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Collectivist
Individualist
Value their membership in their group
more, consider these relatioships to be
stable and long lasting and so are less
willing to serve their membership.
Seek jobs that will enhance their
relationships with other people.
Satisfaction with work depends on the
quality of their relationships with their
coworkers.
Relational and self-sacrificing.
Choose jobs that are personally
fullfilling and that offer them
opportunities for advancement.
Stress their superiority over
others on attributes that pertain to
autonomy and independence.
!change and communal Relations
Collectivist
Individualist
!ocused on sharing
communal resources
*re compliant
&bligated by social contract, to have
respect for those who hold positions of
authority and avoid disargreement.
%utually obligates each member.
'ompromise to conflict
+hey carry out their duties within their
groups and the successful fullfillment
of their roles and responsibilities is the
primary source of self-satisfaction
*lan "iske suggest a system of
authority rankings because
stratification and rank distinctions
motivate people to perform duties in
leadership roles and other crucial ut
demanding positions.
"ollow social norms when making
choices
Social Self
Individualists
Collectivists
Social Self
Social relations "ocus on establishibg and
maintaining relationships that yield
personal rewards with few costs,
concern with others
Social &bligations #ndividuals act to promote their own
interests before considering the
needs of others, satisfaction comes
from personal triumphs in
competition with others.
%embers are obliged to
cooperate with others in the
pursuit if shared goals, concern
for group success, behavior is
guided by group norms an roles
Social #dentity +he independent self is based on
one/s personal, idiosyncratic
characteristics, each self is
autonomous and unique
+he interdependent self is based
on group level relationships,
roles and social identities rather
than on individual personal
qualities.
'ommon attributes of #ndividualism and 'ollectivism
#ndividualism 'ollectivism
#ndependents and #nterdependents
#ndependents #nterdependents
Are emotionally detached
from their groups.
"ut their own goals above
the goal of the group
#hey value e$uality,
social justice and self%
reliance.
"ut groups& goals and
needs above their own
'espectful of other
member of their groups
and value membership.
#ndividuation in 0roup
'ultural 1ifferences
English Speaking
countries and Western
European countries tend
to be more
individualistic than
Asian, Eastern
European, African and
middle Eastern
countries.
Research conducted by +wenge
suggest that individuals maybe
shifting in more individualistic
direction.
#nterdependents individuals in
individualistic countries tend to
join more groups, but
independent individuals in
collectivist cultures -feel
oppressed by their culture and
seek to leave it.
5ersonal #dentity to Social #dentity
6ow does a group become
part of one/s social identity7
8hat impact does this acceptance
of the group into one/s identity
have on one/s self-concept and self-esteem7
Social identity theory4 the basics
Social #dentity +heory, developed 6enri +ajfel,
(ohn +urner, 6ogg and their colleagues traces
the development of a collective identity back to
two key processes4
'ategori)ation
#dentification
Social identity and self categorisation
theory