THE STATISTICAL PROCESS OF HOW TO DESCRIBE STATISTICAL VARIABLES

OR DATA
HOW TO DESCRIBE STATISTICAL VARIABLES OR DATA?
Determine the appropriate statistical tools to be used in processing and in analyzing
data for research;
Will give an idea for researchers on how to construct a research paradigm;
Will guide the researcher in studying problems and hypothesis in their research.
A need to study the uses, the measures, and the classification of variables.
WHAT IS MEASUREMENT?
- Refers to the assignment of numbers to observation made of obects or persons in
such a way that the numbers can be subected to statistical analysis by manipulating
or using the needed operations according to mathematical rules of correspondence.
!hese rules prescribe or give the mathematical formula on how correspondence
between sets of data are to be calculated for purposes of statistical analysis.
2 TYPES OF STATISCAL DATA:
". #umerical Data $ are e%pressed in numerical values such in natural and rational numbers.
&t can be either discrete or continuous data.
'ontinuous data $ are e%pressed in whole numbers, decimals or fractions.
(. 'ategorical data $ are classificatory data and are not e%pressed in numerical values.
-)erely labeled and classified into categories.
WHAT DO THE TERM VARIABLE MEAN?
- Refers to a factor, property, attribute, characteristics or behavior whereby the members of
the group or set vary or differ from one another. *or instance, the members of the group
may vary in se%, eye color, intelligence, attitude, socioeconomic status, teacher behavior,
academic performance, ob satisfaction, managerial style, value orientation and others.
!hat is why, variables are used and studied in research.
+owever, the word constant is not a variable when referring to a property whereby the
members of the group do not differ from one another. ,ay for e%ample, when you deal
with only one level of socioeconomic status, low socioeconomic status is constant, not a
variable. -ecause a variable is a simply anything that can vary.
CLASSICATION OF VARIABLES ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
.ariables are classified into independent and dependent with respect to their functional
relationship for e%ample, if you treat variable y as a function of variable /, then / is your
independent variables and 0 is your dependent on the value of /, say mental ability. !o further
illustrate functional relationship among variables, let 0 1 f234, 0 as a function of 3; such that if
0 1 5% 6 ";
&f % 1 7; y 1 "
% 1 "; y 1 8
% 1 (; y 1 9
% 1 5; y 1 "7
&f % 1 -"; y 1 -(
% 1 -(; y 1 -:
% 1 -5; y 1 -;
!his means that the value of y simply depends on the value of %. we can identify from
functions that % is an independent variable, while y is a dependent variable. &f for e%ample one of
the variables for investigation is mathematics performance of the students and the other variable
X 0 1 2 3 - 1 -
2
-3
Y = f (x) 0 4 7 1
0
-2 -
5
-8
is methods of teaching mathematics, by using the concept according to its functional relations,
the mathematics performance of the students is dependent on the methods used by the teacher in
teaching mathematics. +ence, we can say that mathematics performance is the dependent
variable while methods of teaching are independent variable.
Classifyi! Va"ia#l$s a%%&"'i! (& F)%(i&al R$la(i&s Ha*$ 'iff$"$( P)"+&s$s &" R&l$s
I'$+$'$( Va"ia#l$s
- refers to the factor, property, attribute, characteristics or approach that
is introduced, manipulated, or treated to determine if it influences or
causes a change on the dependent variable.
- &s the antecedent, causes, predictor, stimulus, or input that is
introduced at the outset of the investigation.
D$+$'$( Va"ia#l$s
- is the factor, property, characteristic or attribute that is measured and made the obect
analysis of the study.
- &s the conse<uent, effect, criterion, response, or output that is analyzed and treated
statistically during investigation for purposes of hypothesis testing.
a. &ndependent variable as e%perimental. &n an e%periment, it may be what was caused
or what changed as result of the study. *urther e%perimental study where a new
method of teaching, say concept mapping is introduced and tried out for a semester to
find out if it is more effective than the traditional method-lecture-demo method.
b. &ndependent variable is often manipulated by the researcher; in a study where one
variable causes the other. !he independent variable is the cause. =&n a research study,
independent variables antecedent conditions that are presumed to affect a dependent
variable. !hey are either manipulated by the researcher or are observed by the
researcher so that their values can be related to that of the dependent variable. *or
e%ample, the relationship between mos<uitoes and mos<uito bites, the number of
mos<uitoes for s<uare meter of ground would be an independent variable.
c. !he independent or treatment variable is the method of teaching 2lecture-demo
method versus concept mapping4. !he dependent variable is academic achievement
2test scores results of the two comparison groups4 that will be measured and treated
statistically to find out which instructional approach is more effective.
d. !he independent or grouping variable. 'lassification is done where obects are
assigned to groups. &n a study where group are being compared, the independent
variable is the group classification.
#ote> &f another secondary variable is included as part of the study to determine whether it
modifies the relationship between the independent 234 and the dependent 204 variables, it is
called the )?D@RA!?R .AR&A-A@, 2/4. *rom the mentioned classification of variables
according to functional relations, we can now construct a research paradigm which will guide us
in maBing the obectives of the study>
*igure ". A%a'$,i% A%-i$*$,$( as Ifl)$%$' #y (-$ S()'y Ha#i(s a' M$(-&'s &f
T$a%-i!.
&ndependent .ariable )ethod .ariable Dependent .ariable
VARIABLES ACCORDING TO CONTINUITY OF VALUES
Methods of
Teaching
1. Lecture Demo
2. Concept !pp"n#
Study
Habits
Academic
Achievement
". 'ontinuous .ariables $ are variables whose level can taBe continuous values or assume a
continuous set of numerical values. @%. height , weight, length, width and temperature. With
these variables you can maBe measurement of varying degrees precision.
(. Discrete or discontinuous variables. !hese variables whose level cannot taBe the form of
decimals. !he data can be taBen through the process of enumeration.
'ounting e%ample> ", (, (, 8 and so on.
APPLICATION OF VARIABLES CLASSIFICATION
Describing statistical variables into functional relations, continuity of values and into
scale or level of measurement will guide the researcher about how to construct a research
paradigm which portrays the interrelatedness among variables and research designs and will be
given an idea on how to use the appropriate statistical tool for data analysis procedures.
FUNDAMENTALS OFSTATISTICS
&ndependent .ariable )oderator .ariable Dependent .ariable
Annual Salary
Annual Salary
Educational
Attainment of
Father
Educational
Attainment of
Father
Educational
Attainment of
Mother
Educational
Attainment of
Mother
Members of the
Family
Members of the
Family
Type of School
Type of School
College
Entrance Score
College
Entrance Score
English
Performanc
e
English
Performanc
e
Mathematic
s
Performanc
e
Mathematic
s
Performanc
e
NMAT
Performanc
e
NMAT
Performanc
e
MATI / 0 2
ND
SEMESTER
S.Y. 212232122
&# CAR!&AA *DA*&AA)@#!
?* !+@ R@ED&R@)@#! ?* !+@ '?DR,@
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PHILOSOPHY IN EDUCATION
UM4 DAVAO CITY
,ubmitted to>
LORNA T. GENERAL4 P-. D.
,ubmitted by>
CHRISTINE R. PA5A
MATI / 0 2
ND
SEMESTER
S.Y. 212232122
&# CAR!&AA *DA*&AA)@#!
?* !+@ R@ED&R@)@#! ?* !+@ '?DR,@
@D (7"
BASIC INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
UM4 DAVAO CITY
,ubmitted to>
LORNA T. GENERAL4 P-. D.
,ubmitted by>
CHRISTINE R. PA5A