10-116 i E S LIGHTING HANDBOOK

DIFFUSING GLASS
ILLUMINATED FROM BEHIND
For the best silhouette vision the illumi-
nation on the cloth should be low. A
brightness of one hundred to four hundred
footlamberts for the flashed-opal glass plate
has been found satisfactory for some pur-
poses. The opal glass plate should be set
at an angle of 45 degrees. Cloth is drawn
over it at a fairly rapid rate. (See Fig.
10-85.)
FIG. 10-S5. A burling and
mending table.
Silk-hosiery knitting. This machine operation presents a severe seeing
task. A line source installed directly above the front of the machine and
illuminating an 18-inch strip the length of the machine to a minimum
level of 30 footcandles in service is recommended. Luminaires should be
at least 1\
feet from the floor. Continuous fluorescent-lamp luminaires
or a row of five or six 200-watt incandescent lamps in dome reflectors are
recommended.
Woolen and Worsted mills
The seeing problems in woolen and worsted manufacture are, if anything,
more severe than in cotton, and are more nearly comparable to conditions
encountered in silk and synthetic-fiber manufacture.
Carding, picking, washing, combing, twisting, and dyeing are routine
operations comparable to similar tasks in silk and synthetic-fiber plants.
The minimum general illumination recommended is 10 footcandles for
high-reflectance yarns. The level should be increased to compensate for
low-reflectance yarns. Either fluorescent- or incandescent-lamp luminaires
are recommended.
Drawing in and warping. These operations present severe seeing tasks.
A minimum illumination level of 100 footcandles provided by local diffusing
luminaires is recommended.
Weaving. Twenty footcandles is the minimum illumination level
recommended for high-reflectance goods. When the yarn is dark, a
100-footcandle level is recommended. Plants processing both light and dark
goods should provide the higher level. Since the reflectance of wool fibers
is diffuse, whereas that of the rayon and silk fibers is specular, the location
of the luminaires with respect to the operator is not as critical.
Knitting. A minimum general illumination level of 20 footcandles is
recommended for knitting machines for such articles as stockings.