CHAPTER 5 HISTOLOGY

I. Introduction
A. histology defined:
B. tissue types table 5.1
C. cells and a matrix
1. matrix composition
D. stains and sections

II. Epithelial tissue
A. functions
1. protection skin, mucous membranes
2. absorption digestive, excretory
3. filtration excretory
4. excretion, secretion skin, excretory
5. glands exocrine and endocrine
B. characteristics
1. closely-packed cells bound by tight junctions
and desmosomes
2. apical surface exposed to surface or organ
interior and basal surface attached to basement
membrane
3. some specialized w/ microvilli or cilia; goblet
cells esp. in resp., dig. sys.
4. avascular; innervated
5. high rate of regeneration
C. classification two names
1. simple (absorption, filtration) or stratified
(high friction areas)
2. squamous, cuboidal, columnar
D. simple epithelia
1. simple squamous
a. kidney glomeruli, alveoli,
b. endothelium of lymph and blood vessels
c. mesothelium of serous membranes

2. simple cuboidal
a. kidney tubules, ducts of glands
3. simple columnar
a. dig. tract from stomach to rectum,
oviducts
4. pseudostratified
a. much of resp. tract
E. stratified epithelia regenerate from below
1. stratified squamous
a. areas subject to abrasion
b. skin (keratinized)
c. vagina, mouth, esophagus, anus
(nonkeratinized)
2. stratified cuboidal rare; in lrg. glands
3. stratified columnar rare; male urethra, in
transition areas
F. transitional epithelium
1. stratified, cells change shape, number of layers
as organs stretch
2. urinary organs ureters, bladder, urethra

III. Connective tissue
A. ubiquitous and abundant
B. functions
1. binding and support
2. protection
3. movement
4. storage
5. transport
C. composed of cells separated by extracellular matrix
D. matrix composed of
1. ground substance
a. glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
1) polymer of amino sugars
2) absorbs water
3) chondroitin sulfate, heparin,
hyaluronic acid
b. proteoglycans giant molecules form
gel, hold tissues together
c. adhesive glycoproteins

2. fibers (in most)
a. collagen strongest, thick
b. elastic stretchy
c. reticular fine, continuous w/ collagen
fibers; branching network

E. cell types
1. blast cells fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteo-
blasts; hematopoietic stem cells
a. secrete matrix
b. mature to cytes
2. mast cells
3. adipocytes
4. white blood cells and macrophages

F. fibrous connective tissue fibroblasts; 2 classes
1. loose connective tissue table 5.4
a. areolar all 3 fibers, all cell types

b. reticular fibroblasts, reticular fibers only

2. dense connective tissue
a. dense regular parallel collagen
1) tendons, ligaments, fascia
2) artery walls
b. dense irregular random collagen
1) dermis, joint capsules

G. adipose tissue
1. adipocytes, scanty matrix
2. white fat
3. brown fat

H. cartilage
1. avascular, not innervated
2. matrix: lots of chondroitin sulfate, H
2
O and
hyaluronic acid; fibers as to type
3. chondroblastschondrocytes in lacunae
4. 3 types:
a. hyaline most ab., support + pliability
1) fetal skeleton
2) costal cartilages, tip of nose, trachea
b. elastic like hyaline but more elastic
fibers
c. fibrocartilage transition b/t hyaline
and dense reg.
I. bone
1. matrix sim. to cartilage but more collagen
fibers and Ca
++
salts
2. cells osteoblastsosteocytes in lacunae
3. vascular and innervated
4. 2 types:
a. cancellous, or spongy bone
b. compact bone
J. blood
1. most atypical conn. tissue
2. matrix: plasma, no fibers
3. cells from hematopoietic stem cells
a. erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
4. transport

IV. Nervous tissue
A. makes up brain, spinal cord, nerves
B. 2 cell types
1. neurons respond to changes in RMP
a. cell body
b. axons nerve fibers
c. dendrites
2. glial cells

V. Muscle tissue
A. cells composed of myofilaments actin and myosin
B. 3 kinds
1. skeletal pull on bone or skin
a. mutinucleated cells (called muscle fibers)
b. striated, voluntary

2. cardiac heart wall
a. uninucleated branching cells, w/
intercalated disks
b. striated, involuntary
3. smooth walls of hollow organs
a. fusiform uninucleated cells
b. non-striated, involuntary
c. gap junctions b/t cells

VI. Intercellular junctions
A. tight junctions
1. proteins between pl. memb. of adjacent cells
form seal
2. ensures that substances pass through
membranes, not between them
B. desmosomes
1. protein plaque w/ intermediate filaments
2. in areas subject to mechanical stress
C. gap junctions
1. pores b/t cells for passage of ions, nutrients
2. intercalated disks, smooth muscle, embryo

VII. Glands
A. most made of epithelium
B. secretes secretions
C. endocrine glands - ductless
1. secrete hormones endocrine sys.
D. exocrine glands - ducts
1. unicellular
2. multicellular
a. simple
b. compound
c. merocrine
d. holocrine

VIII. Membranes = epithelium + connective tissue
A. cutaneous membrane - skin
1. keratinized stratified squamous
2. dense irreg.
B. mucous membranes line cavities open to exterior
1. stratified squamous or simple columnar
w/ or w/out goblet cells; basement memb.
2. areolar - lamina propria
C. serous membranes in ventral body cavities
1. simple squamous epi (mesothelium)
2. thin areolar
3. serous fluid lubricates parietal and visceral
layers
4. pleura, pericardium, peritoneum

IX. Tissue origins
A. stem cells
1. embryonic stem cells totipotent
2. blastocyst after 4 days pluripotent
3. adult stem cells
a. mitosis produces 1 new stem cell; other
daughter cell differentiates
b. multipotent, unipotent
B. 3 layers formed during gastrulation of blastocyst
1. ectodermnervous tissue, epidermis
2. mesodermmuscle, connective tissue,
endothelium and mesothelium
3. endodermmucous membranes

X. Tissue repair
A. inflammation
1. damaged tissue cells, macrophages, and mast
cells release vasodilating chemicals
2. leaky capillaries allow antibodies, clotting
proteins, WBCs to enter injured area
3. clot and scab forms
4. macrophages digest tissue debris
B. restoration of blood supply
1. granulation tissue rich in regenerating
capillaries forms
2. fibroblasts secrete collagen, growth factors
C. repair
1. epithelium regenerates, scar tissue forms
underneath

XI. Tissue death
A. senile and disuse atrophy
B. necrosis from trauma, infection
1. gangrene
2. infarction
3. decubitous ulcer
C. apoptosis programmed cell death

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Testing Your Recall 1-5, 7-20
True or False, Testing Your Comprehension 1, 4, 5
Related Clinical Terms: anaplasia, dysplasia, hyperplasia, neoplasia, metaplasia