Lighting

Best Practice Northern Ireland

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Contents
Types of lighting 03
Lighting in the hospitality sector 08
Lighting in the industrial sector 12
Lighting in ofces 18
Lighting in the leisure sector 21
Lighting in the retail sector 23
Exterior lighting 25
Lighting controls 28
Appendix 1 Types of lamp 31
Appendix 2
Energy comparison chart 32
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3 Lighting
Types of lighting
Colour appearance and
colour rendering
Colour appearance (fg.1) defnes a lights
whiteness, which can be bluish (cool), white or
reddish (warm). This is measured in degrees
Kelvin (K). A colour appearance of less than
3,500K is warm white, a colour appearance of
3,500K is mid-white, and a colour appearance
above 3,500K is cooler white.
Colour rendering (fg. 2) is the ability of a light
source to give good colour representation
of the colour it is illuminating. This is measured
on a scale of Ra0-100 with Ra100 the best
representation. Daylight would be Ra100.
Below Ra80 the human eye does not
differentiate the different hues well.
Fig. 2 Colour rendering
(a) Low pressure sodium (SOX) Ra~5, (b) Daylight Ra100
Fig. 1 Colour appearance of various
light sources
North Light/Blue Sky
8,500
Overcast Sky
6,500 7,500
Summer Sunlight
5,500
Metal Halide Lamp
Tungsten Halogen
Lamp
50W Tungsten
Lamp
40W Lamp
Candle
High Pressure Sodium
Compact Fluorescent
Lamp
Full Spectrum
Intermediate Fluorescent Tube
Warm Fluorescent Tube
Sodium Street Lamp
Cool Fluorescent Tube
9,000
8,000
8,500
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
7,500
6,500
5,500
4,500
3,500
2,500
1,500
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4 Lighting
Fig. 3 Summer daylight (Ra100), which has a
cool appearance (5,500K) on white walls and
shows the red ceramics in their true colour.
Fig. 4 Tungsten light and tungsten halogen
(Ra100), which has a warm appearance and
shows the white walls as warm white (2,600K)
and accentuates the red on the ceramics.
Fig. 5 Standard single phosphor fuorescent light
(Ra58), which has a cool appearance (6,000K) on
white walls and reduces the colour rendering on
the ceramics.
Comparing types of light
The charts overleaf compares the colour
appearance and colour rendering of different
lamps. It also shows the lumen effcacy (the
amount of light provided for each watt of power
used), and the lifespan. This last feature shows
the number of hours when the lamp fails
completely or when tubes and discharge lamps
degrade and fall to 80% of their original level.
Theres no accepted standard or regulation for
defning the lifespan of LEDs yet, so as a guide
Fig. 5 Standard single phosphor fuorescent
light (Ra58)
Fig. 4 Tungsten light and tungsten halogen
(Ra100)
an LED should provide 70% of the
initial lumens at 35,000 hours. The maximum life
of an electronic driver, which operates the LED is
50,000.
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5 Lighting
Lamp type Luminous
effcacy
(Lumens/
Watt)
Colour
appearance
(Kelvin)
Colour
rendering
(Ra)
Life
(Hours)
Tungsten 12 2600 100 1000
Tungsten Halogen 8.75
5.25
18 20
2500
2500
3000
100
100
100
6000
16000
2000 8000
Compact Fluorescent (2) 47 82 2700 4000 85 8000+
38mm T12 White F/Tube (1) 36 71 3500 59 7000+
25mm T8 White F/Tube (1) 37 68 3500 58 8000+
25mm T8 White F/Tube (2) 55 80 3500 58 8000+
25mm T8 Full spectrum multiphosphor (2) 64 5000 95 17500
25mm T8 H/F Triphosphor (2) 71 92 2700 6000 80+ 12000 24000
25mm T8 H/F Triphosphor Extreme (2) 71 3000 4000 80+ 40000
60000
25mm T8 H/F Triphosphor (2) 57 82 2700 6000 90+ 12000+
16mm T5 H/F Triphosphor (HE) (2) 66 82 2700 6500 80+ 16000+
16mm T5 H/F Triphosphor (H0) (2) 62 76 2700 6500 80+ 16000+
7mm T2 H/F Triphosphor (2) 55 3500 6000 85 8000 12000
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6 Lighting
Lamp type Luminous
effcacy
(Lumens/
Watt)
Colour
appearance
(Kelvin)
Colour
rendering
(Ra)
Life
(Hours)
Metal Halide (1) 71 83 3000 6000 65 85 8000 20000
Metal Halide (2) 86 95 3000 6000 65 85 8000 20000
Mercury (1) 31 57 3900 4200 36 49 12000+
Mercury Deluxe (1) 31 57 3300 3500 47 58 12000+
Low Pressure Sodium/E (2) 148 173 1800 0 12000
High Pressure Sodium (1) 65 103 2000 25 12000
30000
High Pressure Sodium D/L (1) 78 85 2200 65 12000
White Sodium (2) 31 46 2500 80 8000+
Induction (2) 62 70 2700 4000 85 10000
60000
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) (2) 50/100 Saturated
/3-6000
70/80 50/100000
1
Operated on standard electromagnetic control gear
2
Operated on electronic high frequency control gear
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7 Lighting
Recommended light levels
This chart sets out the recommended light levels
for a range of activities, as provided by Chartered
Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE).
Standard Maintained illuminance (lux)
50 Cable tunnels, indoor storage tanks, walkways
100 Corridors, changing rooms, bulk stores, auditoria
150 Loading bays, medical stores, plant rooms
200 Foyers and entrances, monitoring automatic processes, casting concrete, turbine halls, dining
rooms
300
300-500
Libraries, sports and assembly halls, teaching spaces, lecture theatres, packing
Offces
500 Engine assembly, painting and spraying, kitchens, laboratories, shops
750 Drawing offces, ceramic decoration, meat inspection, chain stores
1000 General inspection, electronic assembly, gauge and tool rooms, retouching paintwork, cabinet
making, supermarkets
1500 Fine work and inspection, hand tailoring, precision assembly
2000 Assembly of minute mechanisms, fnished fabric inspection

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8 Lighting
Lighting in the hospitality sector
Lighting in this sector accounts for nearly a third of a companys electricity costs. By switching
to energy efcient, effective lighting either using new bulbs or lamps in existing ttings or
changing to new light sources its possible to save up to 70% of the energy.
The frst consideration is whether you can get the
same level of lighting (or better) using new bulbs
or tubes, or whether youll need to change fttings.
In some settings, there are statutory standards for
the level of illumination you need to provide.
Many areas in hotels use standard tungsten
flament bulbs. New legislation means these wont
be available within the next few years (see fg. 7),
so youll need to fnd replacements. Most will
change over to compact fuorescent lights with
integrated electronics (CFLi) or tungsten halogen
globe or candle shaped lamps. Cheaper LED globe
or candle shaped lamps may become available too.
At the moment, CFLi are available in dimmable
models and a range of shapes, and tungsten
halogen lamps are dimmable as standard.
Some, but not all LED models can be dimmed.
See appendix 1 for more detail.
Fig. 7 The EU ban on incandescent lamps
Examples and solutions
1. Heat problems using tungsten lamps
An immediate advantage is that the CFLi (15,000
hours) and LED (50,000 hours) replacements for
tungsten lamps (1,000 hours) work at a lower
temperature, so are less likely to burn fabric
shades. See fg. 8.
The EU ban on incandescent lamps:
2009
Ban on sales
from
September 1
2010
Ban on sales
from
September 1
2011
Ban on sales
from
September 1
2012
Ban on sales
from
September 1
GLS
incandescent
lamps
(950 Im) and all
frosted GLS
incandescent
lamps*
from 80W
GLS
incandescent
lamps
(725 Im)
from 65W
GLS
incandescent
lamps
(450 Im)
from 45W
GLS
incandescent
lamps
(60 Im)
from 7W
Fig. 8
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9 Lighting
Fig. 9 Examples of dimming and non-
dimming compact fuorescent lamps (CFLi).
Refer to Appendix 1 for further lamp detail.
Energy Equation Refer to Chart in Appendix 2.
Another option is to replace the existing 60W
(1,000 hours) tungsten lamp with a 6W LED.
The table lamp in the foreground is 6W LED;
the others are 60W tungsten. See fg. 10.
Fig. 10
Refer to Appendix 1 for further lamp detail.
Energy Equation Refer to Chart in Appendix 2.
2. Replacing standard tungsten candle or
globe tungsten lamps (1,000 hours) with
dimmable tungsten halogen lamps
Sometimes CFLi lamps might not be suitable
because of their appearance. You can still save
30% of the energy by using tungsten halogen IRC
(2,000 hours) lamps. See fg. 11.
3. Ineffcient T12 fuorescent tubes
You can save between 30% and 49% in energy
use by replacing the old technology of T8 and T12
fuorescent tubes, operated by electromagnetic
ballasts, with new T5 or T8 fuorescent tubes,
operated by electronic high-frequency ballasts.
The added benefts are an instant start and no
fickering. When the tubes have reached the end
of their life, they simply go out no more of that
irritating fashing. See fg. 12.
You can also adapt old fttings to take the new
tubes using a T5 electronic adaptor (fg. 12). These
are best suited for 600mm, 1.2m and 1.5m tubes.
Fig. 11

Refer to Appendix 1 for further lamp detail.
Energy Equation Refer to Chart in Appendix 2.
Fig. 12 Ineffcient fuorescent tubes
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10 Lighting
4. Replacing 20W MR16 50mm low voltage
dichroic (2,000 hours) lamps with 3.6W
LeDs (35-50,000 hours) in bedrooms
You can get the same lighting effect for less energy
and with easier maintenance by changing low
voltage tungsten halogen lamps for LEDs. See fgs
13 and 13a.

Fig. 13 20W MR16
Fig. 13a 3.6W LED
Refer to Appendix 1 for further lamp detail.
Energy Equation Refer to Chart in Appendix 2
5. Replacing Gu10 tungsten halogen dichroic
lamps (1,500 hours) with 4W LeDs
(35/50,000 hours) in bedroom lobbies
6. Replacing 50W MR16 low voltage dichroic
lamps with 5W LeDs in corridors
Its a good idea to test LED lamps because their
colour, rendering and lifespans differ. Take lighting
levels to make sure they reach the required
standard of an average of 100 lux. In fgs 14 and
14a, well-chosen LEDs give good lighting while
cutting costs.
Fig. 14a 4W LED
Fig. 14 20W GU10
Fig. 15 50W MR16 Fig. 15a 5W LED
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11 Lighting
Choosing LEDs for colour,
lifespan and brightness
When youre choosing LEDs, you need to
remember that they differ even though the
wattage may be the same. They come with
different colour appearance, colour rendering and
lifespan. See fg. 16 A good quality LED light
should give 70% of the initial light output after
35,000 hours.
Fig.16 shows two 4W LED lamps. The one on the
left has a colour appearance of 3,000K and a
colour rendering index of Ra80. The one on the
right has a colour appearance of 4,500K and a
colour rendering index of Ra60. The warmer LED
lamp in this scenario gives a preferable lighting
effect as well as providing more light.
Fig. 16 4W LED lamps
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12 Lighting
Lighting in the industrial sector


Improvements include re-evaluating the light levels
needed, changing the types of lamp, positioning
fttings for easier maintenance and making lighting
more controllable using daylight or movement
sensors. All these measures many of them very
simple can reduce operating costs and save energy.
The case study illustrated in Figures 17 & 18
demonstrates the advantages. The 250W metal
halide lamps (16,000 hours) are mounted at roof
level, which makes them diffcult and costly to
maintain. This type of ftting needs to warm up
when frst switched on, and to cool down before
they can relight after the power supply is
interrupted. This delay means the introduction of
daylight or occupancy controls is often impractical.
The Carbon Trust re-evaluated this area and found
that lighting levels could be maintained by lowering
the height and installing lower wattage lamps. The
new lamps are longer lasting and, because they
turn on instantly, can be linked to daylight sensors.
Each light was replaced with prismatic refector
lights with 165W inductive lamps (fg. 15), which
have a 60,000-hour life.
Fig. 17 These 250W metal halide lamps are
mounted high up and are diffcult to maintain.
Theyre not suitable for automatic switching on
and off using a daylight sensor because they
have a start-up delay.
Fig. 18 The height wasnt actually important
there were no cranes to pass under them, for
example so lights could be ftted at lower level,
making maintenance easier. Lower heights meant
the lamps could be replaced for more effcient
types linked to daylight sensors.
Fig 18
Energy Equation
250W metal halide = 277W each
165W inductive = 165W each
energy saving = 112W (40%)
Fig 17
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13 Lighting
Evaluating your lighting
Large open-plan areas are the norm in production
areas and can seem a challenge when it comes to
lighting. Follow these simple steps to work out
where you could save.
1. What level of lighting do you really need?
If you have task lighting in some areas of an open
plan space, you may fnd you can reduce general
lighting from between 300-500 lux to 100-150 lux,
which is the standard for circulation areas.
2. Are all areas occupied?
If some areas arent occupied for some of the
time, you can zone your lighting, using manual
or automatic switching.
3. Are you making the most of daylight?
If theres daylight in some areas, you can link
dimmable lighting to a photocell control or constant
lux sensor. When natural light levels are high enough,
your lights will automatically dim to a pre-set level.
Distribution and controls
When a light shines very widely and there are no
existing lighting controls, you have immediate
scope to save energy without losing brightness.
In the factory in fg. 19, the high bay lights used
400W metal halide white lamps (430 circuit watts)
providing 75 lumens per watt. These were
replaced with four-lamp 55W PLL compact
fuorescent lamps (222 circuit watts) providing
86 lumens per watt. The narrower beam gave
the same level of illumination.
The PLL compact fuorescent lamps can also be
dimmed when used with appropriate control gear.
Programmable, integrated presence and daylight
sensors mean the factory can cut energy use
and costs by zoning areas and using daylight
when available.
Fig. 20
Energy Equation
400W metal halide = 430W each
4 x 55W PPL CFL = 236W each
energy saving = 194W (45%)
Fig. 19 Steps one to three apply here
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14 Lighting
Scope for energy savings
These four photographs show areas where
energy savings can be made using T5
or compact fuorescent lighting, with either
integral or integrated daylight and presence
detection. The lighting here is metal halide
and standard T8 switch-start fuorescent tubes.
The cost of replacing these would be recouped
in less than four years.
This controlled lighting system saves energy
by switching off the lighting when there is
enough daylight.
The beneft of using a fuorescent light source is
that they can be dimmed, therefore daylight and
presence sensors can be used to reduce the light
level to the required amount. By utilising integral
presence and daylight detection, further savings
are achievable as particular zones within the space
can be controlled accordingly.
These images show good examples of where
daylight sensors could be utilised, in common
installations, to incorporate the natural daylight
ingression providing energy savings from this
free valuable resource.
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15 Lighting
Wasted light
In many settings, changes to the internal layout
or simply racking being moved can interfere
with the existing lighting. When you make
changes to the space, re-evaluate what
lighting levels you need.
a) Re-positioning the fuorescent lights can
increase lighting levels. If higher light levels
arent needed, you can take a tube out of each
ftting 50% energy savings
1
.
b) If changes mean lighting isnt needed any
more, check that its disconnected or removed
100% energy saving on each lamp.
c) The best way to light corridors is to ft lights
parallel to the walls a 30% reduction in
energy for the required 100 lux level.
Use a lux meter to check that youre not over-
lighting any areas. Providing you stick to the
regulation levels, you can remove bulbs or tubes
if theyre not needed. This example is an over-lit
corridor. A tube could be removed from each
ftting or every other ftting could be disconnected.

1
Check with your electrician or original lighting supplier to
confrm performance of the ftting or lighting circuit will not be
affected by the removal of a tube or disconnection of a ftting.
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16 Lighting
Case study
Montupet Factory
A factory with a large foor area of around 51,000m2 had lighting dated from the 1970s. There
were 2,300 twin T12 fuorescent tubes, each 2.4m (8) long and with a circuit rating of 229W.
The total factory lighting demand was 527kW.
By replacing these out-dated tubes with modern twin 49W T5 fuorescent tubes with
triphosphor coatings and high-frequency control gear (circuit rating of 111W each), lighting
levels were improved for the workforce for less than half the power demand.
The new lighting cost around 110,000, but energy costs fell by more than 130,000 a year,
so the payback period was less than a year. The company also saved 1,022t of CO
2
a year.
Before After
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17 Lighting
Savings checklist
Done
1 Are the colour appearance and colour rendering right for the application?
2 Are lighting levels right?
You can reduce the number of lights if an area is too bright, providing it meets regulation levels.
3 Are lights in the right place?
Check lights arent blocked by racking or other structures. Consider lowering the height of fttings when replacing lamps.
4 Are you making the most of controls?
Fit photocell sensors to switch off or dim lights when theres enough daylight. Fit presence detectors to zone areas that arent used all the time.
Can any existing high-intensity discharge (HID) lighting be zoned or linked to daylight?
5 Are you still using old T12 fuorescent lighting?
Replace with T8 or T5 electronic high-frequency models. Evaluate the cost of replacing HID with T5 or compact fuorescent lights with
integrated controls.
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18 Lighting
Lighting in ofces
To make offce lighting effcient, effective and
energy-saving, there are four basics.
1. When lights needed, it should be used as
economically as possible.
2. The level and distribution of light should be
right for the task.
3. When lightings not needed, it should be
switched off.
4. The lights should need little maintenance.
Replacing ineffcient fuorescent tubes
Many offces still use old T12 fuorescent tubes.
These lamps work with electromagnetic ballasts,
which use between 10 and 14W of electricity for
each tube. These should be replaced with fttings
that take either T5 or T8 triphosphor fuorescent
tubes or compact fuorescent lamps with
electronic high-frequency ballasts.
The typical energy used by a four-way 20W
600mm x 600mm ftting using T12 tubes (21),
uses 120W, whereas a twin 40W PLL compact
fuorescent light (2) gives better light levels and
uses only 84W a 30% energy saving.
This twin 40W PLL compact fuorescent recessed
light ftting (22) complies with CIBSE LG7 and has
an integral presence detector, which automatically
switches the light off when the area isnt being used.
A photocell or constant lux sensor allows the light to
be dimmed or switched off if there is enough daylight.
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
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19 Lighting
This example (Fig. 23) shows effective offce
lighting that maximises energy effciency. The
twin T5s shine both up and down, avoiding the
tunnel effect of dark ceilings. The T5 lights are
suspended and are controlled by a daylight sensor
and presence detector.
The twin surface-mounted lights (Fig. 24) use
ineffcient T12s with electromagnetic ballasts.
There diffusers limit light output and they dont
comply with the CIBSE LG7 guide for offce
lighting. Each uses 102W of electricity. Replacing
them with twin 28W T5s with approved diffusers
would save 40W an energy reduction of 40%.
The lights shown here (Fig. 25) have a low output
ratio (LOR). To get the right levels, this means
more lights have had to be installed. Instead,
fewer lights with higher output could be used,
saving up to 60%. There would be even higher
savings with presence sensors.
Simply using daylight (Fig. 26) could save you
4,500 hours of lighting a year. Photocells or
daylight sensors dim or switch off the lighting at a
pre-set level.
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
Fig. 26
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20 Lighting
Savings checklist
Done
1 Choose T5, T8 triphosphor or compact fuorescent lights with electronic ballasts.
2 Choose lights with a high output ratio (LOR) of 65% or more.
3 Fit daylight and presence detector controls to switch or dim lights automatically.
4 Choose fttings and lamps that qualify for enhanced Capital Allowances (eCA).
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21 Lighting
Lighting in the leisure sector
Good lighting in sports and leisure buildings
should not only look attractive to users, it should
give just the right type and level of light for a range
of activities. And, of course, it should be effective,
energy effcient and need minimum maintenance.
Get these factors right, and combine electric
lighting with good use of daylight, and you can
dramatically reduce energy costs.
These examples (fg. 27 and 28) show typical
lighting schemes. The lights are left on whenever
the building is open whether its being used or
not because theres a delay before the lights
reach full brightness.
Both use metal halide lamps in high bay fttings.
Although these are relatively effcient, using T5
tubes or compact fuorescent lamps with the same
light output would mean presence detectors and
daylight switching or dimming could be used. A
250W metal halide high mount light uses 279W
(circuit watts), whereas a four x 55W compact
fuorescent high mount light uses 222W (circuit
watts). This simple change gives an energy saving of
20%. Presence detectors could save another 30%.
This example (fg. 29) is typical of a sports hall that
has some daylight. Using either T5 or compact
fuorescent lamps with photocell or constant lux
sensors, the lights can be dimmed or switched off
when theres enough daylight to maintain a
pre-set level. This can save around 30% of the
energy.
Fig. 28
Fig. 29
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22 Lighting
Savings checklist
Done
1 Are the colour appearance and colour rendering right for the application?
2 Are lighting levels right?
You can reduce the number of lights if an area is too bright, providing it meets regulation levels.
3 Are lights in the right place?
Check lamps arent blocked by racking or other structures. Consider lowering the height of fttings when replacing lamps.
4 Are you making the most of controls?
Fit photocell sensors to switch off or dim lights when theres enough daylight. Fit presence detectors to zone areas that arent used all the time.
Can any existing high-intensity discharge (HID) lighting be zoned or linked to daylight?
5 Are you still using old T12 fuorescent lighting?
Replace with T8 or T5 electronic high-frequency models. Evaluate the cost of replacing HID with T5 or compact fuorescent lights with
integrated controls.
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23 Lighting
Lighting in the retail sector
Shops and stores have a variety of different needs
for their lighting. Fashion and jewellers shops, for
example, need good general light levels but also
use a lot of accent lighting. Supermarkets and
warehouse stores, on the other hand, use mainly
general or ambient lighting.
There are some techniques that can be used
whatever the situation, though, and there are
energy savings to be made in almost all cases.
Ambient lighting
Using triphosphor tubes or compact fuorescent
lamps for general lighting gives a wide spread of
light so that customers can see and inspect items
and make their way around the shop. Customers
should be able to read labels and information
about products easily.
Accent lighting
Metal halide highlighting or spotlighting provides
contrast and draws the attention to particular items.
Badly positioned lights, however, will cause glare,
making viewing uncomfortable for customers.
Perimeter lighting
Fluorescent or LED lighting helps establish the
overall image of the shop and defnes its
boundaries when used to light vertical surfaces.
Shelf and display case lighting
LED lighting can be enclosed in display cabinets
or positioned very close to products without
damaging them.
This example (fg. 30) shows recessed lights that
have three 55W PLL compact fuorescent lamps
and low brightness louvres. These luminaires have
a low output ratio (LOR) of 57%, which means
more lamps have to be used to light up the retail
area. Each lamp uses 174W of energy.
Swap to a light with a 76% LOR, using two 55W
PLL compact fuorescent lamps, and you get the
same light levels but use only 115W a 36%
energy saving and savings on lamp replacements
in the future.
This next example (fg. 31) shows an effective,
energy effcient retail lighting scheme. There are
recessed twin 24W T5 fuorescent tubes with
matte louvres to avoid the ceiling being dark. They
have an LOR of 70% and use just 51W per light.
Fig. 30
Fig. 31
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24
Chiller and freezer cabinets
These tend to use 1.2m 36W fuorescent tubes
(fg. 32), operated by electromagnetic switch-start
ballasts, and use 46W (circuit Watts). Replacing
each fuorescent ftting with a 25W LED strip
saves around 40% of the energy.
LED lights (fg. 33) operate better at cooler
temperatures they are 60% brighter at -20C.
A T8 fuorescent tube provides only 70% of its
original light at +5c, and a T5 tube provides
70% at +20C.
LEDs also last far longer than fuorescent tubes,
which keeps costs lower, A 38mm diameter T8
tube lasts between 15,000 hours and 20,000
hours, depending on whether its single or
triphosphor lamps. An LED strip should last for
50,000 hours before the whole strip would need
replacing, and at 35,000 hours should still give
70% of its original light output.
Fig. 32
Fig. 33
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Fig. 34 Fig. 36
Fig. 35 Fig. 37
25 Lighting
Exterior lighting
To make outside lighting efcient, effective and energy-saving, there are four basics.
1. Bulbs need to give you more than 15,000
hours life.
2. Light ftting should be directed where
its needed without spilling and causing
light pollution.
3. Lights should have a high output of more than
65% LOR.
4. There should be daylight sensors and timers
to switch lights on and off automatically.
Examples of ineffcient
outside lighting
Both the lights in these examples (fg. 34 and 35)
give poor illumination because of the opaque
cover. This style of light also shines above the
horizontal, causing light pollution, reducing the
amount of light that gets to where its actually
needed and wasting energy.
Post-top lights (fg. 36) with thick plastic, opal
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26 Lighting
spheres have poor light output and shine 50% of
their light above the horizontal. Energy is wasted
and theres limited illumination.
Tungsten halogen lighting (fg. 37) is ineffcient
and has a relatively short life. It should be avoided
wherever possible. When instant-start lighting
is needed for security lighting with automatic
presence detection (PIR), for example use
compact fuorescent lamps.
When you use standard foodlighting (fg. 38, 39
and 40), a high percentage of light shines above
the intended target. Its a waste and can also be
a nuisance for neighbouring properties.
Examples of effective
outside lighting
When the right sort of lighting is used, as in this
hockey feld (fg. 41, theres no light pollution and
you save around 40% of the energy. Have a look
at fg. 42 too for an illustration of how effcient
asymmetrical foodlighting can be.
This good example of illuminating a car park (fg. 43)
takes into account the risk of light pollution for
nearby houses. The lights have been directed into
the car park and are controlled by daylight sensors.
Fig. 38 Fig. 41
Fig. 39
Fig. 42
Fig. 40 Fig. 43
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27 Lighting
Savings checklist
Done
1 Is the light shining where its needed?
If the light is shining too widely, especially up into the sky, it wastes energy, causes light pollution and can be a nuisance for neighbours.
2 Are you using the most effcient and effective type of light?
Consider the lifespan of the bulbs and the controllability of your lights.
3 Do your lights give you the right colour appearance and colour rendering?
This is very important if you are using CCTV, as colours need to show up accurately.
4 Are you making the most of controls?
Fit photocell sensors to switch off lights when theres enough daylight. Fit presence detectors to zone areas that arent used all the time.
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28 Lighting
Lighting controls
By using timers, daylight sensors or presence detectors, you can control your lighting so that it
turns on and off or dimming automatically. Because lights are only on when needed, you save
energy and extend the life of your lights.
Below are three examples of the possible savings
if automatic controls are installed:
Manufacturing, hotels,
hospitals, petrol stations
Annual operational hours = 8,760
Lighting is needed for around 4,000 hours
45% saving.
Offces and schools
Annual operational hours = 3,000
Lighting needed for only part of this time
More than 50% saving.
Retail, licensed premises
Annual operational hours = 5,000
Lighting needed for only part of this time
Savings from cutting window area lighting
to 3,500 hours
25-30% saving in back-of-house areas.
Without controlled lighting
Using controls with these 20 1.5m twin T8 switch-
start fuorescent lights in this car park
(fg. 44), you could save 1,152 a year (calculated
at 4,000 hours a year and 10p per electrical unit).
In fg. 45 to 49, you could expect to save energy
by using daylight sensors (between 4,000 and
8,760 hours a year).
Fig. 44
Fig. 45
Fig. 46
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29 Lighting
These lights (fg. 50) are illuminating windows. Its
ineffective and wasteful. There would be energy
savings with a minimum of 4,000 hours a year.
These lights (fg. 51) shine upwards and the light is
then lost out of window. There would be energy
savings with a minimum of 4,000 hours a year.
A 24/7 operation (fg. 52) with no effect. You could
save 100% of the energy here (8,760 hours a year).
Fig. 47
Fig. 48
Fig 49
Figure 50
Fig. 52
Fig. 51 Fig. 53
With controlled lighting
Daylight and presence sensors switch off this
lighting (fg. 53) when there is enough daylight.
At night, the lighting is switched on only when
someone comes into the area.
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30 Lighting
Automatic daylight sensors control this high
intensity discharge lighting (fg. 54 and 55). Not
only does it save energy, but lamps dont need to
be replaced as often. Skylights need to be kept
clean to maximise the natural light.
Fig. 54
Fig. 55
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31 Lighting
LeD GLS 4W
50,000-hour life
35W IRC R111 Tungsten
halogen 4,000-hour life
35W IRC MR16 low voltage
5,000-hour life
LeD 8W MR16 low voltage
50,000-hour life
50W mains voltage Gu10
50,000-hour life
Appendix 1 Types of lamp
Tungsten halogen
GLS
2,000-hour life
Compact fuorescent candle
8,000-hour life
Compact fuorescent refector
15,000-hour life
Compact fuorescent
8,000-hour life
Dimmable compact
fuorescent 10,000-hour life
LeD 3.6W low voltage
40,000-hour life
LeD 4W Gu10
50,000-hour life
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32 Lighting
Appendix 2 Energy comparison chart
Type Existing
energy
Proposed
energy
Energy
saving
Hours
per year
Unit
cost
Annual
savings
()
GLS to CFLi 40W 7W 33W 8,760 10p 28.90
GLS to LeD 60W 4W 56W 8,760 10p 49.05
Candle to IRC candle 40W 28W 12W 8,760 10p 10.51
GLS to IRC 60W 42W 18W 8,760 10p 15.77
MR16 to LeD 20W 3.6W 17.4W 8,760 10p 15.3
MR16 to LeD 50W 5W 45W 8,760 10p 39.42
MR16 to LeD 50W 8W 42W 8,760 10p 36.79
GLS standard tungsten lamp; CFLi compact
fuorescent lamp with integral electronic gear;
T8 26mm diameter fuorescent tube;
T12 38mm diameter fuorescent tube;
IRC infrared coated tungsten halogen lamps;
LED lamps with light-emitting diode;
MR16 dichroic spotlamp with low voltage (12v)
GX5.3 or mains voltage GU10
GU10
GU10 mains voltage dichroic lamp
LED Light-emitting diode
(low voltage 12V retroft)
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33 Lighting
Savings checklist
Done
1 Are you using tungsten bulbs in any areas?
Change to compact fuorescent (CFLi), tungsten halogen or LED 75% to 90% energy saving.
2 Are there areas where lighting is left on unnecessarily?
Use daylight sensors or presence detectors to automatically switch lighting off and on as needed 30% to 60% energy saving.
3 Are you using tungsten halogen low voltage (GX 5.3) or mains voltage (GU10) in any areas?
Swap to infrared coated (IRC) tungsten halogen versions or appropriate LEDs to replace low voltage versions. Use LEDs (GU10)
of CFLi (GU10) to replace mains voltage versions.
4 Are you using T12 or T8 switch-start fuorescent tubes?
Replace with new T5 fttings or ft a T5 electronic adaptor.
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This leaet provides a number of useful conversion factors
to help you calculate energy consumption in common units,
and to work out the greenhouse gas emissions associated
with energy use.
Calculating your energy use and carbon emissions can be
useful for monitoring energy use internally within a business,
and also for public reporting of energy consumption and
carbon emissions.
This updated version is based on data published
by DEFRA in 2009.
Introduction
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This leaet provides a number of useful conversion factors
to help you calculate energy consumption in common units,
and to work out the greenhouse gas emissions associated
with energy use.
Calculating your energy use and carbon emissions can be
useful for monitoring energy use internally within a business,
and also for public reporting of energy consumption and
carbon emissions.
This updated version is based on data published
by DEFRA in 2009.
Introduction
HELP
Introduction
Menu
next page
Previous page
Back
This leaet provides a number of useful conversion factors
to help you calculate energy consumption in common units,
and to work out the greenhouse gas emissions associated
with energy use.
Calculating your energy use and carbon emissions can be
useful for monitoring energy use internally within a business,
and also for public reporting of energy consumption and
carbon emissions.
This updated version is based on data published
by DEFRA in 2009.
Introduction
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