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Protection Systems
D i F d t l Design Fundamentals
Transmission Line Protection
FRCC System Operator Subcommittee
- Spring Seminars 2011 -
Objectives
Review Definitions
Review Purpose of Relays (Protection
Systems) Systems)
Review 5 Design Attributes protection
systems
Review Types of transmission line
protection
Review Communications Based Schemes
Review Protection Redundancy vs Backup
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Purpose of Relays (what ?)
NERC Definition of Protection System:
Protective relays, associated communication systems,
voltage and current sensing devices station batteries and DC voltage and current sensing devices, station batteries and DC
control circuitry.
Merriam- Webster definition of Relay:
an electromagnetic device for remote or automatic control
that is actuated by variation in conditions of an electric circuit
and that operates in turn other devices (as switches) in the
same or a different circuit.
P S t R l i t tb k d fi iti f R l Power System Relaying textbook definition of Relay:
equipment that detect abnormal power system conditions,
and initiate corrective action as quickly as possible in order to
return the power system to its normal state.
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Purpose of Relays (why ?)
Silent sentinels that watch the power system- Relays are
continuously monitoring the system to detect abnormal condition on Power
System, and initiate corrective actions as quickly as possible in order to return
thepower systemtonormal state the power system to normal state.
Minimize power system equipment damage
Minimize danger to people
Provide automatic response (no human intervention)
Remove electrical stress from other equipment
The power system one big machine electrically
connected
Provide a quick response to remove faulted equipment
Restore the power system to a normal state
Increase reliability of the overall power system
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Minimize the damage
Minimize the effects of faults
2003
Northeast
Blackout
2/26 UFLS Event
- 3 phase fault
- Failed 138 kV switch in Miami
- Disablingof all local protectiverelay - Disabling of all local protective relay
equipment while troubleshooting
- Led to Delayed clearing of a fault
-Fault remained on the system for:
approximately 1.7 seconds
Resulting effect on frequency
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Design Attributes of Relays
5 Attributes inherent to protection system design
li bili ( d d bili d i ) Reliability (2 components - dependability and security)
Selectivity of Relays (zones of protection)
Relay Speed
Simplicity Simplicity
Economics/Cost
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Design Attributes of Relays
(cont)
Reliability contains two components:
Dependability the degree of certainty that a relay or relay
system will operate correctly when called upon to trip
Easy to ascertain dependability by testing
Security relates to the degree of certainty that a relay or relay
system will not operate incorrectly say when there is no fault or
fault is outside the zone.
Not easyto ascertain, due to wide range of conditions that might Not easy to ascertain, due to wide range of conditions that might
be presented to the relay and control systems. Cant be
predicted.
How does FRCC track and learn from occurrences ?
Misoperations !
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Reliability of Relays
Reliabilitys 2 components:
Dependability Two independent redundant systems - Dependability Two independent redundant systems -
increase certainty, backup, secondary, multiple redundant
schemes. Redundancywill be discussed later.
Security Two independent series systems - will not operate
incorrectly
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IMPROVE DEPENDABILITY
Primary Relay scheme is dedicated to a
specific zone of protection. A Primary relay
scheme operates with no intentional time
d l delay.
Redundant Relay scheme does the exact
same function as the primary and provides
redundant protection
Back-up Relay Scheme is usually time
delayed. It will typically remove more of the
system elements than required by operation
of the primary relay scheme.
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Dependability: Backup, primary,
secondary, redundancy
Security
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Design Attributes of Relays
(cont)
Selectivity Minimum system disconnection for
isolation of faulted equipment - Zone of Protection
Generally a zone of protection is designed for each
system element. The faulted element is isolated. Some
cases more than one elements is combined in one zone
of protection.
DEDICATED RELAYS FOR EACH ZONE
Transmission line Generators Transformers
Substation Bus Capacitor bank Dist. Feeder
Reactor Circuit Breaker
Combined Elements: Two or more of the above elements.
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ZONES OF PROTECTION
Note: Not to
be confused
with
Zone 1 ,
Zone 2,
Zone 3, to
be discussed
later
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SPEED: minimize the damage
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Speed Attribute to remove a fault as quickly as
possible
2/26/08 FRCC UFLS Event
Design Attributes of Relays
(cont)
2/26/08 FRCC UFLS Event
The initiating event was a three phase fault on a failed 138 kV switch at a
transmission substation located West of Miami, Florida. The disabling of all
local protective relay equipment while troubleshooting a transmission
switch led to delayed clearing of a fault that developed on the switch.
The fault remained on the system for approximately 1.7 seconds.
delayed clearing
Typical clearing time primary protection 0 067 seconds Typical clearing time - primary protection 0.067 seconds
Typical local backup clearing time 0.255 seconds
The depressed voltages in the area of the fault led to protective equipment trips
of the two Nuclear generating units at Turkey Point as well as the loss of
additional fossil generation at that and other sites in the Region .
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Speed definitions
Instantaneous relay operates without
Design Attributes of Relays
(cont)
Instantaneous relay operates without
intentional time delay (inverse time delay
characteristic)
Time Delay an intentional time delay is
inserted between relay decision and operation
High-Speed relay operates in less than 50
S i l (3 l ) mS typical (3 cycles)
Ultra High Speed relay operates in 4 mS or
less (non-standard but currently typical
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What design
attribute is
this ?
Design Attributes of Relays
(cont)
Simplicity Fewer components and attributes in a design result in:
A system with fewer potential Human and Equipment Performance
issues
Usually more cost effective, both immediate and life-cycle
Easier to troubleshoot when issues occur
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Design Attributes of Relays
(cont)
Economics - Protection & Control systems typically range
from 10 15% of the cost of the equipment they protect,
down from 15 20% just ten fifteen years ago prior to j y g p
uprocessor technology coming to market.
The more equipment you install the more money is required
cost benefit vs dependability and security equation
You use overlapping zones / pp g
backup protection etc.
Critical equipment you install -
Fully redundant systems
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Are we done yet ?
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Were just getting started !
Any Questions on Design Attributes
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Transmission Line Protection
Road Map to the End
TLP Options:
Overcurrent relays
Instanstaneous
Time delay
Directional Overcurrent
Non-pilot
Step-Distance Relays
Carrier types and
communication at a high
level
Cover some relay types
Define
Primary Protection
Backup Protection
Step Distance Relays
Zones 1, 2 & 3
Pilot Protection
Redundancy
Redundancy
Communication Outages
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The Goal of Line Protection
To detect transmission line faults and
initiate isolation of that line fault 3-5
cycles. A fault duration of longer time (8 cyc es au t du at o o o ge t e (8
plus cycles) can cause instability.
Typical Transmission line
Substation A
Substation B
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Only looks at line current
Simple setting (normal load +25%)
Does not see faults behind - no fault current
C di t ith l /f d t
Overcurrent Protection
Can coordinate with relays/fuses downstream
Add time delay
Coordination for all types (10 types) of faults
becomes difficult (phase to phase, phase to
ground, 3 phase etc.)
Substation A
Radial Load
Ohms Law:
V = I x Z
I = V/Z
Relay trip when
I = set current flow
As the protected system gets more
complex
Distance or Impedance Relay
Available changes in configuration
(network)
Changes in generating patterns
Wider variation in fault current than
radial
Cant just use current monitoring for
reliable protection
We need to look at current AND voltage
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Distance or Impedance Relay
Ohms Law:
V I Z
Look at Current and
Voltage to detect fault
V = I x Z
Z = V/I
V =100 V
Conclusion: if we know voltage and
current we can estimate the
impedance
If we know the conductor and
construction (impedance per mile
of transmission line is fairly
t t)
THE LINE CONDUCTOR AND
CONSTRUCTION IS SAME,
DISTANCE IS PROPORTIONAL TO
constant)
We can estimate a where a fault is
based on measured voltage and
current on the line
DISTANCE IS PROPORTIONAL TO
IMPEDANCE
We know the properties of the transmission line
How to know if line has a FAULT??
Distance or Impedance Relay
Length
Impedance
We know the current on the line from the
substation
We know the voltage on the line bus at the
substation
Ohms Law Ohms Law
V = I x R or V = I x Z (for Impedance)
We can identify a set of Zs for faults and set
the relay to pick-up
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The art of Relaying
Step Distance Relaying
Its hard to pinpoint the end of the line Z
use zones
The art of Relaying
Company PHILOSPHIES may vary
80%
Typical setting
of zones
Zone 1
Zone 2
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120%
120% of combined
of zones
Zone 3
Zone 2
Step Distance Line Protection
why 80%, 120% etc
Create Zones of Protection
Z1 80% line impedance no time dela Z1 = 80% line impedance no time delay
Z2 = 120% line impedance time delay-
Z3 = 120% line impedance and 120% of
next zone; with a time delay backup next
zone
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Limitations of Step Distance
Line Protection
Problem: cant clear both ends of the line
instantaneously for faults near one end
As loading increases the Z viewed by the
relay may cross into the Z trip area of the
relay setting
Harder to coordinate multi-terminal and
parallel line
So far all information for tripping decision
has come from one substation
Provides instantaneous protection over
entire line section
2 modes blocking mode (integral to line)
or tripping mode (independent comm
Pilot Protection
or tripping mode (independent comm
channel)
Communicate information from one
terminal to the other terminal (in the zone
of protection)
Communication methods:
Power line carrier
Microwave Microwave
Fiber optics
Pilot cable
Speed up remote end clearing time
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Schemes can be classified as:
Directional Comparison
Phase comparison
Pilot wire
Pilot Protection
Pilot wire
Depending on type of sensing used
Further described as :
Blocking
Unblocking
Transfer trip
Depending on how transmitted signal is used
Transfer trip is further categorized as:
Direct
Permissive underreaching
Permissive overreaching
1. Power line carrier On/Off, FSK
Reliable, expensive, noise, freq. availability
Types of Communication Channels
2. Pilot wire dedicated 2 wire copper circuit
Expensive
3. Leased line digital or audio tone
Dedicated channel, low installation cost
Reliability, ongoing costs
4. Microwave digital or analog
C it l i /l ti th Capacity, low noise/location, weather
5. Fiber optic digital
Noise immunity/network delays, cost
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Current Differential
87L 87L
Communication channel
Basic End to End
Communication Scheme
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Permissive Overreaching
Transfer Trip
1. LOCAL END DETECTS FAULT, SEND PERMISSIVE TRIP
2. REMOTE END RECEIVES PT, IF REMOTE SEES FAULT, IT TRIPS
AND SENDS PT TO OTHER END
3. CONSIDER FAULT INSIDE AND OUTSIDE
Directional Comparison
Blocking
1. LOCAL END DETECTS FAULT, DOES NOT SEND BLOCK TRIP
2. REMOTE END SEES FAULT AND IT DID NOT RECEIVE BLOC FROM REMOTE, IT
TRIPS. ALSO, IT DOES NOT SEND BLOCK. PASSIVE PERMISSION
3. FAULT CLOSE BY AND OUTSIDE, BLOCK IS SENT AND TRIP IS BLOCKED.
4. CONSIDER FAULT INSIDE AND OUTSIDE
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Loss of Blocking Communication
Channel
To Ranch
Example #1 Adjacent line fault with Blocking scheme
1) No communications on Cedar- Corbett 230 kV line
3) Corbett terminal sees fault on Deltrail line (zone 2)
2) Fault on Cedar Deltrail 230 kV line (close to Cedar)
4) Corbett terminal does not receive blocking signal
5) Corbett breakers 8W45 and 8W99 trip high speed
Possible temporary
remedy: Study opening line
at a distribution sub, which
should only allow
instantaneous zone 1 trips.
6) Both Cedar and Corbett will trip for any zone 2 fault
Loss of Communication
Channel
To Ranch
Example #2 close in fault on line with blocking scheme
1) No communications on Cedar- Corbett 230 kV line
2) Fault on Cedar Corbett 230 kV line (close to Cedar)
4) Corbett terminal sees fault on zone 2 and trips high speed
5) Breakers 8W45 and 8W99 at Corbett trip
6) All faults on Cedar-Corbett line will still be cleared high speed
3) Cedar sees zone 1 fault - trips 8W62 & 8W48 instantaneously
Internal NO issue
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Pilot Protection Differential and Directional comparison DCB POTT
Communication Based Schemes
Pilot Protection, Differential, and Directional comparison. DCB, POTT
cover in a little bit detail, Mention DUCB, PUTT, DUTT.
Discussion / Simulation
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Road Map Continued
Pilot Protection Schemes
Directional Comparison,
POTT POTT
PUTT/DUTT
DCB
DCUB
CURRENT DIFF
POTT- next
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FRCC Handbook Procedure
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REDUNDANCY
Protection system components (below) make up a
protection system. In some cases, for redundancy
two system are provided. A complete Chain of
components make up a system.
AC Current Source AC Voltage Source
Protective Relay Communication Channel -
DC Control Circuitry Auxiliary Relay DC Control Circuitry Auxiliary Relay
DC Source Trip Coil
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REDUNDANCY
Non-redundant system
Single DC
P l
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Power supply
REDUNDANCY
Fully-redundant system
Diverse DC
power supply
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Typical DC Control Circuit
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Protection System Outages
If a protection system (chain of components)
does not meet all of the requirements
described above then the protection system described above, then the protection system
is not redundant.
From an operations standpoint
- is the remaining protection redundant
- Is the remaining protection back-up Is the remaining protection back up
- Understand what secondary means
- What elements will be tripped for a fault in
the affected protection zone
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Questions ?