorm formation?
Anstable lase rate
Warm moist air
,ifting action
1;). What are the three stages of a thunderstorm?
1umulus
Mature
Dissiating
1;0. What is a deboost valve?
A deboost valve is a comonent installed in the bra2e lines that reduces the aircraft:s hydraulic
system ressure and increases the volume of fluid going to the bra2e system.
1;3. What is a relay?
A relay is a small magnetically oerated switch used to control high"current systems.
1;7. What is an inverter?
1hanges &=v D1 ower to 113v A1 ower.
1;;. What is the outut of a generator when the <1. is oen?
.esidual voltage.
1;=. What are ground soilers for?
+oilers increase drag and reduce lift lacing more of the aircraft:s weight on the tires' ma2ing
bra2es more effective and enhancing ground controllability.
1;>. What are the rimary flight controls?
Aileron
/levator
.udder
1=9. How is an aircraft ressurized?
The air conditioning ac2s' for the most art' continuously um air into the aircraft:s cabin. The
cabin outflow valve will vent all ressure in e(cess of a reset value.
1=1. What is the urose of the fuelEoil heat e(changer?
The fuelEoil heat e(changer cools engine oil and can aid in heating fuel to revent ice formation.
1=&. What is the urose of the cabin outflow valve?
The urose of the outflow valve is to vent or release all ressure above a reset amount
allowing control of cabin differential ressure.
1=). What is anti"s2id used for?
Aid bra2ing in wet' icy or otherwise sliery runway conditions.
1=0. How does anti"s2id wor2?
The anti s2id system monitors each wheels deceleration. $f one slows too raidly' the system
reduces bra2e ressure to that wheel until its rate of deceleration is normal. Anti"s2id systems are
normally automatically disabled below about &9mh I )9 mh so that the aircraft can be stoed.
1=3. What does the ?D? mean in the *5. information bo(?
6aired DM/ caability #8eesen%
1=7. What is a Diode and what does it do?
A Diode is a comonent on a circuit board allowing electricity to flow in only one direction.
1=;. What color is the left wing navigation light?
The left wing navigation light is red and the right navigation light is green. #A$M%
1==. When you chec2 a hydraulic accumulator ressure gauge during reflight' what is shown?
4itrogen or air re"charge ressure.
1=>. How can you tell if a generator is at its roer .6M
Lou may chec2 the generator fre@uency gauge' as that is a reresentation of generator seed.
1>9. What effect will a forward moving 1< have on an aircraft?
An aircraft:s *M1 will increase
+talling angle of attac2 will be reached at a higher seed.
1ruise seeds will be slower
1>1. What are the airseed limitations associated with 1lass 1 and D airsace?
Anless otherwise authorized or re@uired by AT1' no erson may oerate an aircraft at or below
&'399: above the surface within 0nm of the rimary airort of 1lass 1 or D airsace area at an
indicated airseed of more than &992ts. #A$M%
1>&. What are the airseed limits in 1lass J airsace?
Airseed shall be at or below &392ias when below 19'999:msl' or as assigned by AT1' there are
no other airseed restrictions when inside 1lass J airsace. #A$M%
1>). What does a flashing red and green light from the control tower mean?
/(ercise e(treme caution for both' on the ground and in the air. #A$M%
1>0. What should you be concerned about in cold temeratures with regards to fuel?
<el formation in fuel due to the freezing of water contained in the fuel.
1>3. What are two methods that fuel can be heated?
/ngine bleed air
-uel oil heat e(changer
1>7. What do you do if you go $M1 while circling to land?
$f visual reference is lost while circling"to"land from an instrument aroach' the missed aroach
secified for that articular rocedure must be followed. To become established on the missed
aroach course' the ilot should ma2e an initial climbing turn toward the landing runway and
continue the turn until established on the missed aroach course. #A$M%
1>;. What is the most imortant instrument during start?
/(haust <as Temerature #/<T% or Turbine $nlet Temerature #T$T%.
1>=. What gauges would indicate a hot start?
/<T or T$T
1>>. What is a vorte( generator?
$t is an aerodynamic surface that delays airflow searation from the airfoil surface by introducing
high"energy airflow from above the boundary layer' down into the lower energy boundary layer.
This can delay shoc2"induced boundary layer searation aroaching M1.$T as well as hel
maintain roer airflow over tail control surfaces during flight at high angles of attac2.
&99. Why are generators wired in arallel?
This is done to allow generators to share the electrical load as well as to rovide a bac2u in the
event generators are lost or malfunctioning.
&91. What are the tolerances for a *5. chec2?
They are re@uired in the receding )9 days. +hould an error in e(cess of BE" 0
5
be indicated
through use of a ground chec2 or dual system chec2' or BE" 7
5
using the airborne chec2' $-. flight
shall not be attemted without correcting the source of the error. #A$M%
&9&. What is the Mean Aerodynamic 1hord #MA1%?
MA1 is the average distance from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the wing.
&9). When both the ilot and coilot are at the controls' is a crewmember of an aircraft re@uired to wear
a @uic2"donning tye o(ygen mas2 when cruising at -,019 #6art 1&1%?
4o. When oerating at flight altitudes above -,&39' one ilot at the controls of the airlane shall
at all times wear and use an o(ygen mas2 secured' sealed and sulying o(ygen' e(cet that the
one ilot need not wear and use an o(ygen mas2 while at or below -,019 if each flight
crewmember on flight dec2 duty has a @uic2"donning tye o(ygen mas2 that has been shown and
can be ut on and used within 3 seconds. #-A.%
&90. What are the o(ygen mas2 usage re@uirements while cruising at -,0)9 #6art 1&1%?
5ne ilot must always wear an o(ygen mas2 when oerating above -,019. #-A.%
&93. What is a movement area?
The runways' ta(iways' and other areas of an airortEheliort which are utilized for ta(iing'
ta2eoff' and landing of aircraft' e(clusive of loading rams and ar2ing areas. At those
airortsEheliorts with a tower' secific aroval for entry onto the movement area must be
obtained from AT1. #A$M%
&97. What is a non"movement area?
Ta(iways and aron #ram% not under the control of AT1. #A$M%
&9;. $f you travel ))9nm in 03min' how fast are you going?
6roortionsD 119nm every 13min C 0092ts
&9=. $f you travel &1;nm in )9min' and have a 192t headwind' what is your TA+?
&1; ( & C 0)02gs B 192t headwind C 0002tas
&9>. $f you travel 1)9nm in &9min' what is your seed?
1)9 ( ) C )>92ts
&19. $f you burn 7'999MEhour. How much fuel would be used in a 1B&& flight?
7'999 E 79 C 199MEmin. && ( 199 C &'&99. 7'999 B &'&99 C ='&99 ounds.

TA- O4G1 9711)9G 971&1& 13993OT 3+M HG -/W9&9 W+919E)19&&OT
-M 1))9 )9913<&3OT )+M +H.A 5*19&9
T/M65 1017 1E&+MB T+.A 5*199=1J
-M1>99 &;99=OT 3+M +H.A JO49&9 5*1909
6.5J09 &&91 1+M I.A J.
-.909> 1=993OT 7+M"+H.A 5*19&9
J/1M< 9;9> 67+M 4+W +O1
M/TA. O4G1 971)3;G 15. &&913<&3OT )E0+M .&=,E&799-T T+.A 5*19191J 1=E17 A&>;=.MO
+,6903 T91=&913>
&11. 1an you ta2eoff with a & engine aircraft #6art >1%?
4o' weather is below .*.39 or 1sm #6art >1% #-A.%
&1&. 1an we ta2eoff with a ) engine aircraft #6art >1%?
Les' weather is above .*.&0 or 1E&sm #6art >1% #-A.%
&1). What is the current ceiling?
1999: 5*1 #A$M%
&10. $f we lanned to arrive at 4G1 at 1)03' is a destination alternate re@uired?
Les' weather is forecast to be below &999:' )sm BE" 1 hour of lanned arrival. #-A.%
&13. Are you ready to start again?
Are you 2idding?