RESEARCH ON STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT FOR

ORTHOTROPIC STEEL DECK AS A COUNTERMEASURE FOR FATIGUE

Jun Murakoshi1, Naoki Yanadori2, and Hironori Ishii3
Abstract
This paper describes ongoing studies about application of Steel iber
!einforced
"oncrete #S!"$ pa%e&ent for e'isting orthotropic steel deck as a
counter&easure for
fatigue proble&s( )ublic *orks !esearch Institute #)*!I$ and se%eral
co&panies are no+
conducting ,oint researches on repair-reinforce&ent &ethods including S!"
pa%e&ent(
In order to e%aluate durabilit. of the pa%e&ent, strength tests and fatigue
tests under
negati%e bending ha%e been conducted using half &eter si/e speci&ens
taking into account
of e0ects of reinforce&ent in S!" and in1uence of +ater( *heel running test
using real
si/e speci&en +ill get started in the beginning of 2223(
Introducton
4rthotropic steel deck #4S5$ is +idel. applied to long span bridges and urban
%iaducts in Japan because its light +eight contributes to reduce their dead
load( In the earl.
decades of application of 4S5s, %al%e plates +ere used for longitudinal ribs,
then trough
ribs had been increasing through 16728s, and it beca&e co&&on in 16328s(
Trough ribs
ha%e so&e ad%antages that the. can be fabricated b. one side +elding and
bring &ore
longitudinal rigidit. so that spacing of trans%erse ribs can be +idened( 5uring
16628s,
fatigue cracks obser%ed in 4S5s had been a fe+ t.pes, ho+e%er &an. t.pes
of cracks are
obser%ed in recent .ears as depicted in igure 1( The. are1$9
1( illet +eld bet+een deck plate and trough rib
1:1( "rack propagates into deck )late
1:2( "rack propagates into bead
2( illet +eld bet+een trans%erse rib and trough rib
3( ;utt +eld connection of trough rib
<( illet +eld bet+een %ertical sti0ener and deck plate
If "rack 1:1 penetrates a deck plate, it threatens not onl. to cause da&age
on
pa%e&ent but also to deteriorate ser%iceabilit. and safet. to the tra=c( *hat
is +orse is
that "rack1:1 is in%isible until it causes %isible da&age on the pa%e&ent(
Therefore )*!I
has gi%en priorit. to in%estigate this t.pe of fatigue crack( "rack1:2 is also
proble&atic
because the nu&ber of this t.pe of crack is increasing, it is fast gro+ing, and
it tends to
1 Tea& >eader, the Structures !esearch ?roup, )ublic *orks !esearch
Institute
#1:@ Mina&ihara, Tsukuba "it., 32A:3A1@$
2 Senior !esearcher, ;ridge Structure Tea&, )ublic *orks !esearch Institute
3 "hief !esearch Bngineer, !esearch >aborator. Technical 5i%( Yokoga+a
;ridge "orp(
#27 Ya&ano:cho, unabashi "it., 273:222@$
propagate into deck plate and-or trough rib +ebs e%entuall.( The cause of
these t.pes of
crack is guessed that local bending of deck plate induces high stress
concentration at root
of trough rib +eld as sho+n in right botto& of igure 1( Since the da&aged
cases are
increasing, research on the cause of cracks and de%elop&ents of
repair-reinforce&ent
&ethods are strongl. needed( It is the sa&e for crack 3 and <(
)*!I and so&e pri%ate co&panies had begun si' ,oint researches in 222A as
sho+n
in igure 2( !esearches and targeting &ethods are categori/ed in t+o, the
one is
reinforce&ent &ainl. b. steel &e&bers as #a$ C #c$ in igure 3, and the other
is
i&pro%e&ent of pa%e&ent as #d$ in igure 3( or the latter, S!" pa%e&ent is
e'pected to
be one of appropriate &ethods because it reduces local bending of the deck
plate at the
+eld root of trough rib +ithout &a,or increase of dead load( Se%eral 4S5
bridges in Japan
ha%e alread. applied S!" pa%e&ent( or crack 3 and <, +e ha%e conducted
studies b.
BM2$3$, and are no+ doing +heel running test for crack <(
igure 1 atigue "racks in 4rthotropic Steel 5eck
igure 2 Joint tasks bet+een )*!I and "o&panies
I&age of >ocal ;ending of 5eck )late
under 5ouble Tire of Hea%. Truck
Trans%erse( !ib
5eck )late
)a%e&ent
Trough !ib
Main
?irder
*heel )osition
3
2
1
<
D Edditional Stud. is needed for !epair of
)enetrated "rack(
Yokoga+a ;ridge "orp(
NI))4 "orporation
Fa,i&a !oad "o(, >td(
Taisei !otec "orporation
TTF "orporation
Fa+ada Industries, Inc(
IHI "orporation - JB Bngineering "orporation -
Su&ito&o Hea%. Industries, >td( - Nippon Shar.o, >td( -
Hitachi Gosen Steel Structures "orporation -
Matsuo ;ridge "o(, >td( - Mitsubishi Hea%. Industries ;ridge H
Steel Structures Bngineering "o(, >td( -
Mi.a,i Iron *orks "o(, >td(
1:1
1:1, 1:2, 2, 3
2, 3, <
1:1, 1:2, 2, 3, <
Stress !eduction b. !epair-
!einforce&ent using Steel Me&ber
Stress !eduction b. "o&posite Structure
of Steel 5eck and !igid )a%e&ent
II
S!" )a%e&entD
!!
4b,ect
Method E and ;
Method "
Method 5 #S!" )a%e&ent$
3 "o&panies ?roup
!
!!
!!
1:1 5eck )enetrating "rack
1:2 ;ead )enetrating "rack
5eck )late
J:!ib
*eb
5etails of "rack 1
#d$ S!" )a%e&ent
#a$ Steel ;acking )late
#c$ Steel ;acking
#b$Mortar illing and Edditional !ibs

7A&&
adhesi%e
S!"
Stud
#Elong the edge of
lane onl.$
E part of J:!ib is cut te&poraril.
End then attached again
;acking )late
"TSection Steel
;acking )late
High Tension ;olts >ight *ight
Mortar
>gt(
!ib
igure 3 !epair-!einforce Methods under in%estigation in )*!I8s Joint
!esearch
Lt"ratur" R"#"$
Jsing concrete pa%e&ent on 4S5 as a counter&easure for fatigue has been
tried
not onl. in Japan( Moergi,k bridge in Netherlands +as resurfaced using A2&&
thickness
of high perfor&ance reinforced concrete<$( In Japan, Nago.a B'press+a.
)ublic
"orporation #NB)"$ had used S!" pa%e&ent in 16328s for se%eral ra&p
bridges, though,
the application +as not for fatigue but for stabili/ing pa%e&ent on ra&p
bridges +ith
slopeA$( End another di0erence is that NB)"8s S!" is connected to deck
plate onl. b.
studs as sho+n in igure <( Es a counter&easure for fatigue, Japan8s Krst
application +as
on Yokoha&a ;a. ;ridge #Y;;$8s lo+er deck in 222<( The upper deck had
alread. been
opened to tra=c since 1636( Since the lo+er deck +as additionall.
constructed, the S!"
pa%e&ent +as not repair- reinforce&ent of e'isting structure( Barl. strength
ce&ent +as
used for S!" +hose thickness +as 7A &&@$( Edhesi%e +as used all o%er the
deck plate to
connect S!"( Studs +ere set, a%oiding +heel load paths, onl. at the center
of the lane and
the edges of S!" in trans%erse direction( End in longitudinal direction, the.
are put in
t+o lines &anner +ith 322&& spacing each other( Efter the co&pletion of the
S!"
pa%e&ent, cracks on S!" +ere found as sho+n in )hoto 1( Ma,or cracks are
longitudinal
and its &a'i&u& +idth is 2(3&&7$( The cracks had been Klled +ith acr.lic(
Thanks to the
upper deck, rainfall does not see& to a0ect so &uch and in fact, no
deterioration has been
obser%ed in ter&s of perfor&ance as pa%e&ent .et( Ho+e%er, this incident
has brought a
&a,or concern about durabilit. of S!" )a%e&ent(
Es a repair-reinforce&ent of fatigue da&aged 4S5 bridges in ser%ice, Shonan
4hashi ;ridge +as the Krst application of S!" pa%e&ent( The bridge had
had &an.
fatigue cracks in its trough rib +eld #1:1 and 1:2 in igure 1$ so that a
thorough &easure
had been needed( The replace&ent of e'isting asphalt +ith S!" and 2A2:
A22&& shift of
tra=c lanes +ere carried out in 222A( In order to co&plete the replace&ent
under the
condition that the bridge +as to be opened to tra=c da.ti&e and closed onl.
fro& 6 p(&(
to @ a(&(, t+o night process +as repeated little b. little( In the Krst night,
e'isting pa%e&ent
+as eli&inated and the deck plate +as te&poraril. pa%ed( In the second
night, the
te&porar. pa%e&ent +as peeled o0, and then S!" +as pa%ed and cured(
Jltra:rapid
hardening ce&ent +as used for S!" to get enough strength to open to
tra=c in the
&orning( Edhesi%e +as &ainl. used to connect S!" to deck plate as in the
case of Y;;(
Studs +ere set onl. along both edges of the pa%e&ent in t+o lines &anner(
The di0erence
fro& Y;; is that grid of "arbon iber !einforced )lastic #"!)$ +as set in the
&iddle of
72 && thickness of S!"( "!) is e'pected to restrain crack +idths and to
keep rigidit.
of co&posite of S!" and deck plate3$( In recent applications, Metropolitan
B'press+a.
"o( >td( has replaced a part of pa%e&ent to S!" on 4S5 bridges that +as
da&aged b.
fatigue( A2&& thickness of S!" is used as lo+er la.er and 32&& thickness
of upper
la.er is pa%ed on +aterproof la.er on the S!"6$( The upper la.er uses porous
asphalt
&i'ture( More applications are e'pected in Japan, for both e'isting and ne+l.
constructed
4S5 bridges(
!esearches on S!" so far ha%e been usuall. conducted through
e'peri&ental
+a.s, such as construction e'peri&ents and fatigue tests b. se%eral entities(
Japan
"onstruction Method and Machiner. !esearch Institute #"MI$ had conducted
+heel
running test using real si/e speci&ens t+ice for the ,oint research bet+een
Metropolitan
B'press+a. "o( >td( and Nippon
B'press+a. !esearch Institute "o( >td(
The latest tests took into account of
e0ect of +ater12$11$( 4ne of &e&bers of
)*!I8s ,oint research, Yokoga+a
;ridge "o( #Y;"$ had conducted Static
loading test12$ and +heel running
tests13$ for both t.pe of S!"
)a%e&ent sho+n in igure <( End
Hiratsuka 5oboku 4=ce of Fanaga+a
)refecture had conducted a K'ed point
c.clic loading test to deter&ine the
pa%e&ent structure of their Shonan
4hashi ;ridge using )*!I8s testing
&achine1<$(
#a$Stud T.pe #b$ Edhesi%e T.pe #c$ Stud
igure < T.pes of S!" pa%e&ent
)hoto 1 Ecr.lic:In,ected S!" )a%e&ent on
Yokoha&a ;a. ;ridge
O#"r#"$ o% t&" r"s"arc&
In this paragraph, )*!I8s research is &entioned( In order to establish the
S!"
pa%e&ent as an anti:fatigue technolog., follo+ings are needed to be
e%aluated( 4ne is to
conKr& the i&pro%e&ents of fatigue perfor&ance of 4S5, the second is to
e%aluate
S!"8s durabilit., and third is to clarif. +hether an. side:e0ects occur or not,
for e'a&ple,
since it is &ore rigid than asphalt, a bridge8s beha%ior &a. change after S!"
pa%e&ent(
In addition, though )*!I is not dealing +ith all, follo+ings are related to S!"
pa%e&ent
on 4S59 &aterial properties of S!" and adhesi%e, construction
&anage&ent,
&aintenance &ethod, re:pa%ing procedure in the future, tra%elling
perfor&ance, etc(
or the i&pro%e&ents of fatigue perfor&ance, stress reductions +ere
obser%ed in
the test b. Y;" as a part of our ,oint research( So&e of results deri%ed fro&
B Enal.sis
also indicate stress reduction( To e%aluate durabilit. of S!" is the largest
task in current
researches especiall. in the case that S!" has got cracks b. negati%e
bending under +et
condition( )*!I had conducted a 1e'ural strength test and a fatigue test
using speci&ens
ha%ing half &eter b. half &eter si/e( The tests took into account of the
e0ects of
reinforce&ent in S!" la.er such as grids of reinforcing bar and "!)( End in
2223, +e
+ill start a series of +heel running tests using t+o real si/e 4S5 speci&ens in
order to
e%aluate durabilit. of S!" pa%e&ent under &ore realistic +a. that can re:
create
co&plicated beha%ior( Through these anal.tical and e'peri&ental studies, +e
plan to +rite
a design and construction &anual, hoping it beco&es a useful reference for
road
ad&inistrati%e organi/ations that are going to appl. S!" pa%e&ent to their
4S5s(
Fnt" E'"("nt Ana')ss
Enal.tical studies ha%e been conducted using 3:5 Knite ele&ent &odel in
order to
conKr& the e0ect on fatigue perfor&ance and to in%estigate the beha%ior in
ter&s of
durabilit.( The &odel of 4S5 sho+n in igure A consists of solid ele&ents for
&odeling
details of geo&etr. of trough rib +eld( )rinciple stresses are calculated at the
root of trough
rib +eld in three &odels9 L+ithout pa%e&entM, L+ith asphaltM, and LS!"
pa%e&entM(
Since it is di=cult to deter&ine the rigidit. of asphalt, t+o %alues are used for
Young8s
&odulus that are 1,A22 and <,222 N-&&2 to correspond 22 and 7 "elsius at
surface of the
asphalt, respecti%el.( Eccording to the result in Table 1, the &ini&u&
principle stress at
+eld root is @AN-&&2 for the &odel +ith S!" and 221N-&&2 for the &odel
+ith asphalt
ha%ing 1,A22N-&&2 Young8s Modulus( If the slope of Stress:Nu&ber cur%e is
assu&ed to
be 3 for the +eld, stress reduction into one third &eans t+ent. se%en ti&es
fatigue life(
or the e%aluation of durabilit. of S!", it is i&portant to kno+ the beha%ior
of
S!" +hen sub,ected to negati%e bending at the location of &ain girder
#stringer$( Tensile
strain is calculated in a &odel +ithout crack and crack +idth is calculated in a
&odel +ith
crack( To get &a'i&u& tensile strain, +heel load positions are e'a&ined
iterati%el.(
igure @ sho+s strain at the surface of S!" +hen the right and left +heels of
t+o a'es are
striding on both sides of the &ain girder( Bach +heel load is A2kN so that one
a'is +ith
four tires is 222kN( The &a'i&u& tensile strain is 162 &icro at the &ain
girder location(
Eccording to 1A$, S!" is e'pected to get cracked +hen its tensile strain
beco&es 222 to
322 &icro appro'i&atel.( There is a record that 322kN +as &easured as the
&a'i&u&
a'ial load1@$( End taking account of dr. shrinkage8s e0ect on tensile strain, it
see&s to be
likel. that S!" gets cracked under the condition in ser%ice(
In the case that S!" has got cracked, crack +idth b. negati%e bending is
thought
to a0ect the durabilit. of S!" and adhesi%e if +ater co&es into the cracks(
In order to
kno+ realistic %alue of crack +idth and to re1ect it to the test, a B &odel
using double
nodes for the crack surface is calculated( *heel load positions are the sa&e
as in igure @(
Es sho+n in igure @, crack +idth is 2(1&& at the surface of S!"(
Table 1 Stress at the root of trough rib +eld
)a%e&ent
Young8s
&odulus
#N-&&2$
)oissonNs
!atio
Ma'i&u&
principle
stress
#M)a$
Mini&u&
principle
stress
#M)a$
Note
*ithout
)a%e&ent
::: :::
A3(3
# 3(22 $
:@1<
# 3(2A $
1,A22 2(<
1@(3
# 1(22 $
:221
# 1(22 $
22 "elsius degrees
at surface of pa%e&ent
Esphalt
<,222 2(<
3(72
# 2(A2 $
:12A
# 2(@2 $
7 "elsius degrees
at surface of pa%e&ent
S!" 32,222 2(1@7
1(A7
# 2(26 $
:@A
# 2(32 $
D Oalues in parentheses denote ratios to the %alue of Esphalt pa%e&ent ha%ing 1,A22 N-&&2 of
Young8
s &odulus(
igure A inite Ble&ent Model and !esults
5ouble Tires
A2kNPA2kN
5eck )late Thickness 12&&
BQ32,222N-&&2, %Q2(32
)a%e&ent Thickness 7A&&
#Esphalt or S!"$
Target @ Ble&ents
*((
Trough !ib
5eck )late 12&&
3&&
@&&
:@A N-&&2
S!" BQ32,222N-&&2
:221 N-&&2
Esphalt BQ1,A22N-&&2
#b$ Esphalt
#a$ inite Ble&ent Model #c$ S!"
igure @ Tensile Strain of S!" igure 7 "rack *idth
F'"+ur" Str"n,t& T"st und"r N",at#" B"ndn,
le'ure strength tests in negati%e bending +ere conducted to in%estigate
crack
beha%iors and failure &odes of S!" pa%e&ent on steel deck plate( Speci&en
used are
sho+n in igure 6, +hich consists of A22&&D<22&&D7A&& S!" and 12&&
thickness
deck plate( The t+o are connected b. epo'. adhesi%e onl.( Es sho+n in Table
2, M)lainM
does not ha%e an. reinforce&ents, L!e:barM has reinforcing bar, and L"!)M
has "arbon
iber !einforced )lastic inside S!"( Three speci&ens are tested for each
t.pe( S!"
uses ultra:rapid hardening ce&ent and 122 kg-&3 of steel Kber( iber has
2(@&& dia&eter
and 32&& length( >oad arrange&ent for negati%e bending is sho+n in igure
12(
>oads and tensile strain +hen crack initiates at the top surface are sho+n in
Table
3( "rack loads are deKned as the last %alue of &easured load in testing
&achine before pi
gauges ha%e got rapid increases( End crack strain is deKned as the a%erage
%alue deri%ed
fro& t+o pi gauges at the surface of S!" +hen crack load acts( Measured
crack loads are
A2kN in a%erage sense and crack strain ranges fro& 177 to <<A &icro( In
these %alues,
&a,or di0erence is not clear bet+een three t.pes( Eccording to B anal.sis,
test load of
3@(@kN corresponds to a'ial load of 222kN on a bridge( End 1@$ sa.s crack
strain of S!"
is 2@2 to 232 &icro for 7da.s age( Since the &easured a'ial load is 322kN, it
is likel. that
crack initiates in real situation( !elation bet+een loads and crack +idths for
the second
speci&en of each t.pe are depicted in igure 11( The. are al&ost the sa&e in
the linear
beha%iors before crack initiations, crack loads, and rapid gro+th to 2(2 && of
crack +idth
right after the crack initiation( "hanges of neutral a'es locations are depicted
in igure 12,
+hich are interpolated fro& strains &easured at the side surfaces of the
second speci&en
of each t.pe( In the Kgure, solid line indicates the border bet+een S!" and
steel plate,
and dotted lines indicate neutral a'es locations +hen S!" and steel plate
are co&posite
or neutral a'es of steel plate( It sho+s that neutral a'es locations &o%e
rapidl. into steel
plate right after the crack initiations in all three speci&ens( igure 13 sho+s
distribution of
crack +idths &easured b. strain gauges at the side surfaces of S!"( The
%alues +ere
deri%ed fro& the onl. one crack that initiated on the side surface( 5ashed
and dotted lines
:1A7R Esphalt BQ1,A22N-&&2
162R
Trans%erse rib
Trans%erse rib >-2
Main girder
BS!"Q3@,322M)a 2(12 &&
indicate location of "!) and !einforcing bar, respecti%el., +hich are
&easured after the
tests, though their designed locations are in the &iddle of S!" thickness(
The inclined
lines that are deri%ed fro& a%erages in each t.pe indicate s&all di0erences
bet+een
reinforce&ent t.pes( "rack +idths beco&e s&aller in order of )lain, "!),
and !e:bar,
probabl. depending on rigidities( In )hoto 2, ,ust one crack can be seen at the
&iddle of the
speci&en in each photo( It is not clear +hether reinforce&ent disperses crack
initiations or
not(
igure 6 Speci&en for Negati%e ;ending Test igure 12 >oading Errange&ent
igure 11 >oads : "rack +idth "ur%e igure 12 "hanges of Neutral E'is
>ocations
S!"
Steel
plate
# 12$
)in support !einforce&ent
#122 ' 122 grid$
Edhesi%e
)in support
>oading
S!"
Steel )late
)i gauge
Surafce Strain
1A2 1A2
Table 2 Speci&ens for le'ure Strength Test
Speci&en )lain !e:bar "!)
"e&ent Jltra rapid hardening ce&ent
Steel iber S2(@&&T32&&
122kg-&3 #1(27 %ol(U$
Edhesi%e Bpo'. adhesi%e #1(<kg-&2$
!einforce&en
t
::: !einforcing bar
122 ' 122 grid
EQ31(@7&&2
"!)
122 ' 122
grid
EQ 36(2 &&2
Nu&ber of
Speci&ens 3 3 3
Table 3 >oads and Strain +hen "racks
Initiate
Speci&en
#reinforce&ent$
"rack >oad
#kN$
"rack Strain
#R$
1 <6(3 326
)lain 2 A2(3 177
3 <7(2 <36
1 A1(7 213
!e:bar 2 <7(2 212
3 A1(3 <<A
1 A@(1 <32
"!) 2 A1(7 232
3 A1(3 223
>ocation of
!einforcing
bar
>ocation of
"!)
2
12
22
32
<2
A2
@2
72
2(22 2(2A 2(12 2(1A 2(22 2(2A 2(32 2(3A
Height fro& top surface of steel plate
#&&$
"rack +idth #&&$
)lain
!e:bar
"!)
igure 13 "rack +idth distributions at side surface of S!"
#)lain$ #!e:bar$ #"!)$
)hoto 2 S!" right after the "rack initiations
Fat,u" T"st
In order to e%aluate e0ects of reinforce&ent and +ater under c.clic negati%e
bending, fatigue tests +ere conducted using speci&ens ha%ing the sa&e
di&ensions and
reinforce&ents as the 1e'ure strength tests( ;efore the c.clic loading, cracks
+ere
introduced in S!" b. static loading( Since crack +idth b. 222kN a'ial load is
calculated
2(1&& in BM #igure7$, the test is controlled so as to &ake crack +idth
range 2(2&&
taking account of 322 kN of the &easured &a'i&u& a'ial load( So the c.clic
loading is not
Vload controlled8 but Vdisplace&ent controlled8, in +hich testing &achine is
controlled to
&ake crack +idth range 2(2&& and to &ake the &ini&u& load 2kN( 5uring
the Krst
122,222 c.cles, test +as under dr. condition( Efter the Krst stage, +ater +as
poured into
LpoolM on the top surface of S!" and displace&ent and &ini&u& load of
testing &achine
+ere ad,usted again( The c.clic loading +as resu&ed and continued until
2,222,222 c.cles(
Three speci&ens +ere tested for each L)lainM, L!e:barM, and L"!)M t.pe(
"hanges of testing &achine load and &a'i&u& crack +idths are sho+n in
igure
13( Machine load for L)lainM decreases in the earl. stage and see&s no
changes after
A22,222 c.cles( It looked that onl. deck plate +as resisting against loads(
Ma'i&u& crack
+idths had been 2(<&& through the test( L!e:barM indicates higher rigidit. at
the earl.
stage than L)lainM but &achine load decreased to the sa&e %alue as L)lainM
at the end of
2,222,222 c.cles( It is thought that interface bet+een reinforcing bar and
concrete had
failure little b. little after +ater pouring( The crack +idth beca&e 1(2 &&(
Since L!e:barM
has relati%el. high rigidit., it is likel. that larger load +as i&posed to cause
the targeted
crack +idth range( End in L"!)M, reduction of &achine load see&s to stop
after @22,222
c.cles( >oad range at the end of the test is 22kN, +hich is t+ice as L)lainM( It
see&s that
"!) helped the deck plate resist against load( )ropagation of cracks is
%isuali/ed in )hoto
3 b. inKltration of Jranine pig&ent po+der( It see&s that crack tips do not
reach the deck
plates in L)lainM and L"!)M, on the other, crack tip of the L!e:barM not onl.
reaches deck
plate but it also tears up S!" fro& deck plate A2 && appro'i&atel.( Table <
sho+s
results of tensile test after the fatigue tests( Edhesi%e strength decreases at
the location of
crack #1, 2, and 3$ in L!e:barM but not in L)lainM and L"!)M( End e%en in L!e:
barM,
strength does not decrease at se%eral centi&eters distant fro& crack #< and
A$(
Table < !esults of Tensile Test
#a$ "hanges of Machine load #b$ "hanges of Ma'i&u& "rack *idth
igure 1< !esults of atigue Test
2
12
22
32
<2
A2
@2
2 A2 122 1A2 222
".cle of loading WT12<X
Machine load WkNX
)lain:3
!e:bar:3
"!):3
2
2(A
1
1(A
2 A2 122 1A2 222
".cle of loading WT12<X
Ma'i&u& crack +idthW&&X
)lain:3
!e:bar:3
"!):3
*ater +as poured into YpoolY(
*ater +as poured into YpoolY(
Tensile
Strength
#N-&&2$
>ocation
of
ailure
Tensile
Strength
#N-&&2$
>ocation
of
ailure
Tensile
Strength
#N-&&2$
>ocation
of
ailure
1 1(<2 S!" 2(@6 InterfaceD 1(22 S!"
2 1(<2 S!" 2(32 InterfaceD 1(1A S!"
3 2(2< S!" 2(2A InterfaceD 1(22 S!"
< 1(A3 S!" 1(22 S!" 1(22 S!"
A 1(<2 S!" 1(22 S!" 1(1A S!"
D Interface bet+een steel plate and adhesi%e(
>ocation
of
Test
)lain !e:bar "!)
1
2
3
<
A
#)lain$ #!e:bar$ #"!)$
)hoto 3 "rack propagations
-&""' runnn, t"st
In order to e%aluate durabilit. of S!" pa%e&ent, the tests using partial
&odel
&entioned abo%e are not su=cient because their si&ple structure and K'ed
point loading
cannot recreate co&ple' beha%iors of S!" pa%e&ent on 4S5( *heel
running test using
real si/e speci&en is one of appropriate +a.s to take for in%estigating such
proble&s( Y;",
one of the &e&ber co&panies of ,oint research +ith )*!I had conducted
+heel running
tests as sho+n in )hoto <( T+o speci&ens used in the tests are sho+n in
igure 1<, the one
is adhesi%e t.pe and the other is stud t.pe( Ha%ing single span of longitudinal
rib and t+o
girders at both sides, these +ere for the durabilit. of S!" pa%e&ent under
positi%e
bending( The applied +heel load +as 122,222 ti&es #A2,222 c.cles$ of 63kN,
1,222,222
ti&es of 1A7kN, and then 1,222,222 ti&es of 16@kN( igure 1A sho+s the
changes of li%e
load defor&ation during 2,122,222 ti&es loading( 5efor&ations increased
proportionall.
+ith loads and see& not to ha%e an. rapid increases( igure 1@ sho+s
longitudinal
in1uence lines of strains at 2(<, 1(1, 2(1 &illion ti&es( The strains are
&easured in
trans%erse direction and at A && distant fro& the toe of trough rib +eld on
the botto&
surface of deck plate( "o&pressi%e strains at &id:span of stud t.pe are larger
than adhesi%e
t.pe, +hich indicate that S!" and deck plate in stud t.pe are not co&posite
in local:+ise,
probabl. bet+een studs( Ho+e%er, taking account of 1,222 &icro of strain
&easured before
pa%e&ent, the stud t.pe has also re&arkable stress reduction e0ect and has
&aintained it
through the test(
4ne of the biggest proble&s to be sol%ed is to conKr& the durabilit. of
cracked
S!" +here negati%e bending &o&ent acts( The research so far has &ade it
clear that
crack initiation is ine%itable b. li%e load in real situations( Therefore, )*!I8s
,oint
research groups are no+ preparing to conduct another series of +heel
running test using
real si/e speci&en that has a bracket to cause negati%e bending( In the test,
speci&en +ill
be loaded right abo%e the &ain girder( The e0ect of +ater and reinforce&ent
on durabilit.
of S!" and adhesi%e +ill also be taken into account( )hoto A sho+s the
process of S!"
pa%e&ent that +ill be tested( The test is planned to get started in the
beginning of 2223(
#a$ Edhesi%e T.pe #b$ Stud T.pe
igure 1< *heel !unning Test Speci&ens
igure 1A 5efor&ation and Ti&es of >oading
igure 1@ Strains at ;otto& Surface of 5eck )late )hoto < *heel !unning Test
#a$;rusting #b$Stud #c$ Edhesi%e
#d$ !einforce&ent #e$ "asting #f$ "uring
)hoto A )a%e&ent )rocess of !eal Si/e Speci&en for *heel !unning Test
Conc'uson
S!" pa%e&ent is e'pected to reduce stress that is related to fatigue crack
initiation at the +eld bet+een trough ribs and deck plate( The e0ect has been
conKr&ed
both in B anal.sis using 3:5 &odels and stress &easure&ent using real si/e
speci&ens(
or negati%e bending on S!", the e0ect of reinforcing bars and "!) +ere
tested in
static and K'ed point c.clic loading tests( Increase of loads corresponding
crack initiations
and decrease of crack +idth are not clear in the speci&ens using
reinforce&ents, +hile
s&all di0erences are obser%ed as to crack +idth in accordance +ith rigidities
of
reinforce&ent( In the case that a crack penetrated S!" and +ater reached
the interface
bet+een S!" and steel plate, decrease of tensile strength +as obser%ed(
Ho+e%er, the
decreased area +as li&ited to %icinit. of the crack(
*heel running test sho+ed that S!" pa%e&ent &aintained its stress
reduction
e0ect through 2,222,222 ti&es loading that caused positi%e bending in
&acro:+ise on
4S5( Enother +heel running test focusing on negati%e bending is being
prepared(
Ac.no$'"d,("nts
Studies described in this paper ha%e been carried out in the fra&e+ork of
)*!I8s
,oint research that is participated b. Yokoga+a ;ridge "orporation, NI))4
"orporation,
Fa,i&a !oad "orporation >td(, and Taisei !otec "orporation(
R"%"r"nc"s
1$ for e'( , J( Murakoshi, T( Ji, et al, LStud. on atigue 5a&age and !etroKt Methods in
B'isting 4rthotropic
Steel ;ridge 5ecksM, )roceedings of the 12th S.&posiu& on Steel Structures and ;ridges,
Eug( 2227
#Japanese$
2$ M( Ishika+a, Y( Mi/oe, et al, LStructural anal.sis for retroKtting &ethod to+ard fatigue
cracks on trough
: cross bea& +eldM, The proceedings of The @2nd JS"B Ennual Meeting, 1:222, Sep( 2227
#Japanese$
3$ M( Ishika+a, M( B/aki, et al, LStructural anal.sis for retroKtting &ethod to+ard fatigue
cracks on deck
plate : %ertical sti0ener +eldM, The proceedings of The @1st JS"B Ennual Meeting, 1:A<1, Sep(
222@
#Japanese$
<$ ()(5(de Jong, M( H( Folstein, LStrengthening E ;ridge 5eck +ith High )erfor&ance
"oncreteM,
"onference )roceedings of 1st 4rthotropic ;ridge "onference, Sacra&ento, "(E( J(S(E(, Eug(
222<
A$ H( Maeno, N( Su/uki, et al, L)a%e&ent on Steel 5eck b. Jse of Steel iber !einforced
"oncreteM, "oncrete
Journal, Ool(2<, No(A, Ma. 163@ #Japanese$
@$ M( Fagata, M( Naka&aru, et al, LS!" pa%e&ent on the Steel ;ridge 5eck to I&pro%e its
atigue
)erfor&anceM, ;ridges and oundations, Ool(33, No(12, 4ct(222< #Japanese$
7$ F( Nishika+a, L)a%e&ent on 4rthotropic Steel 5eck +ith Steel iber !einforced "oncrete :
Enother
"ollaboration bet+een Steel and "oncrete:M, ;ridges and oundations, Oo(36, No(3, Eug( 222A
#Japanese$
3$ T( Foda&a, M( Fagata, et al, L!eplace&ent of )a%e&ent +ith S!" to I&pro%e atigue
"haracteristics of
the 5a&aged 4rthotropic Steel 5ecksM, ;ridges and oundations, Ool(<2, No(11, No%(222@
#Japanese$
6$ H( Jshikoshi, T( Shi&o/ato, et al, YMeasure&ent to "onKr& !einforcing B0ect b. S!"
)a%e&ent on an
B'isting 4rthitropic Steel 5eck ;ridgeY, The proceedings of The @2nd JS"B Ennual Meeting,
"S2:216,
Sep(2227 #Japanese$
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5eck In *et
"onditionM, The proceedings of The @2nd JS"B Ennual Meeting, "S2:213, Sep( 2227 #Japanese$
11$ S( 4no, T( Shi&o/ato, et al, L*heel !unning atigue Test of !einforced 4rthotropic Steel
5eck +ith
S!"M, The proceedings of The @1st JS"B Ennual Meeting, 1:A@2, Sep( 222@ #Japanese$
12$ T( Nishino, S( Inokuchi, et al, LB'peri&ental Stud. on Stress !eduction in the 4rthotropic
Steel 5ecks b.
Steel iber !einforced "oncrete )a%e&entM, The proceedings of The @2th JS"B Ennual
Meeting, "S12:213,
Sep( 222A #Japanese$
13$ M( Ichi&i.a, J( Murakoshi, et al, Latigue Tests b. Jsing *heel >oad !unning Machine of
pa%e&ent on
4rthotropic Steel 5eck +ith Steel iber !einforced "oncreteM, The proceedings of The @1st
JS"B Ennual
Meeting, 1:AA6, Sep( 222@ #Japanese$
1<$ T( Fikuchi, T( Foda&a, F( ?oto, L!eplace&ent of pa%e&ent +ith S!" to i&pro%e atigue
"haracteristic in Shonan 4hashi ;ridgeM, )roceedings of the 12th S.&posiu& on Steel
Structures and
;ridges, Eug( 2227 #Japanese$
1A$ H( Ishii, T( Ji, et al, LE Test about Negati%e ;ending Mo&ent Erea of S!" )a%e&ent on
4rthotropic
Steel 5eckM, The proceedings of The @2nd JS"B Ennual Meeting, 1:222, Sep( 2227 #Japanese$
1@$ M( u,i+ara, Y( Tanaka, et al, LE Stud. on 5esign >i%e >oad for >i&it State 5esign MethodM,
Technical
Note of )*!I, No(2A36, Jan(1633
17$ N( 4guri, T( Foda&a, et al, LEn e'a&ination for funda&ental ph.sical propert. of steel
Kber reinforced
concrete pa%e&ent on steel plate deckM, The proceedings of The @1st JS"B Ennual Meeting, A:
113, Sep( 222@
#Japanese$